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opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Evolutionary relationships among pollinators and repeated pollinator sharing in sexually deceptive orchids

The mechanism of pollinator attraction is predicted to strongly influence both plant diversification and the extent of pollinator sharing between species. Sexually deceptive orchids rely on mimicry of species-specific sex pheromones to attract their insect pollinators. Given that sex pheromones tend to be conserved among related species, we predicted that in sexually deceptive orchids, (i) pollinator sharing is rare, (ii) closely related orchids use closely related pollinators and (iii) there is strong bias in the wasp lineages exploited by orchids. We focused on species that are pollinated by sexual deception of thynnine wasps in the distantly related genera Caladenia and Drakaea, including new field observations for 45 species of Caladenia. Specialization was extreme with most orchids using a single pollinator species. Unexpectedly, seven cases of pollinator sharing were found, including two between Caladenia and Drakaea, which exhibit strikingly different floral morphology. Phylogenetic analysis of pollinators using four nuclear sequence loci demonstrated that although orchids within major clades primarily use closely related pollinator species, up to 17% of orchids within these clades are pollinated by a member of a phylogenetically distant wasp genus. Further, compared to the total diversity of thynnine wasps within the study region, orchids show a strong bias towards exploiting certain genera. Although these patterns may arise through conservatism in the chemical classes used in sex pheromones, apparent switches between wasp clades suggest unexpected flexibility in floral semiochemical production. Alternatively, wasp sex pheromones within lineages may exhibit greater chemical diversity than currently appreciated.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Prudent behavior rather than chemical deception enables a parasite to exploit its ant host

Many parasites display complex strategies to evade host detection. The principal view is that parasites of social insects deceive their host by means of advanced chemical adaptations such as mimicking the cuticular host recognition cues, being chemically odorless, or emitting manipulative volatiles. Apart from these chemical adaptations, parasites of social insects may also use simpler behavioral strategies to evade host detection. As yet, such behavior has rarely been studied. Here we tested which chemical and behavioral strategies the unspecialized parasitic rove beetle Thiasophila angulata uses to avoid detection by its aggressive Formica rufa red wood ant host. Chemical comparisons of the beetle's and the host ants' cuticular hydrocarbons showed that the beetle carried an idiosyncratic cuticular profile that was clearly different from that of its host. Beetles that were isolated from their host or were placed in the nests of another Formica species perfectly retained their original cuticular profiles and provoked equal levels of aggression. These results suggest that the beetles do not avoid host detection through chemical deception. In contrast, the beetle adapted its behavior to avoid aggression by the ants. In the presence of ants, the beetle behaved much more prudently by hiding more frequently and engaging in less risky runs. Overall, these results highlight that for relatively unspecialized parasites, general strategies such as prudent behavior can be equally effective as more specialized deception strategies to evade host detection.

opencc-zeroDec 2013View details →

Data from: Genic rather than genome-wide differences between sexually deceptive Ophrys orchids with different pollinators

High pollinator specificity and the potential for simple genetic changes to affect pollinator attraction make sexually deceptive orchids an ideal system for the study of ecological speciation, in which change of flower odour is likely important. This study surveys reproductive barriers and differences in floral phenotypes in a group of four closely related, co-flowering sympatric Ophrys species, and uses a genotyping by sequencing (GBS) approach to obtain information on the proportion of the genome that is differentiated between species. Ophrys species were found to effectively lack post-pollination barriers, but are strongly isolated by their different pollinators (floral isolation), and to a smaller extent, by shifts in flowering time (temporal isolation). Although flower morphology and perhaps labellum coloration may contribute to floral isolation, reproductive barriers may largely be due to differences in flower odour chemistry. GBS revealed shared polymorphism throughout the Ophrys genome, with very little population structure between species. Genome scans for FST outliers identified few markers that are highly differentiated between species and repeatable in several populations. These genome scans also revealed highly differentiated polymorphisms in genes with putative involvement in floral odour production, including a previously identified candidate gene thought to be involved in the biosynthesis of pseudo-pheromones by the orchid flowers. Taken together, these data suggest that ecological speciation associated with different pollinators in sexually deceptive orchids has a genic rather than a genomic basis, placing these species at an early phase of genomic divergence within the 'speciation continuum'.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: An experimental evaluation of traits that influence the sexual behaviour of pollinators in sexually deceptive orchids

Pollination by sexual deception of male insects is perhaps one of the most remarkable cases of mimicry in the plant kingdom. However, understanding the influence of floral traits on pollinator behaviour in sexually deceptive orchids is challenging, due to the risk of confounding changes in floral odour when manipulating morphology. Here, we investigated the floral traits influencing the sexual response of male Zaspilothynnus nigripes (Tiphiidae) wasps, a pollinator of two distantly related sexually deceptive orchids with contrasting floral architecture, Caladenia pectinata and Drakaea livida. In D. livida the chemical sexual attractant is emitted from the labellum, while in C. pectinata it is produced from the distal sepal tips, allowing manipulative experiments. When controlling for visual cues there was no difference in long distance attraction, though the floral odour of D. livida induced copulation more frequently than that of C. pectinata. The role of colour in pollinator sexual attraction was equivocal, indicating that colour may not be a strong constraint on the initial evolution of sexual deception. The frequency of wasp visitors landing on C. pectinata decreased when the amount of floral odour was reduced, but attempted copulation rates were enhanced when the source of floral odour was associated with the labellum. These latter variables may represent axes of selection that operate across many sexually deceptive species. Nonetheless, the observed variation in floral traits suggests flexibility in how sexual deception can be achieved.

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Deceptive copulation calls attract female visitors to peacock leks

Theory holds that dishonest signaling can be stable if it is rare. We report here that some peacocks perform specialized copulation calls (hoots) when females are not present and the peacocks are clearly not attempting to copulate. Because these solo hoots are almost always given out of view of females, they may be dishonest signals of male mating attempts. These dishonest calls are surprisingly common, making up about a third of all hoot calls in our study populations. Females are more likely to visit males after they give a solo hoot call, and we confirm using a playback experiment that females are attracted to the sound of the hoot. Our findings suggest that both sexes use the hoot call tactically: females to locate potential mates and males to attract female visitors. We suggest that the solo hoot may be a deceptive signal that is acquired and maintained through reward-based learning.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2022View details →

Deception Island database 2008-2015 (Jiménez-Morales et al. 2022)

Catalog of seismic events recorded at Deception Island volcano during 2008-2015 by the broadband seismic station DCP. Described in the related publication: Jiménez-Morales, V., Almendros, J., Carmona, E. (2022), Long-term evolution of the seismic activity preceding the 2015 seismic crisis at Deception Island volcano, Antarctica (2008-2015), Surveys in Geophysics, 43, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10712-021-09690-0

opencc-zeroDec 2014View details →

Data from: An informational diversity framework, illustrated with sexually deceptive orchids in early stages of speciation

Reconstructing evolutionary history for emerging species complexes is notoriously difficult, with newly isolated taxa often morphologically cryptic and the signature of reproductive isolation often restricted to a few genes. Evidence from multiple loci and genomes is highly desirable, but multiple inputs require 'common currency' translation. Here we deploy a Shannon information framework, converting into diversity analogue, which provides a common currency analysis for maternally inherited haploid and bi-parentally inherited diploid nuclear markers, and then extend that analysis to construction of minimum-spanning networks for both genomes. The new approach is illustrated with a quartet of cryptic congeners from the sexually deceptive Australian orchid genus Chiloglottis, still in the early stages of speciation. Divergence is more rapid for haploid plastids than for nuclear markers, consistent with the effective population size differential (Nep < Nen), but divergence patterns are broadly correlated for the two genomes. There are nevertheless intriguing discrepancies between the emerging plastid and nuclear signals of early phylogenetic radiation of these taxa, and neither pattern is entirely consistent with the available information on the sexual cues used by the orchids to lure the pollinators enforcing reproductive isolation. We describe possible extensions of this methodology to multiple ploidy levels and other types of markers, which should increase the range of application to any taxonomic assemblage in the very early stages of reproductive isolation and speciation.

opennotspecifiedApr 2000View details →

FIG. 2 in Interactions between the sexually deceptive orchid Spiculaea ciliata and its wasp pollinator Thynnoturneria sp. (Hymenoptera: Thynninae)

FIG. 2. The number of males contacting an elbow orchid over 5 minute presentations of bait specimens. (Top) Results of 10 trials conducted at Frank Hann National Park in November 1995. DiOEerences in the mean numbers of contacts over the 5 minutes are statistically signi®cant: ANOVA F = 7.6, p <0.001. (Middle) Results of 16 trials at [4,45] Pallarup Rocks Reserve in November 1995. DiOEerences in the mean numbers of contacts over the 5 minutes are statistically signi®cant: ANOVA F = 5.4, p <0.001. (Bottom) [4, 75] Results of 36 trials at Pallarup Rocks Reserve in November 1997. DiOEerences in the mean numbers of contacts over the 5 minutes are statistically signi®cant: ANOVA F = 11.5, p<0.001.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2023View details →

Selective and deceptive citation in the construction of dueling consensuses

Five files are attached associated with the publication "Selective and deceptive citation in the construction of dueling consensuses." The first, Analyze_Data.py, is Python code necessary for replicating this work. Some packages may need to be downloaded, which you can find in the second file, requirements.txt. The third file consists of annotation data for this paper. It is an Excel file with several sheets. The first, "Twitter_URLs," consists of the Twitter URLs we analyzed in our paper, the number of times they were shared in our dataset, shorthand names we assigned to these URLs, the number of outgoing citations we annotated from these sources, and whether we considered them to be explaining the science behind the effectiveness of masks. "Twitter_Edges" contains our annotations of citations on Twitter. They are directed from our shorthand names for Twitter URLs to reference titles for the citations. Data on these reference titles can be found in the "Twitter_Sources" document. The Date columns marks the most recent publication date we annotated for this source. The sheet "Twitter_URLs_50Shares" is an extended list of all URLs in our dataset shared at least 50 times. This data is not analyzed in the paper, and is provided for reference. The sheet "CitingPolarity" provides our annotations of sources we considered to be generally skeptical of masks' effectiveness ("Anti") and those that had either a positive or neutral stance. The "Citation_Context" page provides example context sentences for the 5 papers were reference in Table 1. Finally, the "WOS_Edges" sheet provides citation annotation for sources we retrieved from the Web of Science. See our paper for additional details. The zipped file WOS_Raw.zip contains citations collected as November 18, 2021 from the Web of Science. It is required to run the Analzye_Data.py script. Additional details can be found in our paper. Finally, the "Beers_ConsensusNetworks_VisualizationWorkbook.gephi" file provides visualization data for the network visualization in Figure 1. It can be opened in the network program Gephi. Additional Notes: In the "Twitter_URLs" datasheet, the URL on Row 157 (https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/5/19-0994_article) was often erroneously unwound into the error page found on Row 6 (https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/404.html?aspxerrorpath=/eid/article/26/5/19-0994_article). Both reference the same article, linked to in Row 157.

Fig. 1 in What pollinators see does not match what they smell: Absence of color-fragrance association in the deceptive orchid Ionopsis utricularioides

Fig. 1. Spectral sensitivities of the bee models used for this study, Apis mellifera (A) and Melipona quadrifasciata (B), based on Peitsch et al. (1992), and color hexagon models for Ionopsis utricularioides using the spectral sensitivity of A. mellifera (C) and M. quadrifasciata (D). Each point represents the color loci of one individual. All flowers appear in the bee blue-green region of the hexagon and the variation is related to an increase of color saturation, as the points vary mostly in the distance from the center of the hexagon. Points are color-coded according to the continuous color saturation variation in I. utricularioides. The insets in (C) and (D) show the hexagon and its sections defined based on opponent processing of photoreceptor signals (B: blue; G: green; UV: ultraviolet). The circle at the center of the color hexagon has a radius of 0.1 hexagon units, for scale. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in What pollinators see does not match what they smell: Absence of color-fragrance association in the deceptive orchid Ionopsis utricularioides

Fig. 2. Scatterplots of Pearson correlation (with 95% confidence regression interval) between classes of compounds and color saturation based on Apis mellifera (top row, pale yellow regression line) and Melipona quadrifasciata (bottom row, pale green regression line). None of the classes of compounds found on the orchid's fragrance is correlated with the color saturation. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 4 in What pollinators see does not match what they smell: Absence of color-fragrance association in the deceptive orchid Ionopsis utricularioides

Fig. 4. Comparison between fragrance and color distance matrices based on (A) Apis mellifera and (B) Melipona quadrisfasciata saturation values. In both cases, no correlation was found.

Fig. 3 in What pollinators see does not match what they smell: Absence of color-fragrance association in the deceptive orchid Ionopsis utricularioides

Fig. 3. Floral scent profiles of 25 individual flowers of I. utricularioides plotted in two dimensions based on non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS; 2D, stress: 0.16). Point colors were superimposed a posteriori on data points according to a scaling based on the continuous color saturation variation in I. utricularioides. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

restrictedIPD-UNDECIDEDFeb 2026View details →

ClinicalTrials.gov32/100

Harnessing Placebo Effects: Non-Deceptive Use of Placebo in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT01010191. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.

ClinicalTrials.gov32/100

Affect-regulatory Characteristics of Deceptive Placebos

ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05372744. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.

closedIPD-NOFeb 2026View details →