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opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

Data from: Egg predators improve the hatching success of salamander eggs

A common challenge that oviparous animals face is securing survivorship during the vulnerable embryonic stage. One of the parental investment strategies to improve survivorship is providing physical structures to protect the embryos. In amphibians, there is a notable diversity in jelly-layer structures surrounding eggs. Previous studies show that these jelly layers provide eggs with protection against egg predators, egg pathogens, and desiccation. However, few studies examined the cost–benefit relationship of the jelly-layer structures. By using the predator–prey interaction between wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) tadpoles and spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) eggs as a model system, we tested three hypotheses: (1) having the outer jelly layers would be costly to the embryos, (2) the relative benefit of the structural egg defense would become apparent and increase as the intensity of egg predation increases, and (3) a certain degree of predation would increase the hatching success of salamander embryos by mechanically thinning the thick outer jelly layers and increasing oxygen diffusion throughout an egg mass. To test these hypotheses, we conducted a factorial experiment in which we crossed four egg-predation levels with two jelly-layer conditions, intact or removed. We found that the jelly layers were essential in protecting spotted salamander embryos from wood frog tadpoles but that the associated cost was apparent in no-predation treatments. The differential survivorship between intact eggs and eggs without jelly layers showed that the fitness advantage of jelly layers increased as the level of predation increased. Finally, the hatching success of intact egg masses was highest under the high predation conditions. These results imply that the evolution of the jelly-layer thickness occurred under constant egg-predation pressure. Given this predator–prey coevolution, egg predators may play a critical role in improving the hatching success of salamander embryos under certain conditions.

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FIGURE9. Life stages of Telsimia intricata Poorani, sp. n.: a, b. egg; c. freshly hatched larva; d–l. larva; m. pupa; n, o. adult. in --A--brief--review--of--the--tribe--Telsimiini--(Coleoptera:--Coccinellidae)--of--the--Indian-subcontinent,--including--three--new--species--of--Telsimia Casey--from--South--India

FIGURE9. Life stages of Telsimia intricata Poorani, sp. n.: a, b. egg; c. freshly hatched larva; d–l. larva; m. pupa; n, o. adult.

opennotspecifiedOct 2023View details →

publicJan 2016View details →

Data from: Rapid evolutionary loss of metal resistance revealed by hatching decades-old eggs

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publicNov 2017View details →

Data from: Effects of radiation from contaminated soil and moss in Fukushima on embryogenesis and egg hatching of the aphid Prociphilus oriens

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publicSep 2023View details →

Data from: Egg predators improve the hatching success of salamander eggs

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publicMay 2012View details →

Data from: Post-hatching parental care masks the effects of egg size on offspring fitness: a removal experiment on burying beetles

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Data from: The role of partial incubation and egg repositioning within the clutch in hatching asynchrony and subsequent effects on breeding success

The main mechanism to achieve hatching asynchrony (HA) for incubating birds is to start heating the eggs before clutch completion. This might be achieved through partial incubation and/or early incubation. Even in the absence of incubation behaviour during the laying phase, clutches still experience a certain degree of asynchrony. Recent studies have shown that eggs located in the centre of the nest receive more heat than peripheral ones during incubation. Since eggs receiving more heat would develop faster, we hypothesised that HA should be shorter in nests where eggs were moved homogeneously along the centre-periphery space during incubation compared to those nests where eggs repeatedly remained in the same locations, either centrally or peripherally. We explored the relative roles of egg repositioning and partial incubation in determining HA in wild birds by (1) removing eggs from 20 Great Tit Parus major nests on day of laying and replacing them with fake eggs to avoid partial incubation, and returning them when full incubation began; (2) monitoring twice a day the position of each individually marked egg relative to the clutch centre during incubation, and estimating the coefficient of variation of the distances (CVdistance); (3) determining HA in each nest. Preventing partial incubation reduced HA by 51% days in experimental nests. It also caused negative effects for the incubating females (lengthening the full incubation period) and positive effects for the brood (increasing fledging success). However, our hypothesis about the role of egg repositioning on HA was not supported: all the females moved the eggs with remarkable consistency, generally attaining a CVdistance around 33%, and it was not related to the HA experienced. We therefore conclude that partial incubation is an important factor regulating HA, and females compensate for the potential effects of differential heating by moving the eggs homogeneously within the clutch.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

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Data from: Hatching hierarchy but not egg-related effects governs behavioral phenotypes in gull chicks

In many bird species that practice parental care, siblings often compete for resources and care provided by their parents, although their strategies differ according to hatching rank and condition. Differences in offspring strategies are generally attributed to hatching order and maternal effects, which are difficult to separate because these effects are often correlated. For example, third-hatched chicks of large gull species receive more egg testosterones and corticosterone, which influence early behavioral patterns. In this study, we carried out a cross-fostering experiment with first- and last-laid eggs of the yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis) to test whether the within-brood variation in behavioral strategies for competing with siblings and coping with stress are due to maternal effects or to hatching order. Chicks hatched in the last position within the experimental brood emitted more chatter calls to attract parents' attention, were less prone to respond to warning of danger, and had a lower breathing rate while restrained than first-hatched chicks. Egg laying order did not affect chick behaviors or breathing rate. Thus, we concluded that the different behavioral strategies of chicks were determined by their posthatching experience and not by the original egg position within the clutch. Last-laid eggs were smaller and chicks from those eggs grew slower than chicks from first-laid eggs. Independently of the original laying order, chicks that hatched first in the experimental brood grew faster than their siblings. Overall, our results indicate that behavioral strategies of chicks are plastic and influenced by their early social experience.

opencc-zeroDec 2015View details →

Fig 9 from: Tanaka S (2017) Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) embryos monitor neighboring eggs for hatching synchrony. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 103-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20935

Fig 9 - The effect of the time of clumping of Locusta migratoria separated eggs on the hatching time. The differences in mean hatching times between eggs clumped and those kept with distance from one another (controls) are plotted against the time of egg clumping gauged based on the mean hatching time for the control eggs (A). SDs of the mean hatching times for the clumped eggs (closed circles) and control eggs (open circles) are similarly plotted in (B). Each datum point is based on 17–20 eggs.

Fig 8 from: Tanaka S (2017) Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) embryos monitor neighboring eggs for hatching synchrony. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 103-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20935

Fig 8 - The effect of the time of separation of paired Locusta migratoria eggs on the hatching time. The differences in mean hatching times between eggs separated and those kept in contact with each other (controls) are plotted against the time of egg separation gauged based on the mean hatching time for the control eggs (A). Comparison of SDs of the mean hatching times (B) and the intervals of hatching in each pair (C) for the eggs separated (open circles) and the control eggs (closed circles). Each datum point is based on 14–24 eggs.

Fig 5 from: Tanaka S (2017) Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) embryos monitor neighboring eggs for hatching synchrony. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 103-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20935

Fig 5 - The intervals from the beginning to end of hatching periods for Locusta migratoria eggs incubated in different mass sizes from day 10 onward. The data are based on the experiment described in Fig. 4. No significant difference was observed in the means among the treatments (p > 0.05; Steel-Dwass test).

Fig 6 from: Tanaka S (2017) Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) embryos monitor neighboring eggs for hatching synchrony. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 103-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20935

Fig 6 - The hatching times for Locusta migratoria eggs incubated in different mass sizes. In each pair of comparisons, the mean time of hatching for the eggs in the larger mass was designated as 0 h (A–D). The numbers in parentheses indicate the number of hatched eggs. Bars indicate one SD. Asterisks indicate a significant difference between the two treatments (p < 0.05; t-test). Differences in hatching time in different masses are shown in (E) by designating the mean hatching time for singly kept eggs as 0 h. Horizontal bars indicate one SD.

Fig 4 from: Tanaka S (2017) Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) embryos monitor neighboring eggs for hatching synchrony. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 103-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20935

Fig 4 - The effect of egg mass sizes on the ranges of hatching times of Locusta migratoria eggs. The frequency distributions of hatching times plotted as deviations from the mean (designated as 0 h) for each egg pod tested. The data for the egg pods are the same as those given in Fig. 1B. SDs are shown. The numbers in parentheses indicate the numbers of hatched eggs and pods used.

Fig 3 from: Tanaka S (2017) Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) embryos monitor neighboring eggs for hatching synchrony. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 103-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20935

Fig 3 - The effect of egg separation on embryogenesis in Locusta migratoria at 30°C. The times (mean ± SD) required to hatch for Locusta migratoria eggs kept as a mass (closed bars) or as separated eggs (open bars) at 30°C. Asterisks indicate a significant difference between the 2 treatments at the 5% level with a t-test. Error bars indicate SD. n = 13–20 each.

Fig 2 from: Tanaka S (2017) Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) embryos monitor neighboring eggs for hatching synchrony. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 103-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20935

Fig 2 - The effects of egg separation on hatching patterns of Locusta migratoria eggs. The frequency distribution of hatching times for eggs kept in the pods (A) or in masses of 20 eggs (C) and those kept as separated eggs (B, D) when the mean hatching time was assumed to be 0 h. The relative times of hatching for the eggs kept in the pods (E) or in masses of 20 eggs (F) and those kept as separated eggs when the mean value for the former eggs was designated as 0 h. The number of hatched eggs followed by the number of tested pods in parentheses is given in each panel. Asterisks indicate a significant difference between the two treatments (p < 0.05; t-test).

Fig 7 from: Tanaka S (2017) Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) embryos monitor neighboring eggs for hatching synchrony. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 103-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20935

Fig 7 - The effect of the time of separation of Locusta migratoria eggs on the hatching time. The differences in mean hatching times between eggs separated and those kept in contact with each other (controls) are plotted against the time of egg separation gauged based on the mean hatching time for the control eggs (A). SDs of the mean hatching times are plotted against the time of egg separation gauged based on the mean hatching time for the control eggs kept in masses (B). Open and closed circles indicate eggs separated and those kept in masses, respectively. Each datum point is based on 16–20 eggs.

Fig 14 from: Tanaka S (2017) Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) embryos monitor neighboring eggs for hatching synchrony. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 103-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20935

Fig 14 - The effects of pairing of Locusta migratoria eggs at different ages on hatching time. A. The mean hatching intervals between the first and second hatching eggs of the mixed pairs are plotted against the differences in mean hatching time between the younger and older controls in which two eggs were kept singly. B. The differences in hatching time between the first hatching eggs of the mixed pairs and older control eggs (from early-produced pods) are plotted against the difference in hatching time between the two control eggs. C. The differences in hatching time between the second hatching eggs of the mixed pairs and younger control eggs (from late-produced pods) are plotted against the difference in hatching time between the two controls. The diagrams on the top show combinations of eggs from older eggs (gray) and younger eggs (white). A total of 38 pairs of pods were used. Closed circles in (B) and (C) indicate the means significantly different from the controls (p < 0.05; Tukey's multiple test).

Fig 11 from: Tanaka S (2017) Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) embryos monitor neighboring eggs for hatching synchrony. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 103-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20935

Fig 11 - Hatching patterns of Locusta migratoria eggs derived from different pods and those from the same pods. As indicated above each triplet, the difference in the mean hatching times of the 2 pods (top and bottom panels) ranged from 3.6 to 80 h (A–D). In the mixed pairs (middle panel), the first and second hatchings are shown in black and light-colored bars. Different lower-case letters indicate significant differences in mean values at the 5% level with Tukey's multiple test. The diagrams on the right of the figure show combinations of eggs from two pods expressed as white and black eggs, respectively.

Fig 10 from: Tanaka S (2017) Locusta migratoria (Orthoptera: Acrididae) embryos monitor neighboring eggs for hatching synchrony. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 103-115. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.20935

Fig 10 - The effect of the time of pairing of Locusta migratoria separated eggs on the time of hatching. The differences in hatching time between the paired eggs and control eggs kept as separated eggs are plotted against the time of egg clumping gauged based on the mean hatching time for the control eggs (A). Comparison of SDs of the mean hatching times (B) and the intervals of hatching in each pair (C) for the clumped eggs (closed circles) and the control eggs (open circles). Each datum point is based on 18–24 eggs.