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76 results for “extreme temperature”
Data from: Hormonal and metabolic responses to upper temperature extremes in divergent life-history ecotypes of a garter snake
Extreme temperatures constrain organismal physiology and impose both acute and chronic effects. Additionally, temperature-induced hormone-mediated stress response pathways and energetic trade-offs are important drivers of life-history variation. This study employs an integrative approach to quantify acute physiological responses to high temperatures in divergent life-history ecotypes of the western terrestrial garter snake (Thamnophis elegans). Using wild-caught animals, we measured oxygen consumption rate and physiological markers of hormonal stress response, energy availability, and anaerobic respiration in blood plasma across five ecologically relevant temperatures (24, 28, 32, 35, and 38° C; 3-hour exposure). Corticosterone, insulin, and glucose concentrations all increased with temperature, but with different thermal response curves, suggesting that high temperatures differently affect energy-regulation pathways. Additionally, oxygen consumption rate increased without plateau and lactate concentration did not increase with temperature, challenging the recent hypothesis that oxygen limitation sets upper thermal tolerance limits. Finally, animals had similar physiological thermal responses to high-temperature exposure regardless of genetic background, suggesting that local adaptation has not resulted in fixed differences between ecotypes. Together, these results identify some of the mechanisms by which higher temperatures alter hormonal-mediated energy balance in reptiles and potential limits to the flexibility of this response.
Data from: Cold temperature extremes during spring do not limit the range shift of Mediterranean pines into regions with intermittent frost
Bioclimatic envelope models have predicted latitudinal range shifts of tree species in Europe following climate change. Accordingly, Mediterranean species will be able to migrate northwards if climatic conditions become warmer and dryer. Frost, on the other hand, is an important and recurring factor in temperate and boreal regions causing damage to buds and leaves, and potentially limiting the survival of Mediterranean tree species or populations at higher latitudes. Since species distribution models rely on average climatic parameters, they may underestimate the risk of frost damage from low temperature extremes. We measured the cold hardiness of Pinus sylvestris, Pinus nigra and Pinus halepensis seedlings from a total of 11 European populations growing in a common garden in a cold Central Alpine valley on seven dates between February and July 2013. On each date, needles were artificially frozen at several temperatures and the temperature estimated at which 50% of the needle tissue is damaged (LT50; relative electrolyte leakage). Cold hardiness did not differ between populations of the same species and was not related to the minimum temperatures at the seed origin. In comparison with deciduous trees, Mediterranean P. sylvestris and P. nigra maintained extremely wide safety margins against frost throughout late winter and spring. By contrast, safety margins of P. halepensis were much narrower until March and winter cold hardiness was in the range of regularly recurring low temperature events in Central Europe. According to the measured LT50 values, the migration of a wide range of drought-tolerant populations of P. sylvestris and P. nigra from the Mediterranean to Central and Western Europe is not limited by intermittent cold temperature extremes in spring. They are notably as well adapted to frost as populations from Central Alpine origin. Differences in dehardening patterns between species demonstrate the importance of analysing cold hardiness repeatedly during potentially sensitive periods in order to predict species range shifts in the context of climatic change.
Data from: Extreme operative temperatures are better descriptors of the thermal environment than mean temperatures
In ecological studies of thermal biology the thermal environment is most frequently described using the mean or other measures of central tendency in environmental temperatures. However, this procedure may hide biologically relevant thermal variation for ectotherms, potentially misleading interpretations. Extremes of operative temperatures (EOT) can help with this problem by bracketing the thermal environment of focal animals. Within this paper, we quantify how mean operative temperatures relate to the range of simultaneously available operative temperatures (a measure of error). We also show how EOT: 1) detect more thermal differences among microsites than measures of central tendency, like the mean OT, 2) allow inferring on microsite use by ectothermic animals, and 3) clarify the relationships between field operative temperatures and temperatures measured at weather stations (WS). To do that, we explored operative temperatures measured at four sites of the Brazilian Caatingas and their correspondent nearest weather stations. We found that the daily mean OT can hide temperature ranges of 41 °C simultaneously available at our study sites. In addition, EOT detected more thermal differences among microsites than central quantiles. We also show how EOT allow inferring about microsite use of ectothermic animals in a given site. Finally, the daily maximum temperature and the daily temperature range measured at WSs predicted well the minimum available field OT at localities many kilometers away. Based on our results, we recommend the use of EOT, instead of mean OT, in thermal ecology studies.
Data from: Can physiological engineering/programming increase multi-generational thermal tolerance to extreme temperature events?
Organisms increasingly encounter higher frequencies of extreme weather events as a consequence of global climate change. Currently, few strategies are available to mitigate climate change effects on animals arising from acute extreme high temperature events. We tested the capacity of physiological engineering to influence the intra- and multi-generational upper thermal tolerance capacity of a model organism Artemia, subjected to extreme high temperatures. Enhancement of specific physiological regulators during development could affect thermal tolerances or life-history attributes affecting subsequent fitness. Using experimental Artemia populations we exposed F0 individuals to one of four treatments; heat hardening (28 &[deg]C to 36 &[deg]C, 1 &[deg]C per 10 minutes), heat hardening plus serotonin (0.056 μg ml-1), heat hardening plus methionine (0.79 mg ml-1), and a control treatment. Regulator concentrations were based on previous literature. Serotonin may promote thermotolerance, acting upon metabolism and life-history. Methionine acts as a methylation agent across generations. For all groups, measurements were collected for three performance traits of individual thermal tolerance (upper sublethal thermal limit, lethal limit, and dysregulation range) over two generations. Results showed no treatment increased upper thermal limit during acute thermal stress, although serotonin-treated and methionine-treated individuals outperformed controls across multiple thermal performance traits. Additionally, some effects were evident across generations. Together these results suggest phenotypic engineering provides complex outcomes; and if implemented with heat hardening can further influence performance in multiple thermal tolerance traits, within and across generations. Potentially, such techniques could be up-scaled to provide resilience and stability in populations susceptible to extreme temperature events.
Code and data for An Upper Bound for Extreme Temperatures over Midlatitude Land
<p>This .zip file contains data and Jupyter Notebooks to reproduce the results in "An Upper Bound for Extreme Temperatures over Midlatitude Land" by Zhang and Boos.</p>
The importance of considering the duration of extreme temperatures when investigating responses to climate change
<p><span>The frequency and duration of heatwaves are increasing because of human activities. To cope with the changes, species with longer generation times may have to rely on plastic responses. The probability that their responses are adaptive is higher if the species have experienced temperature fluctuations also in their evolutionary past. However, experimental studies investigating responses to heatwaves often use exposure times that are significantly shorter than recent heatwaves. We show that this can lead to faulty conclusions and that the duration of higher temperature has to be considered in experimental designs. We recorded the response of threespine stickleback to prolonged duration of higher temperature during the breeding season, using a population that has experienced large fluctuations in temperature in its past and, hence, is expected to endure temperature changes well. We found males to adaptively adjust their reproductive behaviours to short periods of higher temperature, but not to longer periods that extended across two breeding cycles. Males initially increased their reproductive activities - nest building, courtship and parental care - which ensured high reproductive success during the first breeding cycle, but decreased their reproductive activities during the second breeding cycle when exposed to sustained high temperature. This reduced their courtship success and resulted in fewer offspring. Thus, a species expected to cope well with higher temperature suffers fitness reductions when the duration of high temperature is prolonged. The results stress the importance of considering the duration of extreme environmental conditions when investigating the impact that human activities have on species. Responses to short-term exposures cannot be extrapolated to assess responses to longer periods of extreme conditions.</span></p>
Ninety years of coastal monitoring reveals baseline and extreme ocean temperatures are increasing off the Finnish coast
<p>Global marine heatwave assessments often rely on satellite-derived sea surface temperature. However, these data have low accuracy in coastal areas, are unable to measure sub-surface temperatures and have only been available since the 1980s. Here, we analyse 90 years of in situ surface and bottom (30 m) water temperature data from a Finnish coastal monitoring site. Water temperatures were significantly higher between 1991–2020 than 1931–1960 and 1961–1990. We find strong differences between satellite-derived and in situ temperatures, with in situ temperatures being lower in autumn and winter and higher in spring. Measurements at the seafloor indicate marine heatwaves occurred during all seasons between 2016 and 2020, with intensities and durations exceeding previous records. Since the 1990s, we find an upward shift of the baseline temperature and increasingly frequent occurrences of temperatures previously considered as an extreme. Our findings highlight the importance of long-term in situ data and choice of climatological reference periods for assessing change.</p>
Characterization of extreme temperature index changes in China from 1961 to 2021
<p><a name="OLE_LINK40"></a><a name="OLE_LINK20"></a><span><span>Against the backdrop of intensified global climate change, the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events in mainland China continue to rise, owing to their unique topography and complex climate types. In-depth research on the trends and impacts of climate extremes can help develop effective adaptation and mitigation strategies to protect the environment and enhance social resilience. This article is based on temperature and large-scale climate index data from 2029 meteorological stations between 1961 and 2021, we analyzed the spatial-temporal variation characteristics of extreme temperatures in China by using linear propensity estimation and </span></span><a name="OLE_LINK28"></a><span><span><span>Mann-Kendall </span></span></span><span><span><span>test for 15 extreme temperature indices and 3 extreme composite temperature indices. The Pearson correlation coefficient method was used to determine the relationship between these indices and the atmospheric circulation factors. The results show that in the past 60 years, the extreme temperature index in China has shown a trend of decreasing low temperature events and increasing high temperature events; in particular, the increase in warm nights is significantly higher than that of warm days. In terms of spatial distribution, <a name="OLE_LINK26"></a>daily maximum temperature less than the 10th percentile (TX10P) and daily minimum temperature greater than the 90th percentile (TN90P) increased significantly in the warm temperate sub-humid region (WTSH), north subtropical humid region (NSH), and marginal tropical humid region (MTH), whereas frost days (FD0) and diurnal temperature range (DTR) decreased significantly. In the extreme composite temperature index, ETR showed a downward trend, while compound warm days (CHW) and compound warm days relative humidity (CHW-RH20) increased, with the latter mainly concentrated in the WTSH and NSH regions. Correlation analysis with atmospheric circulation factors shows that Arctic Oscillation (AO), Atlantic Multiannual Oscillation (AMO), <a name="OLE_LINK17"></a>and El <a name="OLE_LINK24"></a><span>Niño</span><span>-Southern Oscillation</span> (ENSO) are positively correlated with extremely high temperatures, whereas the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and <a name="OLE_LINK18"></a>Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) are negatively correlated.</span></span></span></p>
Data from: Exposure to opposing temperature extremes causes comparable effects on Cardinium density but contrasting effects on Cardinium-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility
Terrestrial arthropods, including insects, commonly harbor maternally inherited intracellular symbionts that confer benefits to the host or manipulate host reproduction to favor infected female progeny. These symbionts may be especially vulnerable to thermal stress, potentially leading to destabilization of the symbiosis and imposing costs to the host. For example, increased temperatures can reduce the density of a common reproductive manipulator, Wolbachia, and the strength of its crossing incompatibility (cytoplasmic incompatibility, or CI) phenotype. Another manipulative symbiont, Cardinium hertigii, infects ~ 6-10% of Arthropods, and also can induce CI, but there is little homology between the molecular mechanisms of CI induced by Cardinium and Wolbachia. Here we investigated whether temperature disrupts the CI phenotype of Cardinium in a parasitic wasp host, Encarsia suzannae. We examined the effects of both warm (32°C day/ 29°C night) and cool (20°C day/ 17°C night) temperatures on Cardinium CI and found that both types of temperature stress modified aspects of this symbiosis. Warm temperatures reduced symbiont density, pupal developmental time, vertical transmission rate, and the strength of both CI modification and rescue. Cool temperatures also reduced symbiont density, however this resulted in stronger CI, likely due to cool temperatures prolonging the host pupal stage. The opposing effects of cool and warm-mediated reductions in symbiont density on the resulting CI phenotype indicates that CI strength may be independent of density in this system. Temperature stress also modified the CI phenotype only if it occurred during the pupal stage, highlighting the likely importance of this stage for CI induction in this symbiosis.
Extreme temperatures help in identifying thresholds in phenological responses
<p>Aim: To investigate temperature drivers of the spring phenology of 12 flowering events and 6 leafing events. Boreal phenology has previously exhibited only a modest response to temperature but record breaking temperatures in March 2020 led to some extreme phenological timing and provided the opportunity for a more rigorous look at the nature and complexity of the relationship between temperature and phenology.</p> <p>Location: Boreal habitat in the Tatarstan Republic of Russia</p> <p>Time period: 1989-2020</p> <p>Major taxa studied: 18 plant species</p> <p>Methods: We examined for changes over time in the timing of phenological events and the relationship with temperature drivers using a range of regression techniques. Extreme temperatures caused some extreme phenology and visually suggested temperature thresholds which were investigated using segmented regression (broken stick models). The performance of these models was subsequently compared to more complex alternatives based on accumulated daily temperatures.</p> <p>Results: Temperatures in March 2020 were the warmest for this month in a record covering 200 years and were 5.9°C above the 1989-2020 average. Significant advances over time were detected for only seven of the events, but all events demonstrated significant relationships with temperature variables. Segmented regression identified significant temperature thresholds for 13 of the events with substantially stronger temperature relationships above these thresholds. Segmented regressions outperformed models based on accumulated daily temperatures for 12 of 18 events.</p> <p>Main conclusions: The threshold models were a significant improvement over a linear response to temperature for 13 of the 18 events. The presence of thresholds partly explains why the response of boreal phenology to temperature previously seemed lower than in, for example, Western Europe. Responses to temperature above the identified thresholds were closer to those widely published from milder locations.</p>
Transmission of a bumblebee parasite is robust despite exposure to extreme temperatures
<p>Data for Transmission of a bumblebee parasite is robust despite exposure to extreme temperatures</p>
Air temperature and near-surface meteorology datasets on three Swiss glaciers - Extreme 2022 Summer
<p>%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br> GLACIER METEOROLOGICAL DATA<br> SWISS ALPS -2022<br>%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%<br>Data gathered and structured by Thomas Shaw (WSL, Switzerland (until Oct 2022)).</p><p>On and off-glacier meteorological data were gathered and analysed as part of a Marie-Curie project 'TEMPEST' (tempestglacier.com).<br>The dataset consists of hourly low-cost AWS (Davis Vantage Pro2) and simple temperature ('T-')logger (Onset TidBitv2) sensor records on three glaciers in the Swiss Alps (Canton Valais).</p><p>The glaciers are:<br>Haut Glacier d'Arolla (45.967°N, 7.526°E)<br>Glacier d'Otemma (45.956°N, 7.454°E)<br>Glacier du Corbassière (45.975°N, 7.303°E)</p><p>Data are provided in individual Excel files per glacier that contain all hourly data for the sub-period of comparison (11 August-18 September, 2022).<br>Data are quality controlled and checked for obvious errors. Any uncertain values are set to NaN.<br>Air temperature data at 'T-Logger' stations were corrected for heating errors using the comparison of measurements in artificially (AWS) and naturally ventilated (T-Logger) radiation shields on Arolla and Corbassiere glaciers.<br>A multiple linear regression model was applied to estimate these differences at all T-Loggers on all glaciers as a function of incoming shortwave radiation (MeteoSwiss station-derived) and wind speed (measured at AWS).</p><p>Each Excel file contains a 'META' tab for simple metadata related to station locations (latitude 'LAT' (°), longitude 'LON' (°), elevation 'ELE' (m a.s.l.) and flowpath length 'FPL' (m)) and a 'DATA' tab for the hourly data. <br>Suffixes to the station names in each column provide the variable measured at that site:<br>'TA' - 2m air temperature (°C)<br>'TA_Hi' - Maximum air temperature for timestep (°C)<br>'TA_Lo' - Minimum air temperature for timestep (°C)<br>'RH' - 2m relative humiditiy (%)<br>'FF' - Wind speed (m s^-1)<br>'FF_Hi' - Maximum wind speed for timestep (m s^-1)<br>'FF_Lo' - Minimum wind speed for timestep (m s^-1)<br>'DIR' - Wind direction (°)<br>'DEW' - Dewpoint temperature (°C)<br>'PRESS' - Air pressure (mbar)<br>'CHILL' - Calculated wind chill temperature (°C)<br>'Heat_idx' - Calculated heat index (°C)<br>'THSW' - A calculated index that uses humidity and temperature like for the Heat Index, but also includes the heating effects of sunshine and the cooling effects of wind (like Wind Chill) to calculate an apparent temperature of what it "feels" like out in the shade</p><p>Wind speeds and direction measured at off-glacier sites 'OG' are for the lower off-glacier station ('OG_Low'). </p><p>-------------------------</p><p> </p><p>This work was funded by the EU Horizon 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions Grant 101026058.<br> </p>
Data from: Can physiological engineering/programming increase multi-generational thermal tolerance to extreme temperature events?
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Data from: Extreme operative temperatures are better descriptors of the thermal environment than mean temperatures
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Data from: Cold temperature extremes during spring do not limit the range shift of Mediterranean pines into regions with intermittent frost
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Ninety years of coastal monitoring reveals baseline and extreme ocean temperatures are increasing off the Finnish coast
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Data from: Exposure to opposing temperature extremes causes comparable effects on Cardinium density but contrasting effects on Cardinium-induced cytoplasmic incompatibility
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Data from: Hormonal and metabolic responses to upper temperature extremes in divergent life-history ecotypes of a garter snake
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Sex-specific sterility caused by extreme temperatures is likely to create cryptic changes to the operational sex ratio in Drosophila virilis
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Extreme temperatures help in identifying thresholds in phenological responses
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