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151 results for “extreme events”
How extreme drought events , introduced species, and disease interact to impact influence threatened amphibian populations
<p>Long term dataset of amphibian breeding in the Bay Area of California. We used this 7-y dataset (2013–2019) on amphibian breeding activity that encompassed a recent extreme drought event to assess 1) how breeding activities of these taxa differed during and after drought conditions and 2) the additive and interactive relationships of drought, chytrid fungal infection (Bd), and invasive species with the presence and abundance of larval amphibians.</p> <p> </p>
Caught out in the cold: Mallard survival decreased during an extreme climatic event
<p>Extreme climatic events (ECEs) can have profound impacts on individual fitness, affecting survival directly or indirectly. Late winter ECEs may be especially detrimental to fitness due to limited food resources and increased energetic requirements during this time. A polar vortex disruption ECE descended upon the mid-continental United States during 7–20 February 2021 with temperatures as low as −29ºC in areas concurrent with ongoing research on mallard (<em>Anas platyrhynchos</em>) movement ecology and survival in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Tennessee, USA spanning winters 2019–2022. Therefore, we opportunistically evaluated the effects of individual characteristics and latitude on daily survival during the ECE. We extended the survival analysis into March to test for lasting effects of the ECE on survival. We tracked 181 GPS-marked mallards during February 2020, 256 in February 2021, and 324 in February 2022. We documented 22 mortalities during the February 2021 ECE (i.e., 9%), but only 6 mortalities during February 2020 (i.e., 2%) and 2022 (i.e., 1%) when conditions were average. February survival (e.g., 28-day survival) during the ECE was 0.908 (85% CI = 0.879–0.937) but was 0.982 (85% CI = 0.973 – 0.991) during the two non-ECE Februaries. The ECE effect on survival was isolated to February and did not affect March survival. Mallards were 5.4 times more likely to die during the ECE in 2021 compared to non-ECE Februaries. Although large-bodied waterfowl appear cold-tolerant and less sensitive to polar vortex disruptions compared to smaller-bodied passerines, direct mortalities can occur if conditions are severe enough and persist, highlighting the need to consider the influence of ECEs on common, seemingly robust species in future global climate change scenarios.</p>
El Niño Enhances Exposure to Humid Heat Extremes with Regionally Varying Impacts during Eastern vs Central Pacific Events
<p><span>Humid heat extremes, characterized by high wet bulb temperature (Tw), pose significant health risks. While strong El Niño events are known to affect the frequency of extreme Tw days, the distinct impacts of Central Pacific (CP) and Eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño events remain understudied. Using a 12-member CMIP6 ensemble at discrete global warming targets (+1.5˚C, 2˚C, 3˚C, 4˚C), this study shows progressively enhanced humid heat exposure during EP events primarily in Mainland Southeast Asia, while South Asia experiences regionally opposing effects from EP and CP events. EP and CP events expose distinct, regionally varying areas to dangerous Tw, yet both significantly amplify population and area exposure to humid heat extremes at all global warming levels. This amplification surpasses the impact of an additional degree of global warming, highlighting El Niño’s compounding effect on heat stress threats across warmer climates.</span> <br><a name="_msocom_1"></a></p>
In-Plume Profiling Methodology: Ensuring Firefighter Safety During Pyroconvective Extreme Wildfire Events
<p>dataset for the paper: <span>In-Plume Profiling Methodology: Ensuring Firefighter Safety During Pyroconvective Extreme Wildfire Events</span></p> <p> </p> <p><span>It includes the radiosonde flight files used in the methodology</span></p> <p><span>It includes the videos of radiosondes launching as complementary materials</span></p>
Radiation Effects on Satellites during Extreme Space Weather Events (pre-publication dataset)
<p>Data for submitted paper entitled "Radiation Effects on Satellites during Extreme Space Weather Events".</p> <p>Submitted to AGU Space Weather.</p> <p> </p>
Dataset for "A novel method to identify sub-seasonal clustering episodes of extreme precipitation events and their contributions to large accumulation periods"
<p>Dataset for "A novel method to identify sub-seasonal clustering episodes of extreme precipitation events and their contributions to large accumulation periods".</p> <p>Added file "Obs_metrics_all.RData" containing p-value for significance test of the clustering metric S_cl.</p> <p>Accepted version (August 2021).</p>
Data for: Ecological impacts of extreme climatic events on terrestrial and freshwater biota in the Arctic: A synthesis of current scientific evidence and opportunities
<p>File contains the results of a literature review on the ecological impacts of extreme climatic events on terrestrial and freshwater biota in the Arctic.</p>
CESM 1.2 climate model simulation output for: The Essential Role of Westerly Wind Bursts in ENSO Dynamics and Extreme Events Quantified in Model 'Wind Stress Shaving' Experiments
<p>Westerly wind bursts (WWBs)—brief but strong westerly wind anomalies in the equatorial Pacific—are believed to play an important role in El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) dynamics, but quantifying their effects is challenging. Here, we investigate the cumulative effects of WWBs on ENSO characteristics, including the occurrence of extreme El Niño events, via modified coupled model experiments within Community Earth System Model (CESM1) in which we progressively reduce the impacts of wind stress anomalies associated with model-generated WWBs. In these "wind stress shaving" experiments we limit momentum transfer from the atmosphere to the ocean above a preset threshold, thus "shaving off" wind bursts. To reduce the tropical Pacific mean state drift, both westerly and easterly wind bursts are removed, although the changes are dominated by WWB reduction. As we impose progressively stronger thresholds, both ENSO amplitude and the frequency of extreme El Niño decrease, and ENSO becomes less asymmetric. The warming center of El Niño shifts westward, indicating less frequent and weaker Eastern Pacific (EP) El Niño events. Removing most of wind bursts-related wind stress anomalies reduces ENSO amplitude by 22%. The essential role of WWBs in the development of extreme El Niño events is revealed in the suppressed eastward migration of the western Pacific warm pool and hence a weaker Bjerknes feedback under wind shaving. Overall, our results reaffirm the importance of WWBs in shaping the characteristics of ENSO and its extreme events and imply that WWB changes with global warming could influence future ENSO.</p>
Data supporting: Impacts of extreme climatic events on trophic network complexity and multidimensional stability
<p>Data used to produce the results presented in the manuscript entitled "Impacts of extreme climatic events on trophic network complexity and multidimensional stability", published in the journal "Ecology". The data were obtained from an outdoor pond mesocosm experiment where freshwater communities were exposed to two different heatwave scenarios. </p>
Data from: Maternal effects and the legacy of extreme environmental events for wild mammals
<p><span>Nutrition underpins population dynamics of large herbivores. The environmental, physiological, and nutritional state of a mother can have a lifetime effect on her offspring. For ungulates, nutrition of the mother during gestation can have an important and often underappreciated effect on the lifetime phenotype, behavior, and success of her offspring. Research in captive settings has shown even with animals that are closely related (i.e., have similar genetic makeups), maternal condition can have serious lifetime implications for an animal's offspring; mothers in poor condition give birth to sons that exhibit stunted growth compared with sons born to mothers in good condition. Yet, identifying the role of maternal effects in wild animals can be difficult. It requires information on the nutritional legacy of a mother in combination with information on current environmental conditions.</span></p> <p><span>We evaluated how nutrition of a mother potentially affected her male offspring's lifetime trajectory using ingesta-free body fat measurements of mule deer (<em>Odocoileus hemionus</em>) in the Wyoming Range of western Wyoming, USA. Following a very harsh winter, one female gave birth to a male who remained small for the entirety of his lifetime, which may be attributed to the nutritional stress his mother experienced during that winter. This dataset includes the means and standard errors of IFBFat for female deer captured in March from 2013–2021 and for male deer captured in December from 2018–2021.</span></p>
Data for: Phenotypic plasticity increases exposure to extreme climatic events that reduce individual fitness
<p>Climate models, and empirical observations, suggest that anthropogenic climate change is leading to changes in the occurrence and severity of extreme climatic events (ECEs). Effects of changes in mean climate on phenology, movement, and demography in animal and plant populations are well documented. In contrast, work exploring the impacts of ECEs on natural populations is less common, at least partially due to the challenges of obtaining sufficient data to study such rare events. Here, we assess the effect of changes in ECE patterns in a long-term study of great tits, near Oxford, over a 56-year period between 1965 and 2020. We document marked changes in the frequency of temperature ECEs, with cold ECEs being twice as frequent in the 1960s than at present, and hot ECEs being ~three times more frequent between 2010 and 2020 than in the 1960s. While the effect of single ECEs was generally quite small, we show that increased exposure to ECEs often reduces reproductive output, and that in some cases, the effect of different types of ECE is synergistic. We further show that long-term temporal changes in phenology, resulting from phenotypic plasticity, lead to an elevated risk of exposure to low-temperature ECEs early in reproduction, and hence suggest that changes in ECE exposure may act as a cost of plasticity. Overall, our analyses reveal a complex set of risks of exposure and effects as ECE patterns change and highlight the importance of considering responses to changes in both mean climate and extreme events. Patterns in exposure and effects of ECEs on natural populations remain underexplored and continued work will be vital to establish the impacts of ECEs on populations in a changing climate.</p>
Coupled Situational Awareness System to Improve Transportation Infrastructure Performance during Extreme Events
<p>The dense road networks and numerous low water crossings throughout Texas may be contributing to the higher recurrence rates of floods that pose a danger to vehicles. A timely issue that should be addressed by researchers is the compounding of disaster. Flooding can be combined with other life-threatening occurrences such as power loss and interruptions of health and emergency services. During these events, rescue requests from the stranded communities overwhelm the emergency response facilities; impassable roadways and the paucity of reliable information on the affected areas and their accessibility hamper emergency response operations, causing several detours and delays that put both the responders and evacuees at risk. This research presents a framework for improved situational awareness during extreme flooding events by combing a flood inundation model with transportation infrastructure performance assessment. The flood inundation model can be driven by real-time radar rainfall data in an efficient manner. The road network work model can use land use, census data, and locations of critical facilities in combination with spatial analysis. The proposed framework is demonstrated on a small catchment in San Antonio, Texas. The study includes the following tasks: literature review, vehicle-related flood fatality analysis, review of flood warning systems in Texas, and the proposed framework of a road flooding forecasting system that can predict land surface flooding in detail and the impacts on the road network and provide information on the spatial and temporal evolution of road network access during flooding events. It is recommended that the framework be used for identifying the transportation network-wide impacts of flood ‘hot-spots’ and assessment of transportation-related flood mitigation alternatives. The framework can also support disaster planning and emergency preparedness measures in preparation for major events. Examples may include contingency planning for deployment of barricades, mitigation of critical facilities, and large-scale evacuation planning. The methodology can provide useful outputs on system-wide costs of flooded roads that can be used to inform regional mitigation efforts.</p>
Supplementary figures for 'Domino: A new framework for the automated identification of weather event precursors, demonstrated for European extreme rainfall.'
<p>Supplementary dynamics and skill plots for the paper 'Domino: A new framework for the automated identification of weather event precursors, demonstrated for European extreme rainfall', submitted to QJRMS.</p>
Extreme events, trophic chain reactions, and shifts in phenotypic selection
<p>Demographic consequences of rapid environmental change and extreme climatic events (ECEs) can cascade across trophic levels with evolutionary implications that have rarely been explored. Here, we show how an ECE in high Arctic Svalbard triggered a trophic chain reaction, directly or indirectly affecting the demography of both overwintering and migratory vertebrates, ultimately inducing a shift in density-dependent phenotypic selection in migratory geese. A record-breaking rain-on-snow event and ice-locked pastures led to reindeer mass starvation and a population crash, followed by a period of low mortality and population recovery. This caused lagged, long-lasting reductions in reindeer carrion numbers and resultant low abundances of Arctic foxes, a scavenger on reindeer and predator of migratory birds. The associated decrease in Arctic fox predation of goose offspring allowed for a rapid increase in barnacle goose densities. As expected according to r- and K-selection theory, the goose body condition (affecting reproduction and post-fledging survival) maximising Malthusian fitness increased with this shift in population density. Thus, the winter ECE acting on reindeer and their scavenger, the Arctic fox, indirectly selected for higher body condition in migratory geese. This high Arctic study provides rare empirical evidence of links between ECEs, community dynamics and evolution, with implications for our understanding of indirect eco-evolutionary impacts of global change.</p>
Extreme cold events in Europe under a reduced AMOC - dataset
<p>This dataset contains 9 files of data that were used for the manuscript: 'Extreme cold events in Europe under a reduced AMOC'. More specifically,</p> <p>1. tasmin_day_EC-Earth3_ctrl_allEnsembles_NH_1851-1860-JFD.nc, <br> 2. tasmin_day_EC-Earth3_a14_allEnsembles_NH_1863-1872-JFD.nc<br> 3. tasmin_day_EC-Earth3_a07_allEnsembles_NH_1980-1989-JFD.nc</p> <p>Files 1 to 3 contain the daily minimum near-surface temperature (<em>tasmin</em>) for the Northern Hemisphere and the boreal winter season (DJF). Each file contains the concatenated 10-year-long 20 ensemble members for each set of experiments described in the manuscript (<em>ctrl</em>, <em>a14</em> and <em>a07</em>).</p> <p>4. zg500_day_EC-Earth3_ctrl_allEnsembles_NH_1851-1860-JFD.nc<br> 5. zg500_day_EC-Earth3_a14_allEnsembles_NH_1863-1872-JFD.nc<br> 6. zg500_day_EC-Earth3_a07_allEnsembles_NH_1980-1989-JFD.nc</p> <p>Files 4 to 6 contain the daily geopotential height at 500 hPa (<em>zg500</em>) for the Northern Hemisphere and the boreal winter season (DJF). Each file contains the concatenated 10-year-long 20 ensemble members for each set of experiments described in the manuscript (<em>ctrl</em>, <em>a14</em> and <em>a07</em>).</p> <p>7. NA_lowpass_ua850_day_EC-Earth3_ctrl_allEnsembles_1851-1860.nc<br> 8. NA_lowpass_ua850_day_EC-Earth3_a14_allEnsembles_1863-1872.nc<br> 9. NA_lowpass_ua850_day_EC-Earth3_a07_allEnsembles_1980-1989.nc</p> <p>Files 7 to 9 contain the daily 10-day low-pass filter of the zonally average of zonal wind at 850 hPa (<em>ua850</em>) over the sector 0°-60°W between 15°N and 75°N, used to compute the jet stream indices. Each file contains the concatenated 10-year-long 20 ensemble members of each set of experiments described in the manuscript (<em>ctrl</em>, <em>a14</em> and <em>a07</em>).</p>
Pacific Northwest Extreme Event - 06/29/2021
<p>This archive includes the data for the extreme event (06/29/2021) used for the manuscript "The 3-week-long transport history and deep tropical origin of the 2021 extreme heat wave in the Pacific Northwest" submitted to Geophysical Research Letter.</p>
Data from: Maternal effects and the legacy of extreme environmental events for wild mammals
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Data from: Tillage intensity effects on soil abiotic and biotic characteristics determine <em>Zea mays</em> yield following extreme rainfall events
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Caught out in the cold: Mallard survival decreased during an extreme climatic event
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Data from: Indirect legacy effects of an extreme climactic event on a marine megafaunal community
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.