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Figure 7 in Evolutionary morphology of the coelurosaurian arctometatarsus: descriptive, morphometric and phylogenetic approaches

Figure 7. Morphological features of MT III of caenagnathid MT III. Scale bars = 10 cm. (A) anterior and (B) posterior views of right Elmisaurus sp. metatarsus. MT II-IV are fused proximally. (C) anterior view of left metatarsus of Chirostenotes pergracilis. MT III tapers gradually towards a proximal apex.

Figure 6 in Evolutionary morphology of the coelurosaurian arctometatarsus: descriptive, morphometric and phylogenetic approaches

Figure 6. Morphological features of the MT III of troodontids. A, anterior view of a left metatarsus of Troodon formosus. MT II and MT IV obscure MT III proximally. A medially inclined distal articulation indicates high force transfer from MT III to MT IV (scale bar = 10 cm). B, posterior view of the distal portion of right Tr. formosus MT III. Inset (left) shows position of the enlarged portion of the element (in anterior view). Note sharp ridge of plantar constriction (right).

Figure 5 in Evolutionary morphology of the coelurosaurian arctometatarsus: descriptive, morphometric and phylogenetic approaches

Figure 5. Morphological features of MT III of ornithomimids. Scale bars = 10 cm. A, anterior view of right ornithomimid MT III. B, proximal, anteroposterior expansion of ornithomimid MT III in medial view. Arrow shows an approximate corresponding point in the anterior view. C, proximal, anterioposterior expansion of ornithomimid MT III in proximal view. D, features of ornithomimid MT III in posterior view. Inset (left) shows the enlarged proportion of the element. Note sharp ridge of plantar constriction (right).

Figure 4. 3-D in Evolutionary morphology of the coelurosaurian arctometatarsus: descriptive, morphometric and phylogenetic approaches

Figure 4. 3-D CT images of right Gorgosaurus libratus metatarsus (TMP 94.12.602), with cross sections shown at various points along the structure. A, reference image of proximal half of metatarsus. B and C, MT III becomes triangular in distal cross section. D, collateral ligament fossae (c.l.f.) for phalanx III-1.

Figure 1 in Evolutionary morphology of the coelurosaurian arctometatarsus: descriptive, morphometric and phylogenetic approaches

Figure 1. Phylogenetic hypotheses of coelurosaurian relationships: (A) after Clark et al. (2002), and (B) after Holtz (2000). The designation 'Arcto.' signifies the occurrence of an arctometatarsus, with a proximal splint of metatarsal III (MT III) that is unfused to MT II and MT IV and a triangular distal cross section (Holtz, 1995). The designation '(Arcto.)' indicates a variant on this morphology, with proximal fusion of MT II-IV (the caenagnathid Elmisaurus), gradual tapering of MT III proximally rather than a rectangular splint (the caenagnathid Chirostenotes), or the loss of the proximal portion of MT III (Asian alvarezsaurids such as Mononykus and Parvicursor). (B) shows the arctometatarsus as a synapomorphy of an ornithomosaur- tyrannosaurid clade. *Signifies alternate placements of Troodontidae.

Figure 2 in Evolutionary morphology of the coelurosaurian arctometatarsus: descriptive, morphometric and phylogenetic approaches

Figure 2. Descriptive conventions and morphometric templates for examining theropod third metatarsal (MT III) variation. A, directional and positional adjectives used in the descriptions, diagrammed on anterior (top) and posterior (bottom) views of an Elmisaurus sp. metatarsus. B, measurements for principal component analysis (PCA), diagrammed on anterior view of Tyrannosaurus rex MT III: LTOTAL, total length; WPROX, proximal width; W25%, width at 25% of TL from proximal end. W50%, width at 50% of TL; W75%, width at 75% of TL from proximal end; WDIST, distal width; HPAS, proximodistal extent (height) of phalangeal articular surface in anterior view. C, landmarks for thin-plate spline analysis, represented as dots on a posterior view of a T. rex MT III. Points represent the lateral and medial anterior edges of the metatarsus, and the apex of the plantar constriction, at 11 cross sections along the shaft. The number of cross sections best encompassed the region of plantar constriction for all three taxa, starting with the distalmost cross section through the region.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Text-fig. 9. Taimyria triassica NAUGOLNYKH et MOGUTCHEVA gen. et sp. nov., holotype 4287/6. Structure of seed extracted from seed-bearing capsule. a: general morphology; b, c: detailed cellular structure. Locality: Tsvetkov Cape; Lower Triassic, Induan; Keshin Formation. Scale bar 1 mm (a), 100 µm (b, c). in Taimyria Gen. Nov., A New Genus Of Evolutionary Advanced Gymnosperms From Triassic Of The Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia, Russia

Text-fig. 9. Taimyria triassica NAUGOLNYKH et MOGUTCHEVA gen. et sp. nov., holotype 4287/6. Structure of seed extracted from seed-bearing capsule. a: general morphology; b, c: detailed cellular structure. Locality: Tsvetkov Cape; Lower Triassic, Induan; Keshin Formation. Scale bar 1 mm (a), 100 µm (b, c).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2022View details →

Text-fig. 4. Taimyria triassica NAUGOLNYKH et MOGUTCHEVA gen. et sp. nov., holotype 4287/6. a: line drawing explaining female cone morphology after holotype; b: suggested reconstruction showing arrangement and vascularization of seed-bearing discs (left), and section through seed-bearing discs exhibiting seed attachment and marginal limb structure (right); c: seed scar structure (after Textfig. 3c), 1 – subepidermal and epidermal tissues under the cuticle, 2 – coaly tissues of mesophyll. Oval form at seed scar center is possible exit of conducting strand. Locality: Tsvetkov Cape; Lower Triassic, Induan; Keshin Formation. Scale bar 1 cm (a, b), 100 µm (c). in Taimyria Gen. Nov., A New Genus Of Evolutionary Advanced Gymnosperms From Triassic Of The Taimyr Peninsula, Siberia, Russia

Text-fig. 4. Taimyria triassica NAUGOLNYKH et MOGUTCHEVA gen. et sp. nov., holotype 4287/6. a: line drawing explaining female cone morphology after holotype; b: suggested reconstruction showing arrangement and vascularization of seed-bearing discs (left), and section through seed-bearing discs exhibiting seed attachment and marginal limb structure (right); c: seed scar structure (after Textfig. 3c), 1 – subepidermal and epidermal tissues under the cuticle, 2 – coaly tissues of mesophyll. Oval form at seed scar center is possible exit of conducting strand. Locality: Tsvetkov Cape; Lower Triassic, Induan; Keshin Formation. Scale bar 1 cm (a, b), 100 µm (c).

opencc-zeroJan 2023View details →

Data from: Morphological disparity and evolutionary rates of cranial and postcranial characters in sloths (Mammalia, Pilosa, Folivora)

<p>Sloth morphological evolution has been widely studied qualitatively, with comparative anatomy and morpho-functional approaches, or through quantitative assessments of morphological variation using morphometrics. Only recently, however, have folivoran morphological disparity and evolutionary rates begun to be evaluated using discrete character data. Nonetheless, patterns of morphological evolution in separate character partitions have not been investigated, neither the relative influence of, on the one hand, phylogeny, and on the other, dietary and locomotory adaptations of sloths. Here we evaluate those patterns using a phylomorphospace approach, quantifying morphological disparity and evolutionary rates, and investigating possible drivers of morphological evolution for cranial and postcranial characters in Folivora. The evolution of the morphology in those partitions is associated with distinct patterns of disparity among clades and ecological groups, even though the two partitions do not differ substantially in overall evolutionary tempo. Historical processes shaped the morphological evolution of sloths more consistently than ecological ones, although changes in postcranial characters also seem to be associated with locomotory adaptations, in which morphological convergences were much more common. We also discuss important methodological trade-offs in investigations of partitioned datasets mostly composed of fossil taxa.</p>

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

Data from: Beaks promote rapid morphological diversification along distinct evolutionary trajectories in labrid fishes (Eupercaria: Labridae)

<p>The upper and lower jaws of some wrasses (Eupercaria: Labridae) possess teeth that have been coalesced into a strong durable beak that they use to graze on hard coral skeletons, hard-shelled prey, and algae, allowing many of these species to function as important ecosystem engineers in their respective marine habitats. While the ecological impact of the beak is well-understood, questions remain about its evolutionary history and the effects of this innovation on the downstream patterns of morphological evolution. Here we analyze 3D cranial shape data in a phylogenetic comparative framework and use paleoclimate modeling to reconstruct the evolution of the labrid beak across 205 species. We find that wrasses evolved beaks three times independently, once within odacines, and twice within parrotfishes in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. We find an increase in the rate of shape evolution in the Scarus+Chlorurus+Hipposcarus (SCH) clade of parrotfishes likely driven by the evolution of the intramandibular joint. Paleoclimate modeling shows that the SCH clade of parrotfishes rapidly morphologically diversified during the middle Miocene. We hypothesize that possession of a beak in the SCH clade coupled with favorable environmental conditions allowed these species to rapidly morphologically diversify.</p>

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2023View details →

Fig. 8 in Morphological trait evolution in Solanum (Solanaceae): Evolutionary lability of key taxonomic characters

Fig. 8. Evolution of the most conserved morphological traits in Solanum with <10 transitions based on species-level analysis using stochastic character mapping. A, Pseudostipules; B, Enlarged anther connectives; C, Anther modifications; D, Pedicel insertion. Results from the best model are shown for each character (see Table 1 and suppl. Table S4 for details) based on 200 simulations. The topology used for mapping was derived from a supermatrix phylogeny with nine loci (two nuclear and seven plastid loci; Gagnon & al., 2022) with 725 species sampled and coded for each trait (58% of all species). All minor clades are labelled; tips reflect the crown nodes of each minor clade. Piecharts indicate likelihood of modelled ancestral states along the nodes, and frequency bars (tips) reflect proportion of species sampled within each clade with each state.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2023View details →

Fig. 4 in Morphological trait evolution in Solanum (Solanaceae): Evolutionary lability of key taxonomic characters

Fig. 4. Evolution of the most highly labile morphological traits in Solanum with>100 transitions based on species-level analysis using stochastic character mapping. A, Growth form; B, Sympodial unit structure; C, Glandular trichomes; D, Corolla shape; E, Corolla colour; F, Fruit colour. Results from the best model are shown for each character (see Table 1 and suppl. Table S4 for details) based on 200 simulations. The topology used for mapping was derived from a supermatrix phylogeny with nine loci (two nuclear and seven plastid loci; Gagnon & al., 2022) with 725 species sampled and coded for each trait (58% of all species). All minor clades are labelled; tips reflect the crown nodes of each minor clade. Piecharts indicate likelihood of modelled ancestral states along the nodes, and frequency bars (tips) reflect proportion of species sampled within each clade with each state.

Fig. 7 in Reconstruction of Evolutionary History of Pleurostomatid Ciliates (Ciliophora, Litostomatea, Haptoria): Interplay of Morphology and Molecules

Fig. 7. Reconstruction of ancestral morphologies in pleurostomatids. Schematic drawings are based on the results of the likelihood method in combination with the Markov evolutionary model implemented in the computer program Mesquite. aE – apical group of oral extrusomes, B – dorsal brush, CV – contractile vacuoles, MA – macronucleus, MI – micronucleus, oE – extrusomes attached along the whole length of the oral bulge, PeK1–3 – preoral kineties 1–3, sE – extrusomes attached to the somatic cortex.

Fig. 3 in Reconstruction of Evolutionary History of Pleurostomatid Ciliates (Ciliophora, Litostomatea, Haptoria): Interplay of Morphology and Molecules

Fig. 3. Phylogenetic analysis of the combined molecular and morphological dataset comprising 26 haptorian taxa and 1492 characters. The tree was constructed with Bayesian inference using mixed models and with the maximum parsimony analysis implemented in PAUP*. Nodal support is indicated by posterior probabilities for Bayesian inference and the bootstrap values for the maximum parsimony. A dash indicates MP bootstraps below 50%. The scale bar indicates two changes per one hundred characters.

Fig. 5. Split support spectrum for the 18S in Reconstruction of Evolutionary History of Pleurostomatid Ciliates (Ciliophora, Litostomatea, Haptoria): Interplay of Morphology and Molecules

Fig. 5. Split support spectrum for the 18S rRNA gene alignment used to construct the phylogenetic network in Fig. 4. Column height represents the number of clade-supporting positions, i.e., putative primary homologies. Column parts above the y-axis represent the in-group partition, while those below the axis correspond to the out-group partition.

Fig. 2 in Reconstruction of Evolutionary History of Pleurostomatid Ciliates (Ciliophora, Litostomatea, Haptoria): Interplay of Morphology and Molecules

Fig. 2. Small subunit rRNA gene phylogeny based on 1462 nucleotide characters from 26 haptorian taxa. The tree was constructed using three methods (Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood, and maximum parsimony) with the GTR + I + Γ evolutionary model and the gamma shape parameter at 0.4970, the proportion of invariable sites at 0.6150, and a rate matrix for the model as suggested by jModeltest. Nodal supports are indicated as follows: posterior probabilities for the Bayesian inference / bootstrap values for maximum likelihood / bootstrap values for maximum parsimony. A dash indicates MP bootstraps below 50%. The scale bar indicates two substitutions per one hundred nucleotide positions. Sequences in bold were obtained during this study.

Fig. 1. Weighted 50 in Reconstruction of Evolutionary History of Pleurostomatid Ciliates (Ciliophora, Litostomatea, Haptoria): Interplay of Morphology and Molecules

Fig. 1. Weighted 50% majority-rule consensus tree (length = 66, consistency index = 0.83, retention index = 0.93) inferred from 30 characters of 26 haptorian taxa. Tree was computed with the maximum parsimony algorithm using PAUP*. Nodal supports are indicated as follows: % of occurrence in the 1185 equally most parsimonious trees / bootstrap values in % for maximum parsimony / posterior probabilities for the Bayesian inference. A dash indicates support below 50% in the maximum parsimony analyses or 0.50 for the Bayesian inference.

Fig. 4 in Reconstruction of Evolutionary History of Pleurostomatid Ciliates (Ciliophora, Litostomatea, Haptoria): Interplay of Morphology and Molecules

Fig. 4. Phylogenetic network based on 1462 nucleotide characters from 26 haptorian taxa. The split graph was constructed using the neighbornet algorithm and the uncorrected distances. Numbers along edges are bootstrap values coming from 1000 replicates. Values <50% are not shown. The scale bar indicates one substitution per one hundred nucleotide positions.

publicMar 2024View details →

Data from: Morphological disparity and evolutionary patterns of Cambrian hyoliths

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