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124 results for “crust”
Data from: The weight of the crust: biomass of crustose lichens in tropical dry forest represents more than half of foliar biomass
In recent years, our ecological knowledge of tropical dry forests has increased dramatically. However, the functional contributions of whole ecosystem components, such as lichens, remain mostly unknown. In these forests, the abundance of epiphyte crustose lichens is responsible for the characteristic white bark on most woody plants, conspicuous during the dry season, but the amount of resources that the lichen component represents remains unexplored. We estimated lichen biomass in a Mexican tropical dry forest using the bark area of trees, the dry mass of lichens per unit area and the percentage of bark covered by lichens, together with previously known tree densities. The lowest 2.5 m of the forests main trunks contained 188 kg/ha of lichen biomass, with lichens covering 85% of the available bark for trees <12 cm DBH and 38% for trees >12 cm. Total epiphytic lichen biomass was 1.34–1.99 Mg/ha. Lichen biomass represented 61% of the foliar biomass in the forest. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a lichen biomass estimate is provided for an ecosystem in which crustose lichens are the dominant lichen growth form. Crustose lichens are typically considered to contribute little to the total lichen biomass and to be difficult to include in ecological analyses. The high lichen biomass in this ecosystem implies a significant ecological role which so far is unexplored. We suggest the crustose lichen component should not be underestimated a priori in ecological studies, especially in ecosystems with abundant lichen cover.
Data Tables from contribution titled "Joint geophysical-petrological modeling on the Ivrea geophysical body beneath Valsesia, Italy: Constraints on the continental lower crust" published in Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
<p><strong>TABLE CAPTIONS</strong></p> <p><strong>Table 1: </strong>Average and specific bulk compositions of the representative exposed primitive rocks of the deep lower crust and upper mantle of the IVZ (Balmuccia and Lower Mafic Complex in Valsesia, Finero in Val Cannobina, and Sessera river in Val Sessera) used for the Perple_X calculations using the two thermodynamic models STX11 and HP02. Mn, Ni, P, and Cr were not used for the Perple_X calculations. Mg# is calculated as Mg / (Mg + Fe) (mole fractions). Symbols in the last row indicate the rock compositions that are reported (✓) and not reported (✗) in Figure 5. Average compositions are normalized to 100 wt.% on a volatile-free basis; specific compositions report original totals and H<sub>2</sub>O contents estimated based on the volumetric proportions hydrous minerals (amphibole and phlogopite) at the scale of the bulk rock. References: 1) Voshage et al. (1990); 2) Voshage et al. (1990), Shervais and Mukasa (1991), Hartmann and Wedepohl (1993), Rivalenti et al. (1995), and Mukasa and Shervais (1999); 3) Pin and Sills (1986); 4) Pin and Sills (1986), Shervais and Mukasa (1991), Hartmann and Wedepohl (1993), Rivalenti et al. (1995), and Mukasa and Shervais (1999); 5) Shervais and Mukasa (1991) and Mazzucchelli et al. (2009); 6) Sinigoi et al. (1991; 2011); 7) Hartmann and Wedepohl (1993); 8) Coltorti and Siena (1984); 9) Siena and Coltorti (1989), Lu et al. (1997a; b), and Stähle et al. (2001).</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Table 2: </strong>Summary of <em>V<sub>P</sub></em> and <em>r</em> from the thermodynamic calculations based on representative rock compositions listed in Table 1. Mineral abbreviations: Pl = plagioclase, Spl = spinel, Grt = garnet, Ky = kyanite, Px = pyroxene, Cr-Di = Cr-diopisde, Am = amphibole, Phl = phlogopite.</p>
Unwrapping reworked crust at the Columbia supercontinent margin within Amazonian Craton using satellite potential field data synergy
<p>This file contains the geochronology data inventory (Supplementary Material Table 1) as a MS Excel (*.xls) table used for interpretation in the the original publication of 'Unwrapping reworked crust at the Columbia supercontinent margin within Amazonian Craton using satellite potential field data synergy'. Paper published in Geoscience Frontiers in early 2022.</p>
Cross-spectra used in "Detailed S-wave velocity structure of sediment and crust off Sanriku, Japan by a new analysis method for distributed acoustic sensing data using a seafloor cable and seismic interferometry"
<p>Cross-spectra used in "Detailed S-wave velocity structure of sediment and crust off Sanriku, Japan, derived from distributed acoustic sensing data collected using a seafloor cable with seismic interferometry", by Shun Fukushima, Masanao Shinohara, Kiwamu Nishida, Akiko Takeo, Tomoaki Yamada, and Kiyoshi Yomogida </p> <p>For more information, please contact Shun Fukushima (s-fuku@eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp)</p>
Data sets for "Formation of an Al-rich niccolite-type silica in subducted oceanic crust: implications for water transport to the deep lower mantle"
<p>This is the XRD and IR datasets for the article "Formation of an Al-rich niccolite-type silica in subducted oceanic crust: implications for water transport to the deep lower mantle" by Liu and Yuan et al.</p>
Data from: Environmental change alters nitrogen fixation rates and microbial parameters in a subarctic biological crust
<p>Together, Biological Soil Crust (BSC) and other cryptogamic groundcovers can contribute up to half of the global nitrogen (N) fixation. BSC also stabilizes the soil (reducing erosion and dust emissions), fixes carbon (C), retains moisture, and acts as a hotspot of microbial diversity and activity. Much of the knowledge about how climate change is affecting the composition and functioning of BSC comes from hot arid and semiarid regions. The comparatively smaller body of research on BSC from cold and mesic environments has been primarily observational, for example along chronosequences after a glacier retreat. Few studies have experimentally investigated the effects of the environment on BSC from high latitudes. Such experiments allow unraveling of relationships at a resolution that can only be achieved by controlling for confounding factors. We measured short-term (2-4 days) responses of a liverwort-based (Anthelia juratzkana) BSC from the south of Iceland to a range of temperature, moisture and light conditions. Warming increased N fixation rates, especially when moisture was at a saturation level, and only when light was not limiting. A correlation analysis suggests that increases in N fixation rates were linked to cyanobacterial abundance on the BSC surface and to the rates of their metabolic activity. Warming and moisture changes also induced compositional and structural modification of the bacterial community, with consequences at the functional level. In contrast to many observations on BSC from hot drylands, the BSC from our cold and mesic study site is more limited by low temperature and light than by moisture. Our findings show possible ways in which BSC from cold and mesic ecosystems can respond to short-term manifestations of climate change, such as increasingly frequent heat waves.</p>
Dynamics of Surface Deformation Induced By Dikes and Cone Sheets in a Cohesive Brittle Coulomb Crust Data
<p>Two files containing raw surface monitoring data from two experimental series and one file containing the analysis of the processed surface monitoring data.<br> <br> </p>
Separation of Intrinsic and Scattering Seismic Wave Attenuation in the Crust of Central and South-Central Alaska
<p>This dataset provides essential support for understanding the study and includes all necessary files for anyone wishing to reproduce any of the results</p>
Data for Bernard et al., "Melt-assisted deformation in the lower crust of an active plate boundary, Baja California" (2022)
<p>Archived LA-ICP-MS and EBSD data files for the Bernard et al. manuscript entitled, "Melt-assisted deformation in the lower crust of an active plate boundary, Baja California" (LITHOS, accepted 2022). EBSD data were acquired on an Oxford Instruments Symmetry EBSD detector on a FEI Apreo LoVac field emission gun scanning electron microscope at the University of California San Diego (UCSD) using a working distance between 26 to 28 mm and voltage of 20 kV. Trace elements were collected from polished thin sections using a Thermo Fisher Scientific iCAP Qc Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) with New Wave Research UP213 Laser Ablation system at UCSD. </p>
Discovery of Ultra-depleted Melt Inclusion in Late Cretaceous Intracontinental Basaltic Andesites in South China: Implications for Recycling of Lower Oceanic Crust
<p><strong>Contents of this file </strong></p> <p><strong>S1. Supplementary Text:</strong></p> <p><strong>1. </strong>Data compilation and statistical analysis</p> <p><strong>2.</strong> Reconstructing the chemical compositions of melt inclusion</p> <p><strong>3.</strong> Batch melting calculation</p> <p><strong>4.</strong> Melt-plagioclase diffusive interaction model</p> <p><strong>S2. Supplementary Table:</strong></p> <p><strong>Table S1. </strong>The parameters used in batch melting calculation.</p> <p><strong>Table S2. </strong>Parameters used in the melt-plagioclase diffusive interaction model</p> <p><strong>Table S3. </strong>Input and output data for the melt-plagioclase diffusive interaction model.</p> <p><strong>S3. Supplementary Figure:</strong></p> <p><strong>Figure S1. </strong>Primitive mantle-normalized trace element patterns.</p> <p><strong>S4. Supplementary Dataset (uploaded separately):</strong></p> <p><strong>Dataset S1. </strong>Compiled data including basaltic rocks from South China, MORBs, and Hawaiian OIBs.</p> <p><strong>Dataset S2. </strong>Olivine chemical compositions.</p> <p><strong>Dataset S3. </strong>Bulk-rock major oxide, trace element, and Sr-Nd-Pb-Hf isotopic compositions.</p> <p><strong>Dataset S4. </strong>Measured and corrected major element compositions of melt inclusion.</p> <p><strong>Dataset S5. </strong>Measured and corrected trace element compositions of melt inclusion.</p> <p><strong>Dataset S6. </strong>Pb isotopic compositions of melt inclusion.</p>
Seismic efficiency and seismic moment for small craters on Mars formed in layered uppermost crust
<p>Input files used in the paper submitted to JGR: Planets, November 2022.</p> <p>Table with location and sizes of all mapped craters.</p>
Supplementary data for the study "Unveiling the rheological control of magmatic systems on volcano deformation: the interplay of poroviscoelastic magma-mush and thermo-viscoelastic crust ", submitted in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth
<p>Supplementary data for the study "Unveiling the rheological control of magmatic systems on volcano deformation: the interplay of poroviscoelastic magma-mush and thermo-viscoelastic crust ", submitted in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth</p>
Mercury abundance and isotopic composition in granitic rocks: Implications for Hg cycling in the upper continental crust
<p>Mercury (Hg) is a highly volatile metal exhibiting both isotope mass-dependent (MDF, defined as δ<sup>202</sup>Hg) and mass-independent (MIF, expressed as Δ<sup>199</sup>Hg) fractionation. Assessing the Hg isotopic composition of the upper continental crust is crucial for the use of this new geochemical tool for petrogenetic tracing, particularly for understanding crust-mantle interaction. Here, we report Hg isotopic compositions of granitic rocks with distinct source affinity (I-, A-, and S-type) and of metasedimentary enclaves from the South China Craton. The results of more than 100 rock samples show large δ<sup>202</sup>Hg variations of -2.03 to 0.47 ‰ and relatively small Δ<sup>199</sup>Hg variations of -0.16 to 0.09 ‰. The S-type granites studied here exhibit higher δ<sup>202</sup>Hg values (-0.58 to 0.00 ‰; n=57) than their sedimentary protoliths (metasedimentary enclaves; -2.03 to -0.91 ‰; n=7), suggesting significant Hg-MDF during magmatic processes. The Δ<sup>199</sup>Hg values of S-type granites (-0.08 to 0.09 ‰) are indistinguishable from their sedimentary protoliths (-0.16 to 0.02 ‰), suggestive of the absence of Hg-MIF during crustal anatexis and subsequent magmatic differentiation. The I- and A-type granites studied have smaller Δ<sup>199</sup>Hg variations of -0.11 to 0.04 ‰ (n=28) and -0.07 to 0.04 ‰ (n=15), respectively, but are within the range of the S-type granites. The compositional range of all granite variants may be explained by the variable intensity of large-scale MASH (melting-assimilation-storage-homogenization) processes. Our new data combined with previously published data of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks allow us to estimate that the upper continental crust (UCC) has a Hg abundance of 13.5 ppb and a weighted average δ<sup>202</sup>Hg of -1.15 ± 1.01 ‰ (2SD), which are higher than the corresponding value of the primitive mantle, indicating the enrichment of Hg and δ<sup>202</sup>Hg in the UCC. However, the weighted average Δ<sup>199</sup>Hg value of the UCC (0.03 ± 0.15 ‰; 2SD) is undistinguished from the primitive mantle, suggesting no obvious Hg-MIF during the formation and differentiation of the continental crust.</p>
Phase compositions in carbonated oceanic crust
<p><span>High-pressure experiments were performed at 3–15 GPa and 700–1300°C in a 1000-ton multi-anvil press at the SEDI-Lab, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), to investigate the phase relations of subducted carbon-bearing oceanic crust. Thirty-four samples were recovered after the experiments. All minerals in the recovered experimental charges were analyzed with an electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA, JXA-8230), installed at the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan). The accelerating voltage was 15 kV, and counting times were 10 s for the measured elements and 5 s for each side of the background. A beam current of 20 nA and beam size of 1–2 µm were used for silicate minerals and Ti-rich oxides. For quench liquids, a beam current of 10 nA and beam size of ~5–20 µm. </span></p>
Neogloboquadrina pachyderma LA-ICP-MS spectral files and stable isotope data from: Geochemical differences between alive, uncrusted and dead, crusted shells of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma: Implications for paleoreconstruction
<p>Planktic foraminiferal-based trace element-calcium ratios (TE/Ca) are a cornerstone in paleoceanographic reconstructions. While TE-environment calibrations are often established through culturing experiments, shell growth in culture is not always consistent with growth in a natural setting. For example, many species of planktic foraminifera thicken their shell at the end of their life cycle, producing a distinct 'gametogenic' crust. Crust is common in fossil foraminifers, however, shells grown in culture do not often develop a thick crust. Here we investigate potential vital effects associated with the crusting process by comparing the trace element (Mg/Ca, Na/Ca, Ba/Ca, Sr/Ca, Mn/Ca, Zn/Ca) and stable isotope (δ<sup>13</sup>C, δ<sup>18</sup>O) composition of alive, fully mature, uncrusted shells to recently deceased, crusted shells of <em>Neogloboquadrina pachyderma</em> collected from the same plankton tows off the Oregon (USA) coast. We find that uncrusted (N = 55) shells yield significantly higher Ba/Ca, Na/Ca, Mn/Ca, and Sr/Ca than crusted (N = 66) shells, and crust calcite records significantly lower TE/Ca values for all elements examined. Isotopic mixing models suggest that the crust calcite accounts for ~40 to 70% of crusted shell volume. Comparison of foraminiferal and seawater isotopes indicate that <em>N. pachyderma</em> lives in the upper 90 m of the water column, and that crust formation occurs slightly deeper than their average living depth habitat. Results highlight the necessity to establish calibrations from crusted shells, as application of calibrations from TE-enriched uncrusted shells may yield attenuated or misleading paleoceanographic reconstructions.</p>
Dataset for: Heat Transfer and Production in Cratonic Continental Crust: Constraints from U-Pb Thermochronology of Xenoliths from the Siberian Craton
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Data from: Moss dominated biological soil crust reduced runoff by increasing wetted perimeter of cross-section
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Data from: The weight of the crust: biomass of crustose lichens in tropical dry forest represents more than half of foliar biomass
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Neogloboquadrina pachyderma LA-ICP-MS spectral files and stable isotope data from: Geochemical differences between alive, uncrusted and dead, crusted shells of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma: Implications for paleoreconstruction
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Phase compositions in carbonated oceanic crust
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