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121 results for “ecological factors”
Data from: Ecological factors and morphological traits are associated with repeated genomic differentiation between lake and stream stickleback
The repeated evolution of similar phenotypes in independent populations (i.e. parallel or convergent evolution) provides an opportunity to identify genetic and ecological factors that influence the process of adaptation. Threespine stickleback fish (Gasterosteus aculeatus) are an excellent model for such studies, as they have repeatedly adapted to divergent habitats across the Northern hemisphere. Here, we use genomic, ecological and morphological data from 16 independent pairs of stickleback populations adapted to divergent lake and stream habitats. We combine a population genomic approach to identify regions of the genome that are likely under selection in these divergent habitats with an association mapping approach to identify regions of the genome that underlie variation in ecological factors and morphological traits. Over 37% of genomic windows are repeatedly differentiated across lake–stream pairs. Similarly, many genomic windows are associated with variation in abiotic factors, diet items and morphological phenotypes. Both the highly differentiated windows and candidate trait windows are non-randomly distributed across the genome and show some overlap. However, the overlap is not significant on a genome-wide scale. Together, our data suggest that adaptation to divergent food resources and predation regimes are drivers of differentiation in lake–stream stickleback, but that additional ecological factors are also important.
Data from: Social monogamy versus polyandry: ecological factors associated with sex-roles in two closely related birds within the same habitat
Why mainly males compete and females take a larger share in parental care remains an exciting question in evolutionary biology. Role-reversed species are of particular interest, because such exceptions′ help to test the rule. Using mating systems theory as a framework, we compared the reproductive ecology of the two most contrasting coucals with regard to sexual dimorphism and parental care: the black coucal with male-only care and the bi-parental white-browed coucal. Both species occur in the same lush habitat and face similar ecological conditions, but drastically differ in mating system and sexual dimorphism. Black coucals were migratory and occurred at high breeding densities. With females being obligatory polyandrous and almost twice as heavy as males, black coucals belong to the most extreme vertebrates with reversed sexual dimorphism. Higher variance in reproductive success in fiercely competing females suggests that sexual selection is stronger in females than males. In contrast, resident white-browed coucals bred at low densities and invariably in pairs. They were almost monomorphic and the variance in reproductive success was similar between the sexes. Black coucals were more likely to lose nests than white-browed coucals, probably facilitating female emancipation of parental care in black coucals. We propose that a combination of high food abundance, high population density, high degree of nest loss, and male bias in the adult sex ratio are ecological conditions that facilitate role reversal and polyandry in coucals and terrestrial vertebrates in general.
Data from: Leapfrogging the Mexican highlands: influence of biogeographical and ecological factors on the diversification of highland species
In order to understand the processes that generate and maintain diversity, it is important to disentangle the roles of ecology and geography in speciation. We investigated the biogeographical and ecological factors that influenced the diversification of tree frogs (genus Sarcohyla) in the Mexican highlands, a region with high levels of endemism. Using single nucleotide polymorphism data for 58 samples, we found support for seven distinct genetic clusters within the Sarcohyla bistincta species complex, corresponding to Sarcohyla calthula, Sarcohyla pentheter and five populations within S. bistincta. A species tree analysis using the multispecies coalescent model did not support the monophyly of the five S. bistincta populations. We used niche modelling to calculate the ecological overlap among lineages; we found a degree of overlapping for most of the lineages, suggesting that ecological differentiation did not play a key role in their genetic divergence. Speciation and population structure in the complex have been shaped primarily by geological events, landscape modifications and climate changes during the Pleistocene. We discuss the relevance of genetic diversity for inferring the degree of species threats and recovery for conservation assessments.
Data from: Impact of prey occupancy and other ecological and anthropogenic factors on tiger distribution in Thailand's Western Forest Complex
1. Despite conservation efforts, large mammals such as tigers and their main prey, gaur, banteng, and sambar, are highly threatened and declining across their entire range. The only large viable source population of tigers in mainland Southeast Asia occurs in Thailand's Western Forest Complex (WEFCOM), an approximately 19,000 km2 landscape of 17 contiguous protected areas. 2. We used an occupancy modeling framework, which accounts for imperfect detection, to identify the factors that affect tiger distribution at the approximate scale of a female tiger's home range, 64 km2, and site use at a scale of 1 km2 in WEFCOM. At the larger scale, we estimated the proportion of sites occupied by tigers; at the finer scale, we identified the key variables that influence site-use and developed a predictive distribution map. At both scales, we examined key ecological and anthropogenic factors that help explain distribution and preferred habitat use. 3. WEFCOM is virtually only "half full" of tigers, it occupied 37% or 5,858 km2 of the landscape which was largely influenced by the combined presence of all three large prey species; in contrast, site use was most strongly influenced by presence of sambar. 4. By modeling occupancy while accounting for imperfect probability of detection, we established reliable benchmark data on the distribution of tigers. This study also identified factors that limit tiger distributions; which managers can then target to expand tiger distribution in WEFCOM and guide recovery elsewhere in Southeast Asia.
Data from: SIDER: an R package for predicting trophic discrimination factors of consumers based on their ecology and phylogenetic relatedness
Stable isotope mixing models (SIMMs) are an important tool used to study species' trophic ecology. These models are dependent on, and sensitive to, the choice of trophic discrimination factors (TDF) representing the offset in stable isotope delta values between a consumer and their food source when they are at equilibrium. Ideally, controlled feeding trials should be conducted to determine the appropriate TDF for each consumer, tissue type, food source, and isotope combination used in a study. In reality however, this is often not feasible nor practical. In the absence of species-specific information, many researchers either default to an average TDF value for the major taxonomic group of their consumer, or they choose the nearest phylogenetic neighbour for which a TDF is available. Here, we present the SIDER package for R, which uses a phylogenetic regression model based on a compiled dataset to impute (estimate) a TDF of a consumer. We apply information on the tissue type and feeding ecology of the consumer, all of which are known to affect TDFs, using Bayesian inference. Presently, our approach can estimate TDFs for two commonly used isotopes (nitrogen and carbon), for species of mammals and birds with or without previous TDF information. The estimated posterior probability provides both a mean and variance, reflecting the uncertainty of the estimate, and can be subsequently used in the current suite of SIMM software. SIDER allows users to place a greater degree of confidence on their choice of TDF and its associated uncertainty, thereby leading to more robust predictions about trophic relationships in cases where study-specific data from feeding trials is unavailable. The underlying database can be updated readily to incorporate more stable isotope tracers, replicates and taxonomic groups to further increase the confidence in dietary estimates from stable isotope mixing models, as this information becomes available.
Ecological and anthropogenic factors influencing the habitat use of Bos gaurus and its conservation threats in Chitwan National Park, Nepal
<p>This is the dataset of gaur from chitwan national park on habitat use</p>
FIGURE 11 in The integration processes of the distributional patterns in the Mexican Transition Zone: Phyletic, paleogeographic and ecological factors of a case study
FIGURE 11. Graphic hypothesis of the phyletic diversification and relationships of the O. chevrolati species group in the Mexican Transition Zone. Tip names are the species complexes. The figure elucidates our ideas of the taxonomical relationships and evolution of this species group based on the male and female genitalia, external morphology and geographic distribution: 1. The ancestral line of the O. chevrolati species group must have arrived in what is now Mexico between the Eocene and the Miocene, as part of the most ancient fauna of northern origin. The ancestor of O. vespertilio early separated from the ancestral trunk (plesiomorphic genitalia characters). 2. The ancestral species of the O. hippopotamus species line and of the O. hippopotamus species complex dispersed throughout the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt prior to its current conformation (Miocene to Pliocene). The geomorphological evolution of this mountain system drived the processes of speciation in this complex. Its descendants adapted to the burrows of Geomyidae in the mountains. 3. Separation of the O. hippopotamus and O. brevifrons species complexes. The first evolved with the TMVB, with some expansion southwards and northwards (O. coproides reaching New Mexico and Arizona). The brevifrons species complex is found in the southeastern United States of America and north-northeastern Mexico. Both complexes are found in the mountains and associated with the protected environments of rodent nests: Geomyidae in the case of the O. hippopotamus and Neotoma species complexes, plus three species in caves in the case of the O. brevifrons species complex.
FIGURE 8 in The integration processes of the distributional patterns in the Mexican Transition Zone: Phyletic, paleogeographic and ecological factors of a case study
FIGURE 8. Onthophagus mesoamericanus, male holotype dorsal view, currently a synonym of O. cyanellus.
Data from: Multiple facets of stream macroinvertebrate alpha diversity are driven by different ecological factors across an extensive altitudinal gradient
Environmental filtering and spatial structuring are important ecological processes for the generation and maintenance of biodiversity. However, the relative importance of these ecological drivers for multiple facets of diversity is still poorly understood in highland streams. Here, we examined the responses of three facets of stream macroinvertebrate alpha diversity to local environmental, landscape-climate and spatial factors in a near-pristine highland riverine ecosystem. Taxonomic (species richness, Shannon diversity and evenness), functional (functional richness, evenness, divergence and Rao's Quadratic entropy) and a proxy of phylogenetic alpha diversity (taxonomic distinctness and variation in taxonomic distinctness) were calculated for macroinvertebrate assemblages in 55 stream sites. Then Pearson correlation coefficient was used to explore congruence of indices within and across the three diversity facets. Finally, multiple linear regression models and variation partitioning were employed to identify the relative importance of different ecological drivers of biodiversity. We found most correlations between the diversity indices within the same facet, and between functional richness and species richness were relatively strong. The two phylogenetic diversity indices were quite independent from taxonomic diversity but correlated with functional diversity indices to some extent. Taxonomic and functional diversity were more strongly determined by environmental variables, while phylogenetic diversity was better explained by spatial factors. In terms of environmental variables, habitat-scale variables describing habitat complexity and water physical features played the primary role in determining the diversity patterns of all three facets, whereas landscape factors appeared less influential. Our findings indicated that both environmental and spatial factors are important ecological drivers for biodiversity patterns of macroinvertebrates in Tibetan streams, although their relative importance was contingent on different facets of diversity. Such findings verified the complementary roles of taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversity, and highlighted the importance of comprehensively considering multiple ecological drivers for different facets of diversity in biodiversity assessment.
Data from: Divergent estimates of herd-wide caribou calf survival: ecological factors and methodological biases
Population monitoring is a critical part of effective wildlife management, but methods are prone to biases that can hinder our ability to accurately track changes in populations through time. Calf survival plays an important role in ungulate population dynamics and can be monitored using telemetry and herd composition surveys. These methods, however, are susceptible to unrepresentative sampling and violations of the assumption of equal detectability, respectively. Here we capitalized on 55 herd-wide estimates of woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) calf survival in Newfoundland, Canada using telemetry (n = 1,175 calves) and 252 herd-wide estimates of calf:cow ratios (C:C) using herd composition surveys to investigate these potential biases. These data included 17 herd-wide estimates replicated from both methods concurrently (n = 448 calves and n =17 surveys) which we used to understand which processes and sampling biases contributed to disagreement between estimates of herd-wide calf survival. We used Cox proportional hazards models to determine if estimates of calf mortality risk were biased by the date a calf was collared. We also used linear mixed effects models to determine if estimates of C:C ratios were biased by survey date and herd size. We found that calves collared later in the calving season had a higher mortality risk and that C:C tended to be higher for surveys conducted later in the autumn. When we used these relationships to modify estimates of herd-wide calf survival derived from telemetry and herd composition surveys concurrently, we found that formerly disparate estimates of woodland caribou calf survival now overlapped (within a 95% confidence interval) in a majority of cases. Our case study highlights the potential of under-appreciated biases to impact our understanding of population dynamics and suggests ways that managers can limit the influence of these biases in the two widely applied methods for estimating herd-wide survival.
Figure 6 in Parasite fauna of the grey mullet Mugil cephalus L. 1758, and its relationship with some ecological factors in Lower Kızılırmak Delta located by the Black Sea, Turkey
Figure 6. Dendrogram resulting from Bray–Curtis cluster analysis based on similarities of species composition. Abbreviations: autumn (A), summer (Su), spring (Sp), winter (W), Cernek (C), Tatlı-Gıcı (T), Ulu-Uzun (U), Liman (L) and Karaboğaz (K); e.g. C-W stands for Cernek– Winter.
Figure 4 in Parasite fauna of the grey mullet Mugil cephalus L. 1758, and its relationship with some ecological factors in Lower Kızılırmak Delta located by the Black Sea, Turkey
Figure 4. Percentage of grey mullets (%) with respect to the number of parasite species detected by season.
Figure 2 in Parasite fauna of the grey mullet Mugil cephalus L. 1758, and its relationship with some ecological factors in Lower Kızılırmak Delta located by the Black Sea, Turkey
Figure 2. Percentage of grey mullets (%) with respect to the number of parasite species detected throughout the investigation period.
Figure 5 in Parasite fauna of the grey mullet Mugil cephalus L. 1758, and its relationship with some ecological factors in Lower Kızılırmak Delta located by the Black Sea, Turkey
Figure 5. Biplot diagram of redundancy analysis (RDA) presenting the relationship between environmental variables and parasite communities in the samples. Abbreviations: autumn (A), summer (Su), spring (Sp), winter (W), Cernek (C), Tatlı-Gıcı (T), Ulu-Uzun (U), Liman (L), Karaboğaz (K); e.g. C-W stands for Cernek–Winter, Nitrate (NO −), Salinity (S) and Dissolved 3 Oxygen (DO).
Figure 3 in Parasite fauna of the grey mullet Mugil cephalus L. 1758, and its relationship with some ecological factors in Lower Kızılırmak Delta located by the Black Sea, Turkey
Figure 3. Percentage of grey mullets (%) with respect to the number of parasite species detected from different lakes/lagoons.
Figure 9. Phylogeny showing a in Evolution of molar shape in didelphid marsupials (Marsupialia: Didelphidae): analysis of the influence of ecological factors and phylogenetic legacy
Figure 9. Phylogeny showing a summary of the optimization for the third lower molar (m3). Numbers on the branches indicate node number. Taxon names and nodes in bold indicate the optimizations being shown. Deformation grids show the changes with respect to the previous node.
Figure 7 in Evolution of molar shape in didelphid marsupials (Marsupialia: Didelphidae): analysis of the influence of ecological factors and phylogenetic legacy
Figure 7. Scatter plots resulting from the between-group PCA of the third upper molar (M3), summarizing differences between the five diet categories. White squares with the Roman numeral of each diet category represent the centroid of the distribution for that category. Deformation grids show the extreme shape of each PC.
Figure 1 in Evolution of molar shape in didelphid marsupials (Marsupialia: Didelphidae): analysis of the influence of ecological factors and phylogenetic legacy
Figure 1. Occlusal views of the third upper (A, B) and lower (C, D) didelphid molars. A and C, molars of Didelphis albiventris showing the landmarks and semilandmarks used. B and D, didelphid molars illustrating features of crown morphology discussed in the text. Squares, landmarks; circles, semilandmarks. See text for a detailed description of landmarks. Abbreviations: ac, anterior cingulum (light grey shading); cc, centrocrista; co, cristid obliqua; ect, ectoflexus; Ent, entoconid; ento, entocristid; Hyp, hypoconid; Hypd, hypoconulid; Me, metacone; Med, metaconid; meta, metastylar corner (grey shading); Pa, paracone; Pacr, paracristid; Pad, paraconid; para, parastylar corner (dark grey shading); postcd, postcristid; prePa, preparacrista; Pr, protocone; Prcr, protocristid; Prd, protoconid; prePr, preprotocrista; posMe, metacrista; posPr, postprotocrista; StA, stylar cusp A; StB, stylar cusp B; StC, stylar cusp C; StD, stylar cusp D; StE, stylar cusp E; Ta: talonid; Tri: trigonid.
Figure 3 in Evolution of molar shape in didelphid marsupials (Marsupialia: Didelphidae): analysis of the influence of ecological factors and phylogenetic legacy
Figure 3. First upper molar (M1) shape variation along the first two principal components (PC) from the PCA of the Procrustes coordinates, showing the distribution of taxonomic groups. Deformation grids show the extreme shape of each PC.
Figure 5 in Evolution of molar shape in didelphid marsupials (Marsupialia: Didelphidae): analysis of the influence of ecological factors and phylogenetic legacy
Figure 5. Third upper molar (M3) shape variation along the first two principal components (PC) from the PCA of the Procrustes coordinates, showing the distribution of taxonomic groups. Deformation grids show the extreme shape of each PC.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.