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590 results for “encounter”
Tracking sickness effects on social encounters via continuous proximity-sensing in wild vampire bats
Sickness behaviors can slow the spread of pathogens across a social network. We conducted a field experiment to investigate how sickness behavior affects individual connectedness over time using a dynamic social network created from high-resolution proximity data. After capturing adult female vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) from a roost, we created 'sick' bats by injecting a random half of bats with the immune-challenging substance, lipopolysaccharide, while the control group received saline injections. Over the next three days, we used proximity sensors to continuously track dyadic associations between 16 'sick' bats and 15 control bats under natural conditions. Compared to control bats, 'sick' bats associated with fewer bats, spent less time near others, and were less socially connected to more well-connected individuals (sick bats had on average a lower degree, strength, and eigenvector centrality). High-resolution proximity data allow researchers to flexibly define network connections (association rates) based on how a particular pathogen is transmitted (e.g., contact duration of >1 vs >60 minutes, contact proximity of <1 vs <10 meters). Therefore, we inspected how different ways of measuring association rates changed the observed effect of LPS. How researchers define association rates influences the magnitude and detectability of sickness effects on network centrality.
Cuttlefish retrieve whether they smelt or saw a previously encountered item
<p><span>According to the Source Monitoring Framework, the origin of a memory is remembered through the retrieval of specific features (<i>e.g.</i> perceptive, sensitive, affective signals). In two source discrimination tasks, we studied the ability of cuttlefish to remember the modality in which an item had been presented several hours ago. In experiment 1, cuttlefish were able to retrieve the modality of presentation of a crab (visual vs olfactory) sensed before 1h and 3hrs delays. In experiment 2, cuttlefish were trained to retrieve the modality of presentation of fish, shrimp, and crabs. After training, cuttlefish performed the task with another item never encountered before (e.g. mussel). Cuttlefish successfully passed transfer tests without and with delay (3hrs). This study is the first to show the ability to discriminate between two sensory modalities (<i>i.e. </i>see vs smell) in an animal. Taken together, these results suggest that cuttlefish can retrieve perceptual features of a previous event, namely whether they had seen or smelled an item. </span></p>
Forest associated habitat variables influence human-tick encounters in the southeastern United States
<p>Due to the increased frequency of human-tick encounters and expanding ranges of ticks in the United States, there is a critical need to identify environmental conditions associated with tick populations and their likelihood to contact human hosts. In a passive tick surveillance partnership with the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program, we identified environmental variables associated with tick encounters by forestry personnel. Ticks were identified to species and life stage and site-specific variables were associated with each tick using FIA forest inventory datasets and generalized linear and zero-inflated models. Of the 55 FIA variables available, we identified biotic and abiotic environmental variables associated with <em>Amblyomma</em> <em>americanum</em> (carbon in litter material and standing dead tree aboveground dry biomass), <em>Dermacentor</em> <em>variabilis</em> (live sapling belowground dry biomass, carbon in litter material, forest stand age, and elevation), and <em>Ixodes</em> <em>scapularis</em> (carbon in dead woody material and seedling species unevenness). We propose that land management decisions not only affect common flora and fauna but changes to these habitats can also alter the way ticks parasitize hosts and use vegetation to find those hosts. Testing of these results can be used with land management decisions to prevent future encounters and highlight risk areas. Foresters that inventory sites encounter ticks, which we can then use to better understand the environmental conditions conducive to increased tick abundance or habitat suitability.</p>
Movies associated with "Direct N-body simulations of satellite formation around small asteroids: insights from DART's encounter with the Didymos system"
<pre>All movies are titled based on the figure in the paper they correspond to and the ID number of the simulation. All movies, except for movie_fig1_fig2_spinup.mp4 are rendered in a rotating, primary-centered frame with a period of 10 hours. This is done to make it easier to watch the satellite accumulate. movie_fig1_fig2_spinup.mp4 is rendered in an inertial frame. The movies are quite long, so we recommend fast-forwarding some of the boring parts :)</pre>
Data for: Spatial prey availability and pulsed reproductive tactics: encounter risk in a canid-ungulate system
<ol> <li>Predation risk is a function of spatiotemporal overlap between predator and prey, as well as behavioral responses during encounters. Dynamic factors (e.g., group size, prey availability, and animal movement or state) affect risk, but rarely are integrated in risk assessments. Our work targets a system where predation risk is fundamentally linked to temporal patterns in prey abundance and behavior. For neonatal ungulate prey, risk is defined within a short temporal window during which the pulse in parturition, increasing movement capacity with age, and anti-predation tactics have the potential to mediate risk.</li> <li>In our coyote – mule deer (<em>Canis</em> <em>latrans</em> – <em>Odocoileus</em> <em>hemionus</em>) system, leveraging GPS data collected from both predator and prey, we tested expectations of the shared enemy and reproductive risk hypotheses. We asked two questions regarding risk: (A) how do primary and alternative prey habitat, predator and prey activity, and reproductive tactics (e.g., birth synchrony, maternal defense) influence vulnerability of a neonate encountering a predator? (B) How do the same factors affect behavior by predators relative to time before and after an encounter?</li> <li>Despite increased selection for mule deer and intensified search behavior by coyotes during the peak in mule deer parturition, mule deer were afforded protection from predation via predator swamping, experiencing reduced per-capita encounter risk when most neonates were born. Mule deer occupying rabbit habitat (<em>Sylvilagus</em> spp.; coyote's primary prey) experienced the greatest risk of encounter but the availability of rabbit habitat did not affect predator behavior during encounters. Encounter risk increased in areas with greater availability of mule deer habitat, coyotes shifted their behavior relative to deer habitat, and the pulse in mule deer parturition and movement of neonatal deer during encounters elicited increased speed and tortuosity by coyotes.</li> <li>In addition to the spatial distribution of prey, temporal patterns in prey availability, and animal behavioral state were fundamental in defining risk. Our work reveals the nuanced consequences of pulsed availability on predation risk for alternative prey, whereby responses by predators to sudden resource availability, the lasting effects of diversionary prey, and inherent antipredation tactics ultimately dictate risk.</li> </ol>
Data from: Variable intergroup encounters: What drives neutral and intolerant encounters in blue monkeys?
<p>In group-living animals, between-group relations are often revealed during intergroup encounters, which may be intolerant (competitive), affiliative (cooperative), or neutral. Our study investigated factors that predict different encounter types in blue monkeys, where intolerant encounters predominate but neutral encounters also occur. Using data from 9 groups monitored over 24 months in equatorial forest, we first examined whether the availability of fruit, a preferred and important food, predicted monthly <strong><em>encounter rates</em> </strong>for individual groups. We then examined how fruit availability and time of day influenced the odds that <strong><em>individual encounters</em> </strong>were intolerant vs. neutral. For a subset of encounters between study groups with well-known histories, we examined the effects of additional social and location factors, which included group size, the proportion of females with infants, the time elapsed since the opposing groups had split from each other in the past years, and the encounter's location on edge-centre axes for both groups. Finally, we examined how ecological and social factors predicted individual <em><strong>group behaviour</strong> </em>(aggressive, fleeing, neutral) during encounters. The variables we examined included encounter location, group size, group size differential, time since the two groups split from each other, fruit availability, and time of day. These investigations required 3 data sets (one for each italicized item in this abstract, namely rates, encounters, and records of group behavior).</p>
MPG Black Bear research encounter histories
<p>Wildlife pedigrees provide insights into ecological and evolutionary processes. DNA obtained from non-invasively collected hair is often used to determine individual identities for pedigrees and other genetic analyses. However, detection rates associated with some non-invasive DNA studies can be relatively low and genetic data do not provide information on individual birth year. Supplementing hair DNA stations with video cameras should increase individual detection rate, assuming accurate identification of individuals via video data. Video data can also provide birth year information for individuals captured as young of the year, which can enrich population-level pedigrees. We placed video cameras at hair stations and combined genetic and video data to reconstruct an age-specific, population-level pedigree of wild black bears during 2010-2020. Combining individual birth year with mother-offspring relatedness, we also estimated litter size, interlitter interval, primiparity, and fecundity. We used the Cormack-Jolly-Seber model in Program Mark to evaluate the effect of maternal identity on offspring apparent survival. We compared model rankings of apparent survival and parameter estimates based on combined genetic and video data with those based on only genetic data. We observed 42 mother-offspring relationships. Of these, 21 (50%) would not have been detected had we used hair DNA alone. Moreover, video data allowed for the cub and yearling age classes to be determined. Mean annual fecundity was 0.42 (95% CI: 0.27, 0.56). Maternal identity influenced offspring apparent survival, where offspring of one mother experienced significantly lower apparent survival (0.39; SE = 0.15) than that of offspring of four other mothers (0.89-1.00; SE = 0.00–0.06). We video-documented cub abandonment by the mother whose offspring experienced low apparent survival, indicating individual behaviors (e.g., maternal care) may scale up to affect population-level parameters (e.g., cub survival). Our findings provide insights into evolutionary processes and are broadly relevant to wildlife ecology and conservation.</p>
Data from: Prey encounters and spatial memory influence use of foraging patches in a marine central place forager
<p class="MsoNormal">Given the patchiness and long-term predictability of marine resources, memory of high-quality foraging grounds is expected to provide fitness advantages for central place foragers. However, it remains challenging to characterise how marine predators integrate memory with recent prey encounters to adjust fine-scale movement and use of foraging patches. Here, we used two months of movement data from harbour seals (<em>Phoca vitulina</em>) to quantify the repeatability in foraging patches as a proxy for memory. We then integrated these data into analyses of fine-scale movement and underwater behaviour to test how both spatial memory and prey encounter rates influenced the seals' Area Restricted Search (ARS) behaviour. Specifically, we used one month's GPS data from 29 individuals to build spatial memory maps of searched areas, and archived accelerometry data from a subset of five individuals to detect prey catch attempts, a proxy for prey encounters. Individuals were highly consistent in the areas they visited over two consecutive months. Hidden Markov Models showed that both spatial memory and prey encounters increased the probability of seals initiating ARS. These results provide evidence that predators use memory to adjust their fine scale movement and this ability should be accounted for in movement models.</p>
Data availability: Random encounter model is a reliable method for estimating population density of multiple species using camera traps
<p>Data of the paper entitled "Random encounter model is a reliable method for estimating population density of multiple species using camera traps" published on Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation</p>
Troubled waters: Water availability drives human-baboon encounters in a protected, semi-arid landscape
<p>Most animal habitats are affected by humans. While some species tolerate and even benefit from these changes, others suffer. Understanding when and how human-altered landscapes affect animal behavior, health, reproduction, and survival is essential to species management in a human-dominated world. Here we use 27 years of data on human-baboon encounters in a protected, semi-arid ecosystem in Kenya to: (i) identify spatial, environmental, and group-level predictors of baboon encounters with pastoralists; (ii) test whether human-built water sources alter baboon ranging patterns; and (iii) test if human encounters are linked to baboon survival, reproduction, and health. We find that the primary driver of human-baboon encounters is water availability. During dry periods, pastoralists migrate into baboon rangelands, leading to frequent human-baboon encounters, especially near water wells. Further, the baboons shift their ranges to encompass newly built wells and move away from abandoned, dried-up wells. Since 2006, a third of adult baboon deaths were linked to violent encounters with humans or their dogs. Human encounters were also linked to high infant mortality and parasite diversity in females (but this effect could not be disentangled from seasonal confounds). For wild baboons, life in protected, pastoralist conservancies presents a double-edged sword: human-built wells enable the baboons to access water during dry periods, but these wells lead to encounters with humans, which have become a common source of baboon mortality. Together, our results serve as a comprehensive case study of anthropogenic effects on wild primates, highlighting the complex interactions between humans and wildlife in protected areas.</p>
Data for: Love thy neighbour: feral buffalo show greater space use, resource overlap and encounters during the wet season in the Northern Territory
<p>The code, data, and R objects in this repository accompany a paper titled 'Love thy neighbour: feral buffalo show greater space use, resource overlap and encounters during the wet season in the Northern Territory'.</p> <p>In this paper we used spatially explicit movement models to understand buffalo movement and social behaviour to provide decision support to wildlife managers. We used continuous time movement models to produce autocorrelated kernel density estimates of buffalo home ranges and encounter space from 126,567 locations from 17 buffalo GPS tracked from November 2018 to April 2019. We compared the movement, space use and social behaviour of buffalo between the wet and dry season of the Djelk area, when resource availability is vastly different in the wetland areas of the Northern Territory. Results from these models can be used by land holders, traditional owners, and wildlife managers to make evidence-based decisions to optimize buffalo management in respect to disease risk, sustainable harvest, and damage to environmental and cultural assets.</p> <p>The R Markdown, and accompanying data detail the modelling process from data pre-processing, fitting home ranges, comparing home range overalp and estimating social encounter area for the buffalo over three seasonal periods. Estimating home ranges can be computationally taxing and re-creating home range estimates for each buffalo can take several hours depending on the computing power of the user so intermediate outputs have also been included. </p>
Close encounters between infants and household members measured through wearable proximity sensors
<p>The dataset contains close proximity interactions between family members of 16 households with infants younger than 6 months, recorded for 2-5 consecutive days between March 2015 and January 2016, in Rome, Italy. Data were collected trough the use of wearable proximity sensors of the SocioPatterns platform (<a href="http://sociopatterns.org">http://sociopatterns.org</a>).</p> <p>Contact events were recorded between 55 individuals: 16 infants, 4 siblings, 31 parents and 4 grandparents.</p> <p>Each line of the dataset corresponds to a contact event recorded between two sensors (sensor 1 and sensor 2). Heading labels are the following:</p> <ul> <li>ID_sensor1: anonymized ID of sensor 1;</li> <li>ID_sensor2: anonymized ID of sensor 2;</li> <li>contact_duration: duration of the contact event in seconds;</li> <li>time: date and time of the contact event;</li> <li>family_role_tag1: family role of individual wearing sensor 1;</li> <li>Household: household ID;</li> <li>family_role_tag2: family role of individual wearing sensor 2.</li> </ul> <p> </p>
Biomass encounter rates limit the size scaling of feeding interactions: trial data
<p>Experimental trial data for the publication: Biomass encounter rates limit the size scaling of feeding interactions.</p>
FIGURE 4 in Challenges encountered during acid resin transfer preparation of fossil fish from Monte Bolca, Italy
FIGURE 4. NHMUK PV P1990 after complete preparation.
FIGURE 5 in Challenges encountered during acid resin transfer preparation of fossil fish from Monte Bolca, Italy
FIGURE 5. Oxford University Museum specimen CM4312 Blochius longirostris, set in Synolite 0328-A-1.
Table S1: Records of bramble shark sightings on 16 December, 2023, offshore of Fujairah, UAE, in the Gulf of Oman. Time is provided in Zulu time (GMT), not in local time. Vessels where sightings occurred are labeled as remotely operated vessels (ROV: Chimera) or human-driven submersibles (Sub: Neptune and Nadir).; Video S1: Video footage of a bramble shark (Echinorhinus brucus) encounter with a submersible at 780 m depth offshore from Fujairah, United Arab Emirates.
<p><span>Table S1: Records of bramble shark sightings on 16 December, 2023, offshore of Fujairah, UAE, in the Gulf of Oman. Time is provided in Zulu time (GMT), not in local time. Vessels where sightings occurred are labeled as remotely operated vessels (ROV: Chimera) or human-driven submersibles (Sub: Neptune and Nadir).</span></p> <p><span>Video S1: Video footage of a bramble shark (<em>Echinorhinus brucus</em>) encounter with a submersible at 780 m depth offshore from Fujairah, United Arab Emirates.</span></p>
Figure 1 in New adult host records for three Buprestidae (Coleoptera) rarely encountered in the United States and significant extension of the known geographic range of Agrilus pilosicollis Fisher
Figure 1. Agrilus langei Obenberger ♂. a) Dorsal view. b) Ventral view. c) Lat-
Unforgettable encounters
<p>This dataset is related to the book "Unforgettable encounters: understanding public participation in Italian community archaeology" and contains:</p> <ul> <li>the description of the events evaluated in the book</li> <li>the interview transcript of the psychologist Valentina Erculiani</li> <li>all transcripts of the interviews with the stakeholders</li> </ul>
Molecular Models obtained in the paper "In situ architecture of the ER-mitochondria encounter structure"
<p>The zip file contains prototypical NAMD input files to carry out the molecular dynamics flexible fitting simulations performed in the paper, and the initial and final structures (best models) obtained using the MDFF protocol.</p>
California Shark Encounters 2015-2022
<p>This is a photographic database of random encounters with various species of sharks off the coast of Calfornia</p>
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