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Fig. 4. Bancali Assemblage 1 in Ecomorphological and taphonomic gradients in clypeasteroid-dominated echinoid assemblages along a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate shelf from the early Miocene of northern Sardinia, Italy

Fig. 4. Bancali Assemblage 1 (A–E) and Bancali Assemblage 2 (F, G); early Miocene, Bancali, Sardinia, Italy. A. Amphiope sp. showing collapse of the central area of the test. B. Chaotically oriented test fragments of Amphiope sp. C. Encrustation by barnacles (arrow) on Amphiope sp. remains. D. Circular holes on Amphiope sp. fragment. E. Highly abraded fragment of Amphiope sp. F. Clypeaster (C. intermedius morphotype) encrusted by barnacles (arrow). G. Koehleraster sp. (MDLCA 23583).

Fig. 5 in Ecomorphological and taphonomic gradients in clypeasteroid-dominated echinoid assemblages along a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate shelf from the early Miocene of northern Sardinia, Italy

Fig. 5. Orientation data of complete tests. Early Miocene echinoids within Bancali Assemblage 1 (A), Bancali Assemblage 2 (B), and Usini Assemblage (C). N, number of counted specimens.

Fig. 3 in Ecomorphological and taphonomic gradients in clypeasteroid-dominated echinoid assemblages along a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate shelf from the early Miocene of northern Sardinia, Italy

Fig. 3. Stratigraphic sections of Bancali (A) and Usini (B) with distribution and relative abundance of recognized echinoids and associated macrofauna and flora. Abbreviations: A1, Bancali Assemblage 1; A2, Bancali Assemblage 2; A3, Usini Assemblage; c, conglomerate; cs, coarse sandstone; f, floatstone; fs, fine sandstone; gr, grainstone; ms, medium sandstone; p, packstone; r, rudstone; vfs, very fine sandstone; w, wackestone.

Fig. 9 in Ecomorphological and taphonomic gradients in clypeasteroid-dominated echinoid assemblages along a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate shelf from the early Miocene of northern Sardinia, Italy

Fig. 9. Distribution of clypeasteroid echinoids and associated echinoid taxa along a depth gradient as recognized in the Miocene sedimentary succession of northern Sardinia (based on Mancosu and Nebelsick 2013, 2015, 2017, and this paper).

Fig. 2 in Ecomorphological and taphonomic gradients in clypeasteroid-dominated echinoid assemblages along a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate shelf from the early Miocene of northern Sardinia, Italy

Fig. 2. Stratigraphy of the Miocene volcano-sedimentary succession of the Porto Torres Basin (based on Mazzei and Oggiano 1990; Martini et al. 1992; Francolini 1994; Funedda et al. 2000, 2003; Bossio et al. 2006).

Fig. 1. A in Ecomorphological and taphonomic gradients in clypeasteroid-dominated echinoid assemblages along a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate shelf from the early Miocene of northern Sardinia, Italy

Fig. 1. A. Map of the Mediterranean showing location of studied area B. Distribution of Miocene sedimentary rocks in northern Sardinia and location of echinoid assemblages cited within the text. C. Simplified geological map of the northern part of the Porto Torres Basin with the location of the clypeasteroid-echinoid assemblages of Bancali and Usini.

Fig. 6 in Ecomorphological and taphonomic gradients in clypeasteroid-dominated echinoid assemblages along a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate shelf from the early Miocene of northern Sardinia, Italy

Fig. 6. Taphonomic gradient recognized on complete tests and fragments of clypeasteroid echinoids by using the qualitative analysis of the surface characters.

Fig. 2 in Rostral reconstruction of South American hippidiform equids: New anatomical and ecomorphological inferences

Fig. 2. Palatal view of the premaxillae of extant horse Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 (A) and the hippidiform Hippidion principale Lund, 1846 (MLP 6−8 from the Late Pleistocene of San Lorenzo, Santa Fe, Argentina) (B), classified according to Solounias and Moelleken (1993). Note the marked palatal concavity on H. principale. Scale bars 10 cm. Abbreviations: PMW, premaxillary width; MWC1, maxillary width across C1.

Fig. 1 in Rostral reconstruction of South American hippidiform equids: New anatomical and ecomorphological inferences

Fig. 1. Comparison of the three equid skull patterns analysed in this study. A. The South American horse Equus (Amerhippus) andium Wagner−Branco, 1883 (EPN V−2161 from the Pleistocene of Punin, Ecuador). B. The extant horse Equus caballus (MN 77320). C. The hippidiform Onohippidium munizi Moreno, 1891 (MLP 6−2 from the Late Pleistocene of Lobería, Buenos Aires Province, Argentina). Scale bars 10 cm.

Fig. 5 in Rostral reconstruction of South American hippidiform equids: New anatomical and ecomorphological inferences

Fig. 5. Palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the South American Pleistocene equids. The function of the prehensile upper lip of hippidiforms during foraging is depicted in the fore− ground (and in detail), while the grazer Equus is shown in the background.

Fig. 3 in Rostral reconstruction of South American hippidiform equids: New anatomical and ecomorphological inferences

Fig. 3. Anatomical depiction of the rostral musculature of extant horse Equus caballus Linnaeus, 1758. Skull (A), deeper rostral musculature (B), and rostral muscles associated with the mobility of the upper lip (C). Note that B excludes the m. levator nasolabialis, so as not to obscure the m. levator labii superioris.

Fig. 4 in Ecomorphological patterns of the fishes inhabiting the tide pools of the Amazonian Coastal Zone, Brazil

Fig. 4. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) based on the seven ecomorphological indices related to the feeding of 19 fish species collected from tide pools on the Amazonian Coastal Zone in 2011. Hypotheses concerning the interpretation of the ecomorphological indices highly correlated with the principal axes. Codes: Atherinella cf. brasiliensis (ABR); Amphichthys cryptocentrus (ACR); Amphiarius phrygiatus (APH); Bathygobius soporator (BSO); Batrachoides surinamensis (BSU); Butis koilomatodon (BKO); Colomesus psittacus (CPS); Epinephelus itajara (EIT); Engraulidae gen. (ENG); Gobiesox barbatulus (GBA); Gymnothorax aff. funebris (GFU); Lutjanus jocu (LJO); Mugil aff. curema (MCU); Mugil aff. hospes (MHO); Mugil sp. (MSP); Omobranchus punctatus (OPU); Rypticus randalli (RRA); Sphoeroides greeleyi (SGR); Thalassophryne nattereri (TNA).

Fig. 3 in Ecomorphological patterns of the fishes inhabiting the tide pools of the Amazonian Coastal Zone, Brazil

Fig. 3. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) of six ecomorphological indices related to the position of the species in the water column, based on the morphometric measurements of 19 fish species collected from tide pools on the Amazonian Coastal Zone in 2011. Hypotheses concerning the interpretation of the ecomorphological indices highly correlated with the principal axes. Codes: Atherinella cf. brasiliensis (ABR); Amphichthys cryptocentrus (ACR); Amphiarius phrygiatus (APH); Bathygobius soporator (BSO); Batrachoides surinamensis (BSU); Butis koilomatodon (BKO); Colomesus psittacus (CPS); Epinephelus itajara (EIT); Engraulidae gen. (ENG); Gobiesox barbatulus (GBA); Gymnothorax aff. funebris (GFU); Lutjanus jocu (LJO); Mugil aff. curema (MCU); Mugil aff. hospes (MHO); Mugil sp. (MSP); Omobranchus punctatus (OPU); Rypticus randalli (RRA); Sphoeroides greeleyi (SGR); Thalassophryne nattereri (TNA).

Fig. 2 in Ecomorphological patterns of the fishes inhabiting the tide pools of the Amazonian Coastal Zone, Brazil

Fig. 2. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) for the six ecomorphological indices related to locomotion in the 19 fish species collected from tide pools on the Amazonian Coastal Zone in 2011. Hypotheses concerning the interpretation of the ecomorphological indices highly correlated with the principal axes. Codes: Atherinella cf. brasiliensis (ABR); Amphichthys cryptocentrus (ACR); Amphiarius phrygiatus (APH); Bathygobius soporator (BSO); Batrachoides surinamensis (BSU); Butis koilomatodon (BKO); Colomesus psittacus (CPS); Epinephelus itajara (EIT); Engraulidae gen. (ENG); Gobiesox barbatulus (GBA); Gymnothorax aff. funebris (GFU); Lutjanus jocu (LJO); Mugil aff. curema (MCU); Mugil aff. hospes (MHO); Mugil sp. (MSP); Omobranchus punctatus (OPU); Rypticus randalli (RRA); Sphoeroides greeleyi (SGR); Thalassophryne nattereri (TNA).

Fig. 1 in Ecomorphological patterns of the fishes inhabiting the tide pools of the Amazonian Coastal Zone, Brazil

Fig. 1. Location of the tide pools sampled in 2011 on the sandy beaches of the Amazonian Coastal Zone at (A) Areuá, (B) Algodoal, (C) Fortalezinha, (D) Marieta, and (E) Maçarico.

Fig. 6 in Ecomorphology of radii in Canidae: Application to fragmentary fossils from Plio-Pleistocene hominin assemblages

Fig. 6. Neighbour-joining cluster analysis performed using Euclidean distances extracted from distal measurements. Bootstrap values show the support for each internal node.

Fig. 4 in Ecomorphology of radii in Canidae: Application to fragmentary fossils from Plio-Pleistocene hominin assemblages

Fig. 4. Neighbour-joining cluster analysis performed using Euclidean distances extracted from all measurements. Bootstrap values show the support for each internal node.

Fig. 3 in Ecomorphology of radii in Canidae: Application to fragmentary fossils from Plio-Pleistocene hominin assemblages

Fig. 3. Plot of the first two linear discriminant functions extracted from a combination of radial measurements used to classify habitat preferences within Canidae.

Fig. 1. Measurement scheme for the canid radius, illustrated using a in Ecomorphology of radii in Canidae: Application to fragmentary fossils from Plio-Pleistocene hominin assemblages

Fig. 1. Measurement scheme for the canid radius, illustrated using a left radius of Cuon alpinus, NHMUK M1888.2.5.22_159.d, in posterior view (A1), proximal (A2) and distal (A3) end; lateral view proximal (B1) and distal (B2) end; distal view of radius lower extremity (C), proximal (D) and distal (E) views of radius epiphyses. Not to scale. Explanation of radial measurements 1–29 in Table 1.

Fig. 2 in Ecomorphology of radii in Canidae: Application to fragmentary fossils from Plio-Pleistocene hominin assemblages

Fig. 2. Plot of the first two linear discriminant functions extracted from a combination of radial measurements used to classify genera within Canidae.