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FIGURE 5 in High degree of independence in the feeding apparatus of planarian FLatworms

FIGURE 5 Inducement effects of serial dilutions of pork liver extracts on feeding response of isolated pharynges (Kruskal-Wallis test, **P <0.01; *P <0.05; ns, not significant).

FIGURE 4 in High degree of independence in the feeding apparatus of planarian FLatworms

FIGURE 4 Percentage of intact worms and isolated pharynges showing feeding response to pieces of pork liver and liver extracts.

FIGURE 3 in High degree of independence in the feeding apparatus of planarian FLatworms

FIGURE 3 Recovery of feeding in three species after head amputation. Data represent percentage of food uptake from one to nine days post- amputation. A: Dugesia sp.; B: Girardia sp.; C: Paucumara falcata (nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test, **P <0.01; *P <0.05; ns, not significant).

FIGURE 2 Three species and their isolated pharynges. A in High degree of independence in the feeding apparatus of planarian FLatworms

FIGURE 2 Three species and their isolated pharynges. A: Dugesia sp.; B: Girardia sp.; C: Paucumara falcata; D–F: isolated pharynges of Dugesia sp., Girardia sp. and Paucumara falcata, respectively (intestinal, aboral side at the top and oral end at the bottom; scale bars: 500 µm).

FIGURE 1 in High degree of independence in the feeding apparatus of planarian FLatworms

FIGURE 1 Schematic diagram of specimen preparation. A–B: amputation of Dugesia sp., Girardia sp. (A) and Paucumara falcata (B) (dashed line indicates level of transection); C: isolated pharynx; D: transection of isolated pharynx (upper part originally connected to the intestine and thus forming the aboral end, while the opposite portion concerns the oral end). Downloaded from Brill.com 06/21/2024 07:45:14PM via Open Access. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

FIGURE 7 in High degree of independence in the feeding apparatus of planarian FLatworms

FIGURE 7 Feeding response of isolated complete pharynx, oral portion, and aboral portion of pharynges of (A) Dugesia sp., (B) Girardia sp., (C) Paucumara falcata. Panels no. 1 show intact pharynx, with liver tissue being transported through peristaltic movements and being expelled at the aboral end (top); panels no. 2 show oral portion of the pharynx, with liver tissue being expelled at the aboral end (top); panels no. 3 show unresponsive aboral portion of pharynx being contracted to a sphere. Abbreviations: L, liver tissue; P, pharynx; AP, aboral part of pharynx; OP, oral part of pharynx. In all figures: aboral part at the top and oral portion at the bottom; scale bars: 200 µm. Downloaded from Brill.com 06/21/2024 07:45:14PM via Open Access. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2022View details →

Figure 1 in Effect of degree of water stress on growth and fecundity of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrOsti) using soil moisture sensors

Figure 1. Soil moisture content in pots was measured using (A) Meter Group 5TM moisture sensors and (B) Em50 data loggers to determine degree of water stress on Abutilon threophrasti in a greenhouse study conducted at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln.

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Dataset: 180 Degree Capital Corp. (TURN) Stock Performance

This dataset provides historical stock market performance data for specific companies. It enables users to analyze and understand the past trends and fluctuations in stock prices over time. This information can be utilized for various purposes such as investment analysis, financial research, and market trend forecasting.

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Dataset: 60 Degrees Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (SXTP) Stock Performance

opencc-zeroJun 2024View details →

Dataset: 60 Degrees Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (SXTPW) Stock Performance

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2023View details →

TreeGOER Global Zones: Global atlas for the Climatic Moisture Index (CMI), Maximum Climatological Water Deficit (MCWD) and the number of months with average temperature > 10 degrees C (Tmo10)

The TreeGOER (Tree Globally Observed Environmental Ranges) database documents the environmental ranges for 48,129 tree species and is available from files archived at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922927">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7922927</a>. Details on the preparation of this database from 30 arc-second global grid layers are provided by Kindt, R. (2023). TreeGOER: A database with globally observed environmental ranges for 48,129 tree species. Global Change Biology, 00, 1–16. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914</a>. The atlas from this archive was designed to be used together with TreeGOER and possibly also with the <a href="https://worldagroforestry.org/output/globalusefulnativetrees">GlobalUsefulNativeTrees</a> database (Kindt et al. <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-39552-1">2023</a>) to allow users to filter suitable tree species based on environmental conditions of the planting site. TreeGOER includes a file (TreeGOER_Tmo10_classes.txt) that documents the distribution of species in zones defined by the number of months with average temperature > 10 degrees C. TreeGOER also includes a file (TreeGOER_CMI_classes.txt) that documents the distribution of species in zones defined by the Climatic Moisture Index (CMI). The atlas provided here shows the global distribution of the Tmo10 zones and CMI zones at high resolution on six sheets each, including three sheets in the northern hemisphere and three sheets in the southern hemisphere. The atlas also includes six sheets that show the global distribution of the Maximum Climatological Water Deficit (MCWD), another environmental variable covered by the TreeGOER database.   <table> <tbody> <tr> <td>Zone</td> <td>Classes</td> <td>Comment</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tmo10</td> <td> Tmo10 = 12 + Bio06 >= 18</td> <td>tropical (minimum temperature of coldest month 18 degrees C or higher)</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Tmo10 = 12 + Bio06< 18</td> <td>tropical (minimum temperature of coldest month less than 18 degrees C)</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>8 ≤ Tmo10 < 12</td> <td>subtropical</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>4 ≤ Tmo10 < 8</td> <td>temperate</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>1 ≤ Tmo10 < 4</td> <td>boreal</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Tmo10 < 1</td> <td>polar</td> </tr> <tr> <td>CMI</td> <td>CMI ≥ 0.5</td> <td>P >= 2 * PET</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>0 ≤ CMI < 0.5</td> <td>PET <= P < 2 * PET</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−0.35 ≤ CMI < 0</td> <td>0.65 <= P/PET < 1</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−0.5 ≤ CMI < −0.35</td> <td>dry sub-humid</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−0.8 ≤ CMI < −0.5</td> <td>semi-arid</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−0.95 ≤ CMI < −0.8</td> <td>arid</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>CMI < −0.95</td> <td> hyper-arid</td> </tr> <tr> <td>MCWD</td> <td>MCWD ≤ -100</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−200 ≤ MCWD < −100</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−400 ≤ MCWD < −200</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−600 ≤ MCWD < −400   </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−800 ≤ MCWD < −600</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−1000 ≤ MCWD < −800</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−1250 ≤ MCWD < −1000</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−1500 ≤ MCWD < −1250</td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−1750 ≤ MCWD < −1500  </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−2000 ≤ MCWD < −1750 </td> <td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>−2500 ≤ MCWD < −2000 </td> <td> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table>   A fourth map series in the atlas combines information from the Climatic Moisture Index with the distribution of 52,602 cities that were included in the CitiesGOER database, available from <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8175429">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8175429</a><a name="_Hlk141002106"></a> Maps were created from the environmental raster layers used to create the TreeGOER via the <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/terra/">terra package</a> (Hijmans et al. 2022, version 1.7-46) in the <a href="https://cran.r-project.org/">R 4.2.1 environment</a>. Added country boundaries were obtained from <a href="https://www.naturalearthdata.com/downloads/10m-cultural-vectors/">Natural Earth</a> as <a href="https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http/www.naturalearthdata.com/download/10m/cultural/ne_10m_admin_0_countries.zip">Admin 0 – countries vector layers</a> (version 5.1.1). Also added after obtaining them from Natural Earth were <a href="https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http/www.naturalearthdata.com/download/10m/cultural/ne_10m_admin_0_boundary_lines_disputed_areas.zip">Admin 0 – Breakaway, Disputed areas</a> (version 5.1.0, coloured yellow in the atlas), <a href="https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http/www.naturalearthdata.com/download/10m/cultural/ne_10m_roads.zip">Roads</a> (version 5.0.0, coloured red in the atlas) and <a href="https://www.naturalearthdata.com/http/www.naturalearthdata.com/download/10m/physical/ne_10m_lakes.zip">Lakes</a> (version 5.0.0, coloured darkblue in the atlas). For countries where the GlobalUsefulNativeTrees database included subnational levels, boundaries were added and depicted as dot-dash lines. These subnational levels correspond to level 3 boundaries in the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions. These were obtained from <a href="https://github.com/tdwg/wgsrpd">https://github.com/tdwg/wgsrpd</a>. Check <a href="https://github.com/tdwg/wgsrpd/blob/master/109-488-1-ED/2nd%20Edition/TDWG_geo2.pdf">Brummit 2001</a> for details such as the maps shown at the end of this document. When using the TreeGOER Global Zones atlas in your work, cite this depository and the following: <ul> <li>Fick, S. E., & Hijmans, R. J. (2017). WorldClim 2: New 1‐km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 37(12), 4302–4315. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5086">https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5086</a></li> <li>Title, P. O., & Bemmels, J. B. (2018). ENVIREM: An expanded set of bioclimatic and topographic variables increases flexibility and improves performance of ecological niche modeling. Ecography, 41(2), 291–307. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02880">https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02880</a></li> <li>Kindt, R. (2023). TreeGOER: A database with globally observed environmental ranges for 48,129 tree species. Global Change Biology, 00, 1–16. <a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.16914</a>.</li> </ul>   The development of the TreeGOER Global Zones atlas (including development of version 2024.06) was supported by the Darwin Initiative to project DAREX001 of Developing a Global Biodiversity Standard certification for tree-planting and restoration, by Norway’s International Climate and Forest Initiative through the Royal Norwegian Embassy in Ethiopia to the Provision of Adequate Tree Seed Portfolio project in Ethiopia, by the Green Climate Fund through the IUCN-led Transforming the Eastern Province of Rwanda through Adaptation project and through the Readiness proposal on Climate Appropriate Portfolios of Tree Diversity for Burkina Faso, by the Bezos Earth Fund to the Bezos Quality Tree Seed for Africa in Kenya and Rwanda project and by the German International Climate Initiative (IKI) to the regional tree seed programme on The Right Tree for the Right Place for the Right Purpose in Africa.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2015View details →

Figure 6. Outlinks degree distribution for all web sites-Study of a Random Navigation on the Web Using Software Simulation

Some of the most important aspects of the analysis is obtaining the parameters which can give the main information about a web. In the simulation implementation information as: page, number of inlinks, number of outlinks, value for Algorithmic Page Rank and Experimental Page Rank will be processed for obtaining the results of the analysis. For the first part it was necessary to use experimental values as: inlinks, outlinks and in and out frequencies.

BRAIN Journal-A Synoptic of Software Implementation for Shift Registers Based on 16th Degree Primitive Polynomials-Figure 4. Scheme for the polynomial with [16, 14, 13, 11] tap sequence

A simulation program for the functioning on LFSR of the 16th degree for the Galois implementation was developed. In the following example an analysis for the 14 selected primitive polynomials will be presented. A list with the positions which will influence the future state is called tap sequence. This sequence can be represented by a polynomial mod 2, only with coefficients 1 and 0, called Feedback Polynomial or Characteristic Polynomial. For the above scheme this polynomial is: P(X)= X^16+X^14+X^13+X^11+1

BRAIN Journal-A Synoptic of Software Implementation for Shift Registers Based on 16th Degree Primitive Polynomials-Figure 3. Galois implementation

In Galois implementation there is a Shift Register, whose content is modified each step at a binary value sent to the output. In Galois configuration the single shifted out bit is XOR ed with several bits in the shift register and in conventional configuration each new bit input to the shift register is the XOR of several bits in the register.

BRAIN Journal-A Synoptic of Software Implementation for Shift Registers Based on 16th Degree Primitive Polynomials-Figure 2. Fibonacci implementation

A LFSR can be represented as a polynomial of variable x referred to as the generator polynomial or the characteristic polynomial. The input bit is given from a linear function of the initial status for a special shift register called Linear Feedback Shift Register (LFSR). The initial value of the register is called seed and the produced sequence is completely determined by the initial status. Because the register has a finite number of possible statuses, after a period the sequence will be repeated. If the feedback function is very well chosen, the produced sequence will be random and the cycle will be very long, called by Golomb (1967) maximum lengths shift register sequences. Goresky and Klapper (2004) show two possibilities to implement a LFSR: • Fibonacci Form • Galois.

BRAIN Journal-A Synoptic of Software Implementation for Shift Registers Based on 16th Degree Primitive Polynomials-Figure 1. Basis scheme for a Feedback Shift Register

Every LFSR works by taking the XOR of the selected bits in its internal state and any LFSR containing all zero bits will never move to any other state, so one possible state must be excluded from any cycle. A LFSR is composed of memory cells connected together as a shift register with linear feedback. In digital circuits a shift register is formed by flip-flops and EXOR gates chained together with a synchronous clock. Shift registers are a form of sequential logic like counters. Always the shift registers produce a discrete delay of a digital signal or waveform. Considering that a shift register has n stages, the waveform is delayed by n discrete clock times. Usually the naming of the shift register follows a type of convention shown normally in digital logic, with the least significant bit on the left. According to the communication protocol, the signals will be addressed, not the registers. There are n+1 signals for each n-bit register. Always the next state of an LFSR is uniquely determined from the previous one by the feedback network. Any LFSR will generate a sequence of different states starting with the initial one, called seed. A feedback shift register is composed of: - a shift register - a feedback function.

BRAIN Journal-A Synoptic of Software Implementation for Shift Registers Based on 16th Degree Primitive Polynomials-Figure 10. Graphic containing the results for 1000 bits

The distribution obtained depending on the length of the input string shows that time depends on the input length, but for lengths even closer together, the times are also close (this can be seen in Figure 8 for 20 bits inputs). Time does not change so much depending on which of the 14 different 16th degree primitive polynomials has been used.

BRAIN Journal-A Synoptic of Software Implementation for Shift Registers Based on 16th Degree Primitive Polynomials-Figure 9. Graphic containing the results for 1000 bits

The next two graphics show the obtained results from the execution of the main program for each of the 14 degrees, 16th primitive polynomials for three different situations depending on the lengths of the entrance data polynomial. The lengths of the input polynomials were 20. 30. 40, 50, 100 and 1000 bits. The maximum number of sequences is 216-1(Solomon, 1967).

BRAIN Journal-A Synoptic of Software Implementation for Shift Registers Based on 16th Degree Primitive Polynomials-Figure 8. Graphic containing the results for 20 bits

BRAIN Journal-A Synoptic of Software Implementation for Shift Registers Based on 16th Degree Primitive Polynomials-Figure 7. Ring Implementation for the Polynomial X6+X^12+X^3+X+1

VlăduŃiu and Crişan (1989) show three types of schemes for a 4th degree polynomial. Similar to it, there were developed the three different implementations for the Primitive Polynomial X^16+X^12+X^3+X+1. It can be specified that these schemes are according to the well-known Galois Form, Fibonacci representation and some other Forms that are rarely used, called Ring Implementation. All of these Implementations have the same function, because they describe a linear feedback shift register. In the experimental work there has been analyzed the behavior of 14 Primitive Polynomial degrees, 16 randomly selected. For each of these polynomials there has been developed the simulation of the specific functioning with a program. Because the goal of this experimental work was to compare the different obtained results, a few rows of input data of a different length have been selected.