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Fig. 3 in Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of LoTPS2 and LoTPS4 involved in floral scent formation in oriental hybrid Lilium variety 'Siberia'

Fig. 3. (a) GC-MS analysis of products produced from assays with extracts of the empty vector and GPP. (b) Analysis (total ion chromatogram) of the product of the LoTPS4 enzyme generated from GPP (c) Total ion chromatogram of the D-limonene authentic standard. (d) Mass spectrum of the Peak 3 (e) Mass spectrum of Dlimonene in the floral scent of Lilium 'Siberia' (f) Mass spectrum of the D-limonene authentic standard (g, h, I and j) Mass spectra of Peak 1, Peak 2, Peak 4 and Peak 5. β-Phellandrene (Peak 1), β-myrcene (Peak 2), D-limonene (Peak 3), 3-Carene (Peak 4) and (+)-4-Carene (Peak 5).

Fig. 10 in Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of LoTPS2 and LoTPS4 involved in floral scent formation in oriental hybrid Lilium variety 'Siberia'

Fig. 10. Subcellular localization of LoTPS2 and LoTPS4. Confocal laser scanning microscopy of LoTPS2 and LoTPS4 was performed by using EGFP fusion proteins in Arabidopsis protoplasts. The full-length coding region and the N-terminal 80 amino acids of the coding region of LoTPSs were fused to the GFP reporter gene in the p35 S vector to generate the p35 S-LoTPSs/GFP construct. The red column shows chlorophyll autofluorescence; the green column shows GFP fluorescence; the merged columns show combined GFP fluorescence and chlorophyll autofluorescence; and the BF columns represent bright field images. The names of the constructs are given on the left. HcTPS7 from H. coronarium was used as a marker. Scale bars: 5 μm. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)

Fig. 2 in Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of LoTPS2 and LoTPS4 involved in floral scent formation in oriental hybrid Lilium variety 'Siberia'

Fig. 2. GC-MS analysis of products generated by LoTPS2. (a) GC-MS analysis (total ion chromatogram) of the products obtained by incubating extracts of the empty vector (control) with geranyl pyrophosphate. (b) GC-MS analysis (total ion chromatogram) of the LoTPS2 enzyme with GPP. (c) GC–MS analysis (total ion chromatogram) of the LoTPS2 enzyme with farnesyl pyrophosphate showing (E, E)-α- farnesene as the sole product. (d) Mass spectrum of the peak. (e) Mass spectrum of (E, E)-α-farnesene in the NIST08 library.

Fig. 7 in Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of LoTPS2 and LoTPS4 involved in floral scent formation in oriental hybrid Lilium variety 'Siberia'

Fig. 7. Relative expression analysis of LoTPS2 and LoTPS4 during different flower development performed by quantitative real-time PCR. (a, b) Transcript levels of the LoTPS2 and LoTPS4 genes during flower development. (c, d) Relative expression analysis of LoTPS2 and LoTPS4 at different flower developmental stages. Flower development was divided into 5 different stages: D1 (bud stage), D2 (little open), D3 (half open), D4 (full-bloom), D5 (senescence). GAPDH was used as an internal control. The root was set as 1. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 3).

Fig. 8 in Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of LoTPS2 and LoTPS4 involved in floral scent formation in oriental hybrid Lilium variety 'Siberia'

Fig. 8. Relative expression analysis of LoTPS genes and the emission of (E, E)-α-farnesene and D-limonene from Lilium 'Siberia' at different time intervals. (a, b) Expression pattern of LoTPS2 and LoTPS4 for 3 days postanthesis. (c) Emission pattern of (E, E)-α-farnesene from Lilium 'Siberia' (d) Emission pattern of D-limonene from Lilium 'Siberia' flowers over 3 days after full-bloom. The plants were kept under a 12 h light, 12 h dark photoperiod. GAPDH was used as an internal control. Each point is the average of 3 replicates.

Fig. 6 in Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of LoTPS2 and LoTPS4 involved in floral scent formation in oriental hybrid Lilium variety 'Siberia'

Fig. 6. (a) A labeled diagram of a fullbloom Lilium 'Siberia' flower. (b) Pictorial view of Lilium 'Siberia' flowers at different flower developmental stages.

Fig. 5 in Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of LoTPS2 and LoTPS4 involved in floral scent formation in oriental hybrid Lilium variety 'Siberia'

Fig. 5. Relative gene expression analysis of LoTPS2 and LoTPS4 in floraland vegetative tissues of Lilium 'Siberia' (a) relative expression levels of LoTPS2 in different tissues of Lilium 'Siberia' (b) Relative expression levels of LoTPS4 in different tissues of Lilium 'Siberia' analyzed by qRT-PCR. (c, d) Relative expression levels of LoTPS2 and LoTPS4 in full-bloom flowers of different Lilium species. GAPDH was used as an internal control. The highest expression level was set as 1 (100%). Lon: Longiflorum; Bru: Brunello; Sib: Siberia; Aca: Acapulco; Sor: Sorbonne; Man: Manissa. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM (n = 4).

Fig. 1 in Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of LoTPS2 and LoTPS4 involved in floral scent formation in oriental hybrid Lilium variety 'Siberia'

Fig. 1. (a) Alignment of the amino acid sequences of LoTPS2 and LoTPS4, with AdAFS1 from Actinidia deliciosa (FJ265785) and (+)-limonene synthase (Q8L5K3) from Citrus limon. The protein sequences were aligned using ClustalX 2.1 and edited with GeneDoc. RRX8W motifs were present in LoTPS4 and (+)-limonene synthase but were missing in both LoTPS2 and AdAFS1. The conserved RRX8W, DDXXD, and RxR domains are underlined. (b) N-terminal sequence alignment of TPS-f clade terpene synthases. AdAFS1; CbLIS2 (C. breweri, AAD19840); CbLIS (C. breweri, AAC49395); CcLIS (Clarkia concinna, AAD19839). The CDIS (conifer diterpene internal sequence) is indicated by a dotted line. Dashes indicate gaps inserted for optimal alignment. (c) Phylogenetic analysis of LoTPS2 and LoTPS4 from Lilium 'Siberia' with amino acid sequences of other selected terpene synthases. The alignment was performed using ClustalX 2.1, and the tree was built via the neighborjoining method using the MEGA 6 program and iTOL (http://itol.embl.de/). The dot size at the branches of the tree shows bootstrap values. Accession numbers are given in a Supplementary Table 1.

publicMar 2019View details →

Data from: Conflicting selection on floral scent emission in the orchid Gymnadenia conopsea

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publicAug 2016View details →

Data from: Experimental manipulation of floral scent bouquets restructures flower-visitor interactions in the field

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publicNov 2019View details →

Data from: A key floral scent component (β-trans-bergamotene) drives pollinator preferences independently of pollen rewards in seep monkeyflower

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publicJun 2020View details →

Data from: Floral trait differentiation in Anacamptis coriophora: phenotypic selection on scents, but not on colour

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publicJan 2021View details →

Supporting Data for: Differential gene expression associated with a floral scent polymorphism in the evening primrose Oenothera harringtonii (Onagraceae)

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opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Pollination along an elevational gradient mediated both by floral scent and pollinator compatibility in the fig and fig‐wasp mutualism

In the fig (Moraceae) and fig‐wasp (Agaonidae) mutualism, scent is believed to be of primary importance in pollinator attraction and maintenance of species specificity. Scent divergence between closely related Ficus species seems sufficient in promoting reproductive isolation through pollinator behaviour, starting the process of speciation. We investigated volatile organic compound (VOC) variation from figs in several Ficus species endemic to Papua New Guinea. Sister species of section Papuacyse and subspecies of Ficus trichocerasa substitute each other along the continuously forested Mt. Wilhelm elevational gradient. We placed these species in a phylogenetic context to draw conclusions of scent divergence between close relatives. In addition, pollinator response to VOCs emitted by figs of different species was tested. Volatile profiles differed significantly between focal species, although with a varying degree of overlap between (sub)species and elevations. Pollinators were generally attracted to VOCs emitted only by their hosts except in one case where pollinating fig wasps were also attracted to the sister species of its host. Wasp morphological traits, however, indicate that it is mechanically impossible for this species to oviposit in figs of this atypical encounter. Synthesis. This study demonstrates that while scent is an effective signal for partner recognition, there are multiple barriers which help maintain prepollination isolation in fig and pollinating fig‐wasp interactions. Speciation along this elevational gradient is reinforced by divergence in key reproductive isolation mechanisms on both sides of the mutualism.

publicOct 2014View details →

Data from: Context-dependent reproductive isolation mediated by floral scent and color

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publicJan 2017View details →

Data from: Why do floral perfumes become different? Region-specific selection on floral scent in a terrestrial orchid

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publicMar 2019View details →

Data from: Pollination along an elevational gradient mediated both by floral scent and pollinator compatibility in the fig and fig‐wasp mutualism

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Fig. 1 in Floral scent and its correlation with AFLP data in Sorbus

Fig. 1 Cluster analysis (UPGMA) of the scent data based on the Jaccard index of S. latifolia taxa S. adeana (plus sign), S. franconica (asterisk), and S. cordigastensis (multiplication sign) as well as their parental species

opennotspecifiedAug 2014View details →

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Fig. 9 in Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of LoTPS2 and LoTPS4 involved in floral scent formation in oriental hybrid Lilium variety 'Siberia'

Fig. 9. qRT-PCR expression analysis of LoTPS2 and the emission of (E, E)-α-farnesene contents from Lilium 'Siberia' flowers subjected to mechanical wounding. (a) Changes in transcript levels of LoTPS2 in Lilium 'Siberia' flowers at different time intervals after treatment. GAPDH was used as an internal control (b) GC-MS analysis of (E, E)-α-farnesene contents released from Lilium 'Siberia' flowers after wounding treatment. The samples were collected 1/2, 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h after wounding treatment. Each point is the average for 3–5 independent experiments. Lowercase letters on bars indicate statistically significant differences at P <0.01. Vertical bars show the standard error values. ND: nondetectable.