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101 results for “development rate”
Data from: Development and validation of warning system of ventricular tachyarrhythmia in patients with heart failure with heart rate variability data
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Data from: Measuring embryonic heart rate of wild birds: an opportunity to take the pulse on early development
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Effect of temperature on the post-diapause development rate, survival, and body mass of the solitary wasp Isodontia elegans
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Data from: Adult mortality probability and nest predation rates explain parental effort in warming eggs with consequences for embryonic development time
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Data from: Postnatal growth rates covary weakly with embryonic development rates and do not explain adult mortality probability among songbirds on four continents
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Data from: Development of sexual dimorphism in two sympatric skinks with different growth rates
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Data from: Rearing and sampling methods for estimating spruce budworm development rates at constant temperatures
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Data from: Temperature modulates feeding attributes, biochemical assimilation of macronutrients and rate of development in larvae of Parthenium beetles
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Data from: Developing a Stopover-CORT hypothesis: corticosterone predicts body composition and refueling rate in Gray Catbirds during migratory stopover
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Migratory flight is energetically challenging, requiring alternating phases of fuel catabolism and fuel accumulation, accompanied by dramatic changes in body composition and behavior. Baseline corticosterone (CORT; the primary glucocorticoid in birds) is thought to underlie transitions between fuel catabolism during flight, fuel deposition during stopover, and the initiation of migratory flight. However, studies of CORT on stopover physiology and behavior remain disparate efforts, lacking the cohesion of a general hypothesis. Here we develop a Stopover-CORT hypothesis formalizing the relationships among CORT, body condition, and refueling rate in migratory birds. First we expect body mass to increase with triglycerides (TRIG) as birds refuel. Second, based on a synthesis of previous literature, we predict a U-shaped CORT curve over the course of stopover, postulating that elevated CORT at arrival is reactive, responding to poor body condition, while CORT elevation before departure is preparative, driving changes in behavior and body condition. We tested these predictions in Gray Catbirds (<i>Dumetella carolinensis</i>) following a trans-Gulf flight during spring migration. We found baseline CORT was negatively correlated with body condition and TRIG, corresponding with our predictions for arriving and refueling—but not departing—birds. It is possible catbirds undergo regional habitat translocations rather than complete the entire stopover phase at our study site. We propose the Stopover-CORT hypothesis as a useful predictive framework for future studies of the mechanistic basis of stopover physiology. By studying the regulation of stopover refueling and departure, we may better understand physiological limitations to overall migration rate and improve assessments of habitat quality for refueling birds.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Metabolic rates and growth data for: Do small precocial birds enter torpor to conserve energy during development?
<p>Precocial birds hatch feathered and mobile, but when they become fully endothermic soon after hatching, their heat loss is high and they may become energy-depleted. These chicks could benefit from using energy-conserving torpor, which is characterised by controlled reductions of metabolism and body temperature (T<sub>b</sub>). We investigated at what age the precocial king quail <i>Cortunix chinensis</i> can defend a high T<sub>b</sub> under a mild thermal challenge and whether they can express torpor soon after achieving endothermy to overcome energetic and thermal challenges. Measurements of surface temperature (T<sub>s</sub>) using an infrared thermometer showed that king quail chicks are partially endothermic at 2-10 days, but can defend high T<sub>b</sub> at a body mass of ~13 g. Two chicks expressed shallow nocturnal torpor at 14 and 17 days for 4 to 5 hours with a reduction of metabolism by > 40% and another approached torpor threshold. Although chicks were able to rewarm endogenously from the first torpor bout, metabolism and T<sub>s</sub> decreased again by the end of the night, but they rewarmed passively when removed from the chamber. The total metabolic rate increased with body mass. All chicks measured showed a greater reduction of nocturnal metabolism than previously reported in quails. Our data show that shallow torpor can be expressed during the early postnatal phase of quails, when thermoregulatory efficiency is still developing, but heat loss is high. We suggest that torpor may be a common strategy for overcoming challenging conditions during the development in small precocial and not only altricial birds.</p>
Data from: Transcriptional changes during Daphnia pulex development indicate that the maturation decision resembles a rate more than a threshold
Maturation is a critical developmental process, and the age and size at which it occurs have important fitness consequences. Although maturation is remarkably variable, certain mechanisms, including a minimum size or state threshold, are proposed to underlie the process across a broad diversity of taxa. Recent evidence suggests that thresholds may themselves be developmentally plastic, and in the crustacean Daphnia pulex it is unclear whether maturation follows a threshold or is a gradual process more akin to a rate. Changes in gene expression across four instars before and during maturation were compared in a cDNA microarray experiment. Developmental stage was treated statistically both as a discontinuous and a continuous variable, to determine whether genes showed gradual or discrete changes in expression. The continuous analysis identified a greater number of genes with significant differential expression (45) than the discontinuous analysis (11). The majority of genes, including those coding for histones, factors relating to transcription and cell cycle processes, and a putative developmental hormone showed continuous increases or decreases in expression from the first to the fourth instar, suggestive of a prolonged and gradual maturation process. Three genes coding for a fused Vitellogenin/super-oxide dismutase showed increases in expression following the second instar and coincided with the posited maturation threshold, but even their expression increased in a continuous fashion.
Data from: Rapid shifts in the thermal sensitivity of growth but not development rate causes temperature-size response variability during ontogeny in arthropods
Size at maturity in ectotherms commonly declines with warming. This near-universal phenomenon, formalised as the temperature-size rule, has been observed in over 80% of tested species, from bacteria to fish. The proximate cause has been attributed to the greater temperature dependence of development rate than growth rate, causing individuals to develop earlier but mature smaller in the warm. However, few studies have examined the ontogenetic progression of the temperature-size response at high resolution. Using marine planktonic copepods, we experimentally determined the progression of the temperature-size response over ontogeny. Temperature-size responses were not generated gradually from egg to adult, contrary to the predictions of a naïve model in which development rate was assumed to be more temperature-dependent than growth rate, and the difference in the temperature dependence of these two rates remained constant over ontogeny. Instead, the ontogenetic progression of the temperature-size response in experimental animals was highly episodic, indicating rapid changes in the extent to which growth and development rates are thermally decoupled. The strongest temperature-size responses occurred temporally mid-way through ontogeny, corresponding with the point at which individuals reached between ~5- 25% of their adult mass. Using the copepod Oithona nana, we show that the temperature-dependence of growth rate varied substantially throughout ontogeny, whereas the temperature dependence of development rate remained constant. The temperature-dependence of growth rate even exceeded that of development rate in some life stages, leading to a weakening of the temperature-size response. Our analyses of arthropod temperature-size responses from the literature, including crustaceans and insects, support these conclusions more broadly. Overall, our findings provide a better understanding of how the temperature-size rule is produced over ontogeny. Whereas we find support for the generality of developmental rate isomorphy in arthropods (shared temperature dependence of development rate across life stages), this concept should not apply to growth rates.
Data from: Sexual selection shapes development and maturation rates in Drosophila
Explanations for the evolution of delayed maturity usually invoke trade-offs mediated by growth, but processes of reproductive maturation often continue long after growth has ceased. Here, we tested whether sexual selection shapes the rate of post-eclosion maturation in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. We found that populations maintained for more than 100 generations under a short generation time and polygamous mating system evolved faster post-eclosion maturation and faster egg-to-adult development of males, when compared to populations kept under short generations and randomized monogamy that eliminated sexual selection. An independent assay demonstrated that more mature males have higher fitness under polygamy, but this advantage disappears under monogamy. In contrast, for females greater maturity was equally advantageous under polygamy and monogamy. Furthermore, monogamous populations evolved faster development and maturation of females relative to polygamous populations, with no detectable trade-offs with adult size or egg-to-adult survival. These results suggest that a major aspect of male maturation involves developing traits that increase success in sexual competition, whereas female maturation is not limited by investment in traits involved in mate choice or defense against male antagonism. Moreover, rates of juvenile development and adult maturation can readily evolve in opposite directions in the two sexes, possibly implicating polymorphisms with sexually antagonistic pleiotropy.
Data from: Growth and development rates have different thermal responses
Growth and development rates are fundamental to all living organisms. In a warming world, it is important to determine how these rates will respond to increasing temperatures. It is often assumed that the thermal responses of physiological rates are coupled to metabolic rate and thus have the same temperature dependence. However, the existence of the "temperature-size rule" (TSR) suggests intraspecific growth and development are decoupled. Decoupling of these rates would have important consequences for individual species and ecosystems, yet this has not been tested systematically across a range of species. We conducted an analysis on growth and development rate data compiled from the literature for a well-studied group, marine pelagic copepods, and use an information theoretic approach to test which equations best describe these rates. Growth and development rates were best characterised by models with significantly different parameters: development has stronger temperature dependence than growth across all life stages. As such it is incorrect to assume these rates have the same temperature dependence. We used the best fit models for these rates to predict changes in organism mass to temperature. These predictions follow a concave relationship, which complicates attempts to model the impacts of increasing global temperatures on species body size.
THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER FORM AND RATE ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF BEETROOT
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Determinging the effect of mashing regime, protease and carbohydrase additions on viscosity development during gelatinisation of faba bean starch as well as on wort run off rate
<p>(i) and (ii) Preliminary experiments have found that when faba bean accounts for a high proportion of the beer recipe the efficiency of the mashing step is negatively impacted with slow solid removal and reduced yields. The addition of commercial enzymes is an established practice to increase levels of fermentable sugars, nitrogen availability and wort run off rate therefore enzymatic additions have been trialled on faba bean wort.<br> (iii) 2019<br> (iv) Vicia faba<br> (v) N/A<br> (vi) A rheometer method has been developed to recreate two typical mashing regimes. Samples are milled to produce a fine grist. A fixed amount of the grist is then used to form a slurry with a calculated weight of water with enzyme additions and run on a pre-set rheometer programme. The programme consists of an initial rapid stir followed by continuous stirring as one of two potential mashing temperature regimes are followed. The slurry is then filtered and the volume of filtrate recorded over time.<br> (vii) An ANOVA confirmed that all three enzymes were necessary for a significant reduction in the wort flow rate. <br> (viii) Complete</p>
Figure 3 from: Vinasco AFM, Carrejo NSG (2016) Morphology and development rate of the immature stages of Glyphidops (Oncopsia) flavifrons (Bigot, 1886) (Diptera, Neriidae) under natural conditions. ZooKeys 603: 141-159. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.603.7355
Figure 3 - Larvae and puparium in lateral view and approach to the third larval instar spinulose areas. a L1, b L2 and c L3 d Puparium. (1) Spinulose area of the first abdominal segment, (2) posterior row of spines on abdominal segment I and anterior spinulose area on abdominal segment II, (3) posterior row of spines on segment VII and spinulose areas on abdominal segment VIII. an. pl., anal plate; p sp, posterior spiracles; Met. metathorax. Scale bar: 2 mm.
Figure 7 from: Vinasco AFM, Carrejo NSG (2016) Morphology and development rate of the immature stages of Glyphidops (Oncopsia) flavifrons (Bigot, 1886) (Diptera, Neriidae) under natural conditions. ZooKeys 603: 141-159. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.603.7355
Figure 7 - External coloration of Glyphidops (Oncopsia) flavifrons puparium, up to 3 hours after beginning cuticular exclerotization. From right to left: top row 0, 15, 30, 45, 60; bottom row 75, 90, 105, 135, and 180 minutes after beginning pupation. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 2 from: Vinasco AFM, Carrejo NSG (2016) Morphology and development rate of the immature stages of Glyphidops (Oncopsia) flavifrons (Bigot, 1886) (Diptera, Neriidae) under natural conditions. ZooKeys 603: 141-159. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.603.7355
Figure 2 - Egg in latero-dorsal view. Details a posterior end b average area of the egg, note the hexagonal pattern of the corium c basal respiratory filament point, note the tubercles over the apical area of the egg body d apex of the respiratory filament. Scale bar: 1 mm.
Figure 5 from: Vinasco AFM, Carrejo NSG (2016) Morphology and development rate of the immature stages of Glyphidops (Oncopsia) flavifrons (Bigot, 1886) (Diptera, Neriidae) under natural conditions. ZooKeys 603: 141-159. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.603.7355
Figure 5 - Mandibles of each larval instar. a L1 b L2 and c L3. dnt grv, dental groove; mand scl, mandibular sclerite; mthhook, mouthhook; 2nd-dent., secondary dentition. Scale bar: 1.5 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.