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370 results for “diploid”
Biomasses, starch content, cell membrane leakage and phenology of established diploids and tetraploids and synthetic neotetraploids of Jasione maritima var. maritima
<p>Polyploidy is a pervasive phenomenon in nature and has significantly contributed to the adaptive evolution of plants. The conditions necessary for the spread of neopolyploids in populations of the diploid progenitor are limited; however, the superior competitive ability of neopolyploids may promote its establishment. Here, we assess the contribution of polyploidisation to the divergence of plant traits affecting competitive response, which could explain the successful establishment and current geographic distribution of polyploids. We conducted an intraspecific competition experiment using diploids, neotetraploids and established tetraploids of Jasione maritima var. maritima to determine whether cytotypes differ in phenological, growth and physiological traits and competitive response. Cytotypes respond differently under different competition scenarios with implications for cytotype establishment and distribution. Competition impacted all cytotypes, but neotetraploids were least affected by competition, and the tetraploids were the most impacted. Thus, competitive advantage may have contributed to the displacement of diploid populations and colonisation of new areas by neotetraploids but might have been lost afterwards. Evolutionary changes after polyploidisation have also been detected, and tetraploids invested more in belowground biomass, suggesting that root development might also play a role in colonising southernmost locations. Interestingly, diploids and both tetraploids seem to have different life strategies, the first investing in growth while the latter investing in reserves for the next season. Overall, polyploidisation seems to provide immediate changes that confer an advantage under competition that, together with other factors, may have allowed the establishment of neotetraploids.</p>
Differences in pathogen resistance between diploid and polyploid plants: a systematic review and meta-analysis
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Polyploidy, the state of having more than two full sets of chromosomes, has been hypothesized to provide several evolutionary advantages to flowering plants, including increased ability to resist pathogens and parasites. However, studies comparing pathogen resistance in conspecific and congeneric diploids and polyploids have produced mixed results. While the supposed relationship between polyploidy and pathogen resistance has been commented on in several narrative reviews, it has never been subjected to a systematic meta-analysis. We examined the effect of polyploidy on pathogen resistance by synthesizing 214 effect sizes from 128 studies. We find that, overall, there is no consistent effect of polyploidy on pathogen resistance. Subgroup analyses suggest that polyploids perform significantly better than diploids only in resisting hemibiotrophic pathogens, and autopolyploids tend show greater resistance than allopolyploids. This is surprising given the fact that polyploids possess extra allele copies of R-gene alleles that provide resistance to biotrophic pathogens, and this pattern may indicate that signaling cascades needed to elicit hypersensitive responses are disrupted by polyploidy. Disruption is supported by the observation that, across all pathogens, autopolyploids show significantly greater resistance compared to diploids, whereas allopolyploids do not. This is corroborated by the observation that synthetic autopolyploids perform significantly better than their allopolyploid and established counterparts. Regarding pathogen type, diploids show greater resistance than polyploids to pathogens that are fungi or nematodes. Analyses of publication bias indicate little to no bias, and analyses of heterogeneity indicate that phylogeny explains almost none of the observed heterogeneity. These results underscore the importance of not only systematic review but also the strong degree to which the effects of polyploidy depend on ecological context.</span></p>
Soil composition, phenotypic and genetic data to: Adaptive differentiation on serpentine soil in diploid versus autotetraploid populations of Biscutella laevigata (Brassicaceae)
<p><span>Serpentine soils exhibit extreme properties (e.g. high magnesium content) influencing plant growth and survival and have been repeatedly documented to promote adaptive edaphic differentiation in plants. Individuals from four pairs of nearby diploid and autotetraploid populations of <em>Biscutella laevigata</em> sampled on serpentine vs non-serpentine soils in a factorial design are used to assess the genetic and phenotypic changes associated with edaphic origin and ploidy level. Individual samples from natural populations were subjected to soil elemental analysis and genotyping using restriction site-associated DNA sequences (RAD-seq) to link genetic variation with contrasting soils and ploidy levels. In diploids, genetic variation was consistent with demographic contraction and a pattern of isolation by environment with respect to the ratio of calcium / magnesium concentrations, whereas tetraploids presented evidence of expansion with limited edaphic differentiation. The genetic basis of tolerance and adaptation to serpentine was further assessed experimentally on seed-grown individuals from all populations subjected to high (serpentine-like) vs low (control) concentrations of magnesium in hydropony. Fitness-related phenotypic traits under experimental cultivation were consistent with adaptive differentiation among diploid ecotypes but not among the tetraploids that similarly grow in both habitats and consistently present higher investment in roots. Further work comparing experimentally resynthesized polyploids to natural diploids and polyploids has to tease the role of whole genome duplication apart from the impact of post-polyploidy evolution.</span></p>
The genetic diversity of triploid Celtis pumila and its diploid relatives C. occidentalis and C. laevigata (Cannabaceae)
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Positive and negative frequency dependent parasitism in naturally co-occurring lineages of diploid sexual and polyploid asexual Lumbriculus variegatus
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Data from: Are acute and acclimated thermal effects on metabolic rate modulated by cell size? A comparison between diploid and triploid zebrafish larvae
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Is there hybridisation between diploid and tetraploid Euphrasia in a secondary contact zone?
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Striking variation in chromosome structure within Musa acuminata and its diploid cultivars
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Divergence in cold tolerance promotes niche differentiation between diploid and polyploid kiwifruits along an altitudinal gradient in Southwest China
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Fine-scale empirical data on niche divergence and homeolog expression patterns in an allopolyploid and its diploid progenitor species
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Differences in pathogen resistance between diploid and polyploid plants: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Development of an efficient CRISPR-mediated genome editing platform in the diploid-polyploid model system Tragopogon (Asteraceae)
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Data for genetic characterization and curation of diploid a-genome wheat species
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A first complete phylogenomic hypothesis for diploid blueberries (Vaccinium section Cyanococcus)
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Three haplotype-resolved pentaploid Rosa assemblies with assembled and extracted single copy orthologue (SCO) sequences from Rosa canina genome, diploid Rosa species, and sect. Caninae pollen
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Elevated O3 inhibited isoprene emission of a diploid and a triploid genotype of Populus tomentosa by different mechanisms
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Soil composition, phenotypic and genetic data to: Adaptive differentiation on serpentine soil in diploid versus autotetraploid populations of Biscutella laevigata (Brassicaceae)
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Data from: Deep reticulation and incomplete lineage sorting obscure the diploid phylogeny of rain-lilies and allies (Amaryllidaceae tribe Hippeastreae)
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The evolutionary advantage of fitness-dependent recombination in diploids: a deterministic mutation–selection–balance model
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Data from: The structure and allelic diversity of the self-incompatibility locus (S-locus) in diploid potatoes inferred from genome sequences and transcriptome data from styles and pollen
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