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opencc-by-4.0Dec 2006View details →

Fig. 2 in Phylogeny and Evolutionary History of Old World Suboscine Birds (Aves: Eurylaimides)

Fig. 2. Strict consensus of four maximum parsimony (MP) trees from analysis of combined RAG-1, RAG-2, Fib5, and morphological characters. Numbers by nodes indicate MP bootstrap support.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2006View details →

Fig. 4 in Phylogeny and Evolutionary History of Old World Suboscine Birds (Aves: Eurylaimides)

Fig. 4. Single MP tree from analysis of RAG-1, RAG-2, and Fib5 data. Numbers above branches indicate MP bootstrap support, numbers below branches are ML bootstrap support.

Figure 4 in Mitochondrial DNA variation and the evolutionary history of the Mediterranean species of Cicada L. (Hemiptera, Cicadoidea)

Figure 4. Minimum spanning network for Cicada in the Mediterranean area, based on 12S rRNA gene haplotypes (HCo, C. orni haplogroup; HCm, C. mordoganensis haplogroup; HCc, C. cretensis haplogroup; HCl, C. lodosi and HCb, C. barbara haplogroup). The size of the circles representing each haplotype is proportional to the number of specimens showing that particular haplotype; colours are representative of the locality.

Figure 3 in Mitochondrial DNA variation and the evolutionary history of the Mediterranean species of Cicada L. (Hemiptera, Cicadoidea)

Figure 3. Frequencies of transitions and transversions over K81 sequence divergences obtained among Cicada specimens for (A) the total length of 12S rRNA sequences, (B) loop regions based on the secondary structure of the 12S rRNA gene sequences and (C) stem regions based on the secondary structure of the 12S rRNA gene.

Figure 1 in Mitochondrial DNA variation and the evolutionary history of the Mediterranean species of Cicada L. (Hemiptera, Cicadoidea)

Figure 1. Collection sites of the Cicada specimens analysed in the Mediterranean region: inserts are given for Portugal and Greece, where most sites were sampled.

Figure 6 in Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the Aplodontoidea (Mammalia: Rodentia)

Figure 6. Phylogeny of aplodontoids using all ordered characters, with ordered characters down-weighted. Tree scores are listed in Table 2.

Figure 5 in Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the Aplodontoidea (Mammalia: Rodentia)

Figure 5. Phylogeny of aplodontoids using some ordered characters, with ordered characters down-weighted. Tree scores are listed in Table 2.

Figure 9 in Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the Aplodontoidea (Mammalia: Rodentia)

Figure 9. Aplodontine (Aplodontia rufa) molars, occlusal view. A, right lower molar (labial is down), showing B-shaped outline. B, left upper molar (lingual is down), showing shield-shaped outline.

Figure 10. Aplodontid P4s in Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the Aplodontoidea (Mammalia: Rodentia)

Figure 10. Aplodontid P4s showing anteroposterior widening of the protocone. A, Prosciurus left P4 with unexpanded protocone. B, indeterminate mylagaulid right P4, with expanded protocone.

Figure 3 in Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the Aplodontoidea (Mammalia: Rodentia)

Figure 3. Phylogeny of aplodontoids using some ordered characters, with ordered characters not down-weighted. Tree scores are listed in Table 2.

Figure 8 in Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the Aplodontoidea (Mammalia: Rodentia)

Figure 8. Phylogenetic position of poorly known taxa. The most likely points of insertion of poorly known taxa are indicated with circles. Multiple lines for a single taxon indicate multiple equally likely positions. Dashed lines that fork indicate that the two taxa are placed as sister taxa in the analysis. The poorly known species are as follows: 1, Prosciurus ordosicus Wang, 1987; 2, Prosciurus magnus Korth, 1989; 3, Prosciurus daxnerae Lopatin, 2000; 4, Ansomys crucifer Lopatin, 1997; 5, Ansomys shantungensis Rensberger & Li, 1986; 6, Parallomys argoviensis; 7, Allomys cristabrevis Barnosky, 1986; 8, Pseudaplodon asiatica Schlosser, 1924; 9, Sinomylagaulus halamagaiensis Wu, 1988; 10, Tschalimys ckhikvadzei Shevyreva, 1971.

Figure 7 in Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the Aplodontoidea (Mammalia: Rodentia)

Figure 7. Preferred phylogeny of aplodontid rodents. Solid lines represent the known stratigraphic range of taxa; thinner lines represent inferred ranges. Where the temporal ranges of taxa are poorly constrained, the entire possible range is included as the known stratigraphic range.

Figure 4 in Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the Aplodontoidea (Mammalia: Rodentia)

Figure 4. Phylogeny of aplodontoids using all ordered characters, with ordered characters not down-weighted. Tree scores are listed in Table 2.

Figure 1 in Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the Aplodontoidea (Mammalia: Rodentia)

Figure 1. Dental terminology used throughout this paper, illustrated on a range of aplodontid morphotypes. Anterior is to the left, labial is up for upper teeth (A, C, E, G, and I) and down for lower teeth (B, D, F, H, and J) A, upper molar of a basal aplodontid (Ansomys hepburnensis) showing major cusps and cingula. B, lower molar of a basal aplodontid (Ansomys hepburnensis) showing major cusps. C, same as (A), photographic image. D, same as (B), photographic image. E, P4 of a meniscomyine (Meniscomys uhtoffi) showing lophs and anterior cusps. F, P of an allomyine (Allomys magnus) 4 showing lophs of the lower teeth. G, same as (E), photographic image. H, same as (F), photographic image. I, P4 of a mylagaulid (Alphagaulus vetus) illustrating cusp homologies with other aplodontids. J, P4 of a mylagaulid (Alphagaulus vetus) illustrating cusp homologies.

Figure 2 in Phylogeny and evolutionary history of the Aplodontoidea (Mammalia: Rodentia)

Figure 2. Phylogeny of aplodontoids using all unordered characters. Tree scores are listed in Table 2.

Figure 6 in Mitochondrial DNA variation and the evolutionary history of the Mediterranean species of Cicada L. (Hemiptera, Cicadoidea)

Figure 6. Post-glacial colonization routes of Cicada orni (black arrow) and C. barbara (crosshatched arrow) in Europe (top map) and distribution of Cicada haplotypes in the Aegean area (map below). Pie charts represent the proportion of each haplotype in each locality. Hatched circle surrounds C. orni haplotypes, grey circle groups C. mordoganensis and crosshatched circle groups C. cretensis. Smaller black circles highlight populational substructure within C. orni.

Figure 5 in Mitochondrial DNA variation and the evolutionary history of the Mediterranean species of Cicada L. (Hemiptera, Cicadoidea)

Figure 5. Neighbour-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree [the maximum likelihood (ML) consensus tree had the same topology and is not shown) obtained for Cicada in the Mediterranean area, based on 12S rRNA gene haplotypes. Two hundred bootstrap replicates for the ML tree and 1000 for the NJ tree were performed to assess the statistical significance of internal nodes (only bootstrap values> 50% are shown, ML bootstrap values followed by the NJ ones). For each clade, an oscillogram (time vs. amplitude) of the calling song of one male of C. orni, C. mordoganensis, C. cretensis, C. lodosi and C. barbara is shown. A locality code follows the haplotype: WE, Western Europe (including most Iberian Peninsula and France specimens but also Croatia, Macedonia and Slovenia); IP, Iberian Peninsula; Gc, Greece continental – in all other codes the last letter stands for country: P, Portugal; S, Spain; M, Morocco; F, France; G, Greece; C, Crete; T, Turkey; and the first letter(s) stands for locality: M, Monforte; SH, St. Hippolyte; P, Portel; C, Caparica; L, Lisbon; Le, Lesbos; Sk Skyros; Cr, Crato; Ki, Kithira; N, Naxos; S, Samos; R, Rhodes; K, Kos; H, Heraklion; G, Gordes; Mè, Mèknes; Se, Sevilla; F, Fès; Mo, Moura; T, Toledo; A, Alcalar; FC, Foz Côa.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2023View details →

Dataset: Variation in leaf reflectance spectra across the California flora partitioned by evolutionary history, geographic origin, and deep time

<p>We collected leaf reflectance data from plants in a common garden where plants from across California are grown. We focused on 10 regions of the California Floristic Province represented at the Regional Parks Botanic Garden (RPBG). During the summer of 2020 and the early-fall of 2021, we visited RPBG with a back-pack spectroradiometer (ASD Fieldspec 4 and Fieldspec Pro) with an attached leaf clip and plant probe with its own light source (part number A122327). From each accessible plant we collected leaf-level reflectance spectra (380 to 2500 nm, 3 nm in the VNIR, 10 nm in the SWIR) from ~3 representative leaves). This dataset includes 631 region-by-species mean leaf-level reflectance spectra, both in raw reflectance as well as subjected to Continuum Removal. </p>

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

Figure 7 in Phylogenetic biome conservatism as a key concept for an integrative understanding of evolutionary history: Galliformes and Falconiformes as study cases

Figure 7. Biome transitions in Falconiformes. The number of recent species is indicated inside the circles. Arrow thickness is proportional to the number of colonizations. The dashed lines indicate only one colonization event. The number of transitions that did not imply colonization (niche conservatism) is indicated as different areas of the circles, classified in four categories. For more details about absolute scores, see Table 3.