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93 results for “flower visitation”
Data from: Pollinator visitation rate and effectiveness vary with flowering phenology
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Video recordings of strepsipterans-parasitized and non-strepsipteran-parasitized bees flower-visiting behaviour
<p>Data consists mostly of strepsipterans-parasitized and non-strepsipteran-parasitized bees flower-visiting behaviour on <i>Hydrangea serrata</i> inflorescences. We analysed the recorded video by comparing time spent on an inflorescence between parasitized and unparasitized bees, <i>Lasioglossum apristum</i> and by comparing each bee's behaviour on the flower. We defined four flower-visiting behavioural units: (1) walking on flowers, (2) touching antennae and mouth to the flower, (3) collecting pollen, and (4) bending the abdomen downward and pressing the dorsal abdomen against the flower. We also observed whether the mouth of the bee touched a pistil or its base, where nectar might be found. Among these four behavioural units, unit 1 is incompatible with the other behavioural units, whereas units 2 and 3 and units 2 and 4 are compatible pairs and often occurred simultaneously. Units 3 and 4 never occur in the same bee. The behavioural repertoires of parasitized and unparasitized bees and the time spent on each behavioural unit were determined from video frames.<b><i> </i></b>We measured<b> </b>the cumulative time spent on each behavioural unit by each flower-visiting bee and then compared how parasitized and unparasitized bees allocated their flower-visiting time to the behaviour units.</p>
Data from: Florivory and floral larceny by fly larvae decrease nectar availability and hummingbird foraging visits at Heliconia (Heliconiaceae) flowers
Insect larvae inhabit the corolla tubes of some Heliconia species (Heliconiaceae). In this study, we present the first evidence of the influence of these larvae on the pollination ecology of Heliconia plants. We provide experimental evidence that the flowers of Heliconia spathocircinata infested by flies have less nectar for pollinators and received fewer visits by hummingbird pollinators, in comparison with uninfested flowers.
Data from: Landscape diversity moderates the effects of bee visitation frequency to flowers on crop production.
1.Reductions in natural habitat are implicated in declining honey bee Apis mellifera L. and wild bee populations, thereby threatening crop production. This concern has stimulated interest in identifying landscape-level impacts on bee-mediated pollination services, but previous studies have only inferred connections between landscape, bees and yield through generalized linear regressions. 2. We examined landscape impacts on bee-mediated crop yield using both a traditional linear regression approach and conditional process modelling, which combined landscape features, bee visits to crop flowers, interactions between landscape and bee visits to flowers into a single model predicting crop yield. We used the pumpkin Cucurbita pepo L. system in New York State and recorded bees visiting pumpkin flowers in 2011 and 2012. Landscape diversity and percentage of semi-natural grassland around each pumpkin field were calculated. 3. Results from the traditional approach indicated that landscape diversity, percentage of grassland in the landscape, bumble bee Bombus impatiens Cresson, and honey bee visitation frequency each positively predicted yield. A common conclusion from these results is that pumpkins grown in highly diverse or high grassland coverage landscapes would have greater yields via bumble bee and honey bee visits to flowers. However, this inference does not preclude the possibility that landscape features may be associated with crop yield, independent of bee visits to flowers. 4. Results from conditional process modelling indicated that only pumpkins grown in highly diverse landscapes were predicted to have greater yields as a consequence of more bumble bee visits to pumpkin flowers. None of the landscape features predicted greater fruit yields as a consequence of more honey bee visits to pumpkin flowers. This novel analysis indicated that traditional approaches may be misinterpreting the relationships among these variables. 5. Synthesis and applications. Bumble bees benefited from a diverse landscape and their visits to flowers positively impacted pumpkin production. Conservation of a diverse landscape should be promoted to support improved pumpkin production. Growers can use this information to decide where to plant pumpkins to improve the potential for high yields, to identify scenarios where landscape diversity could be increased, and where supplementation with bees might be beneficial.
Data from: Flower-visiting bat species contribute unequally toward agricultural pollination ecosystem services in southern Thailand
The large majority of angiosperm species depend on animals for pollination, including many agricultural crops, and plant-pollinator interactions have been extensively studied. However, not all floral visitors actually transfer pollen, and efforts to distinguish true pollinators from mere visitors are particularly scarce among the bat pollination literature. To determine whether Old World bat species are equally effective pollinators in mixed-agricultural areas of southern Thailand, we examined six night-blooming plant taxa and quantified pollinator importance (PI) of seven common nectarivorous bat species. PI was calculated as the product of nightly bat visitation rate (obtained from mist-netting data) and pollen transfer efficiency (estimated from bat pollen loads). We found that PI varied by both bat species and plant species. In general, the nectar-specialist bat species were more important pollinators, yet their order of importance differed across our focal plant species. In addition, PI was dictated more by pollen transfer effectiveness than visitation rate. Our findings highlight the importance of Old World bat pollinators within southern Thailand's mixed-agricultural landscape and illustrate how seemingly similar floral visitors can have very different contributions toward plant pollination success.
How does timing of flowering affect competition for pollinators, flower visitation and seed set in an early spring grassland plant?
<p><span>Knowledge on how the timing of flowering is related to plant fitness and species interactions is crucial </span><span>to understand consequences of phenological shifts as they occur under climate change. Early flowering </span><span>plants may face advantages of low competition for pollinators and disadvantages of low pollinator </span><span>abundances and unfavourable weather conditions. However, it is unknown how this trade-off changes </span><span>over the season and how the timing affects reproductive success. On eight grasslands we recorded </span><span>intra-seasonal changes in pollinators, co-flowering plants, weather conditions, flower visitation </span><span>rates, floral longevity and seed set of </span><span>Pulsatilla vulgaris</span><span>. Although bee abundances and the number of </span><span>pollinator-suitable hours were low at the beginning of the season, early flowers of </span><span>P. vulgaris</span><span> received </span><span>higher flower visitation rates and estimated total number of bee visits than later flowers, which was </span><span>positively related to seed set. Flower visitation rates decreased over time and with increasing number of </span><span>co-flowering plants, which competed with </span><span>P. vulgaris</span><span> for pollinators. Low interspecific competition for </span><span>pollinators seems to be a major driver for early flowering dates. Thus, non-synchronous temporal shifts </span><span>of co-flowering plants as they may occur under climate warming can be expected to strongly affect </span><span>plant-pollinator interactions and the fitness of the involved plants.</span></p>
Attractiveness of sown wildflower strips to flower-visiting insects depends on seed mixture and establishment success
<p>Establishing wildflower strips has been suggested as an effective measure to promote pollination services, pest control or general insect biodiversity, but little is known about the integration of these different objectives when selecting flower seed mixtures. In ten agricultural landscapes in the Netherlands, we established a wildflower strip (0.4 – 4.9 ha) with half of each strip sown with a mixture targeting longer-tongued pollinators and the other half sown with a mixture targeting shorter-tongued pollinators and natural enemies. We determined establishment success of sown wildflowers and evaluated the attractiveness of the established flower communities to multiple functional groups of flower visitors: bumblebees (long-tongued pollinators), hoverflies (short-tongued pollinators and natural enemies), and butterflies and total flower-visitor richness (indicators of wider biodiversity values). Bumblebees clearly preferred the pollinatortargeted seed mixture and were positively associated with cover of Fabaceae and negatively with Apiaceae. Hoverflies consistently preferred the natural enemy mixture and were positively associated with Apiaceae. The other target groups displayed no clear responses to seed mixture type but instead were associated with local flower richness within strips. Across sites, responses of flower-visitors to sown mixture types did not depend on wildflower strip size, proportion of surrounding semi-natural habitat, or flower variables. However, all flower-visitors except butterflies increased with increasing cover or richness of (sown) flower species across sites. Our results suggest that, although species-rich wildflower strips may benefit several species groups, maximising different objectives involves trade-offs between functional groups that prefer short- or long-corolla flowers. Furthermore, our study suggests that sowing a wildflower mixture does not necessarily result in a vegetation with the same composition as the seed mixture as species may establish poorly or not at all. Selection of flower species for seed mixtures should therefore, in addition to insect target group, take the establishment characteristics of plant species into account.</p>
Bimodal activity of diurnal flower visitation at high elevation
<p>Successful pollination in animal-pollinated plants depends on the temporal overlap between flower presentation and pollinator foraging activity. Variation in the temporal dimension of plant-pollinator networks has been investigated intensely across flowering seasons. However, over the course of a day, the dynamics of plant-pollinator interactions may vary strongly due environmental fluctuations. It is usually assumed there is a unimodal, diurnal, activity pattern, while alternative multi-modal types of activity patterns are often neglected and deserve greater investigation. Here, we quantified the daily activity pattern of flower visitors in two different habitats contrasting high elevation meadows versus forests in Southwest China to investigate the role of abiotic conditions in the temporal dynamics of plant-pollinator interactions. We examined diurnal activity patterns for the entire pollinator community. Pollinator groups may differ in their ability to adapt to habitats and abiotic conditions, which might be displayed in their patterns of activity. We hypothesized, that 1) pollinator communities show multi-modal activity patterns, 2) patterns differ between pollinator groups and habitat types, and 3) abiotic conditions explain observed activity patterns. In total, we collected 4988 flower visitors belonging to six functional groups. There was a bimodal activity pattern when looking at the entire pollinator community, and in five out of six flower visitor groups (exempting solitary bees). Bumblebees, honeybees, dipterans, lepidopterans, and other insects showed activity peaks in the morning and afternoon, whereas solitary bees were most active at midday. Activity of all six pollinator groups increased as solar radiation increased and then decreased after reaching a certain threshold. Our findings suggest that in habitats at higher elevations, a bimodal activity pattern of flower visitation is commonly employed across most pollinator groups that are diurnal foragers. This pattern may be caused by insects avoiding overheating due to elevated temperatures when exposed to high solar radiation at midday. </p>
Pollinator asynchrony drives the temporal stability of flower visitation rates, but not of plant reproductive success
<p>Data and code of the article titled " Pollinator asynchrony drives the temporal stability of flower visitation rates, but not of plant reproductive success" by Estefanía Tobajas, Virginia Domínguez-García, Francisco P. Molina and Ignasi Bartomeus</p>
Bimodal activity of diurnal flower visitation at high elevation
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Data from: Monitoring insect pollinators and flower visitation: the effectiveness and feasibility of different survey methods
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Data from: Flower colour and visitation rates of Costus arabicus support the "bee avoidance" hypothesis for red-reflecting hummingbird-pollinated flowers
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Attractiveness of sown wildflower strips to flower-visiting insects depends on seed mixture and establishment success
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How does timing of flowering affect competition for pollinators, flower visitation and seed set in an early spring grassland plant?
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Data from: Flower-visiting bat species contribute unequally toward agricultural pollination ecosystem services in southern Thailand
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Data from: Landscape diversity moderates the effects of bee visitation frequency to flowers on crop production.
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Video recordings of strepsipterans-parasitized and non-strepsipteran-parasitized bees flower-visiting behaviour
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Data from: Florivory and floral larceny by fly larvae decrease nectar availability and hummingbird foraging visits at Heliconia (Heliconiaceae) flowers
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Flower-visiting insects and Flowering plants
<p class="MsoCommentText"><span>Flower-visiting insects have co-evolved with flowering-plants. While it has been shown that floral traits and environmental factors influence insects visitations at day, it is yet unclear how these factors influence insects visitations at night. We sampled a montane meadow located near Jilin in northeastern China in July and August, 4 nights each month, and two time periods each night. We sampled 94 flower-visiting insect species in total and documented the floral traits and ambient factors. First, focusing on the insects functions, we allocated all insects into three functional groups (pollination, predation, and feeding). We found that most nocturnal insects exhibited predation behavior, and they had the highest species turnover rate. Second, focusing on the environmental factors, we found that ambient temperature and relative humidity strongly influence the diversity of flower-visiting insects. Variation partitioning analysis further suggested that ambient temperature has a stronger effect on the flowering-visiting insects at early night, while the relative humidity has a stronger effect on the flowering-visiting insects at late night. Third, focusing on floral traits, we found that most insects have a preference for flowers with moderately-sized corolla diameters (20 to 30 mm. Furthermore, display size has a strong linear correlation with flowering-visiting insect species richness and frequency of presence. In sum, our findings suggest that ambient temperature, relative humidity, and floral display size strongly regulate nocturnal flower-visiting insects.</span></p>
Data from: Enhancing gardens as habitats for flower-visiting aerial insects (pollinators): should we plant native or exotic species?
1. Domestic gardens typically consist of a mixture of native and non-native plants which support biodiversity and provide valuable ecosystem services, particularly in urban environments. Many gardeners wish to encourage biodiversity by choosing appropriate plant taxa. The value of native and non-native plants in supporting animal biodiversity is, however, largely unknown. 2. The relative value of native and non-native garden plants to invertebrates was investigated in a replicated field experiment. Plots (deliberately akin to garden borders) were planted with one of three treatments, representing assemblages of plants based on origin (native, near-native and exotic). Invertebrates and resource measurements were recorded over four years. This paper reports the abundance of flower-visiting aerial insects ('pollinators') associated with the three plant assemblages. 3. For all pollinator groups on all treatments, greater floral resource resulted in an increase in visits. There was, however, a greater abundance of total pollinators recorded on native and near-native treatments compared with the exotic plots. Short-tongued bumblebees followed the same pattern whilst more hoverflies were recorded on the native treatment than the other treatments, and more honeybees on the near-native treatment. There was no difference between treatments in abundance of long-tongued bumblebees or solitary bees. The lack of difference in solitary bee abundance between treatments was probably due to a third of individuals from this group being recorded on one exotic plant species. 5. The number of flower visitors corresponded to the peak flowering period of the treatments, that is there were fewer flower visitors to the exotic treatment compared with the other treatments in early summer but relatively more later in the season. 5. Synthesis and applications. This experiment has demonstrated that utilizing plants from only a single region of origin (i.e. nativeness) may not be an optimal strategy for resource provision for pollinating insects in gardens. Gardens can be enhanced as a habitat by planting a variety of flowering plants, biased towards native and near-native species but with a selection of exotics to extend the flowering season and potentially provide resources for specialist groups.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
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