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152 results for “forelimb”
A new model of forelimb ecomorphology for predicting the ancient habitats of fossil turtles
<p>Various morphological proxies have been used to infer habitat preferences among fossil turtles and their early ancestors, but most are tightly linked to phylogeny, thereby minimizing their predictive power. One particularly widely used model incorporates linear measurements of the forelimb (humerus + ulna + manus) but, in addition to the issue of phylogenetic correlation, it does not estimate the likelihood of habitat assignment. Here, we introduce a new model that uses intramanual measurements (digit III metacarpal + non-ungual phalanges + ungual) to statistically estimate habitat likelihood, and that has greater predictive strength than prior estimators. Application of the model supports the hypothesis that stem-turtles were primarily terrestrial in nature, and recovers the nanhsiungchelyid <i>Basilemys</i> (a fossil crown-group turtle) as having lived primarily on land, despite some prior claims to the contrary.</p>
forelimb is considered (c). Non-avian coelurosaurians are shown in grey, Oviraptorosauria in purple, Scansoriopterygidae in red, Deinonychosauria in green and Aves in blue. Silhouette of Archaeopteryx was from http:// phylopic.org/. Line drawings of the forelimbs of Deinocheirus, Microraptor, Ambopteryx and Dapingfangensis highlight the fact that, uniquely, scansoriopterygids have an elongate forelimb but short metacarpals. in A new Jurassic scansoriopterygid and the loss of membranous wings in theropod dinosaurs
forelimb is considered (c). Non-avian coelurosaurians are shown in grey, Oviraptorosauria in purple, Scansoriopterygidae in red, Deinonychosauria in green and Aves in blue. Silhouette of Archaeopteryx was from http:// phylopic.org/. Line drawings of the forelimbs of Deinocheirus, Microraptor, Ambopteryx and Dapingfangensis highlight the fact that, uniquely, scansoriopterygids have an elongate forelimb but short metacarpals.
text-fig. 34. Left theropod humeri in anterior (a-b, d) and lateral (c) views, illustrating several forelimb characters, a, Allosaurusfragilis; redrawn from Madsen (1976). B-c, Camotaurus sastrei; based on MACN CH 894. D, Deinonychus antirrhopus; redrawn (reversed) from Ostrom (1969/?). Abbreviations: af, articular facet on head of humans; dpc, deltopectoral crest; it, internal tuberosity. Scale bars represent 50 mm. in The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs
text-fig. 34. Left theropod humeri in anterior (a-b, d) and lateral (c) views, illustrating several forelimb characters, a, Allosaurusfragilis; redrawn from Madsen (1976). B-c, Camotaurus sastrei; based on MACN CH 894. D, Deinonychus antirrhopus; redrawn (reversed) from Ostrom (1969/?). Abbreviations: af, articular facet on head of humans; dpc, deltopectoral crest; it, internal tuberosity. Scale bars represent 50 mm.
Data from: Selective regimes and functional anatomy in the mustelid forelimb: diversification toward specializations for climbing, digging, and swimming
Anatomical traits associated with locomotion often exhibit specializations for ecological niche, suggesting that locomotor specializations may constitute selective regimes acting on limb skeletal traits. To test this, I sampled 42 species of Mustelidae, encompassing climbing, digging, and swimming specialists, and determined whether trait variation reflects locomotor specialization by performing a principal components analysis on 14 forelimb traits. In addition to Brownian motion models, three Ornstein–Uhlenbeck models of selective regimes were applied to PC scores describing trait variation among mustelids: one without a priori defined phenotypic optima, one with optima based upon locomotor habit, and one with a single phenotypic optimum. PC1, which explained 43.8% of trait variance, represented a trade-off in long bone gracility and deltoid ridge length vs. long robustness and olecranon process length and distinguished between climbing specialists and remaining mustelids. PC2, which explained 17.4% of trait variance, primarily distinguished the sea otter from other mustelids. Best fitting trait diversification models are selective regimes differentiating between scansorial and nonscansorial mustelids (PC1) and selective regimes distinguishing the sea otter and steppe polecat from remaining mustelids (PC2). Phylogenetic half-life values relative to branch lengths suggest that, in spite of a strong rate of adaptation, there is still the influence of past trait values. However, simulations of likelihood ratios suggest that the best fitting models are not fully adequate to explain morphological diversification within extant mustelids.
Figure 4 in Mosaic patterns of homoplasy accompany the parallel evolution of suspensory adaptations in the forelimb of tree sloths (Folivora: Xenarthra)
Figure 4. Geometric morphometric principal components analysis of the ulna, humerus and scapula of xenarthrans. A, the first two axes of the ulna GM analysis. No other principal components (PC) axis accounts for more than 5% of variation. B, the first two axes of the humerus GM analysis. The small amount of variation accounted for by PC2 is likely due to the small sample sizes for the taxa it differentiates, specifically armadillos, the two giant ground sloths, and to a lesser extent Hapalops. PC3 accounts for 5.6% of variation and differentiates Cyclopes from Paramylodon and Glossotherium. No other axes account for more than 5% of variation. C, the first two PCs of the scapula GM analysis. PCs 3 and 4 account for 8.6% and 6.3% of variation, respectively. PC 3 separates Cyclopes from other taxa, and PC 4 separates Cyclopes and Dasypus from Choloepus. No other PC accounts for more than 5% of variation. Sloth scapula specimens identified with a thick rimmed circle and black dot indicate the specimens shown in 4D. D, Choloepus (centre) has a relatively conserved gross scapular morphology (compare with Paramylodon on right), especially when compared with Bradypus (left), but it has mapped functional traits such as an angled scapular spine onto that conserved bauplan. Squares indicate armadillos, rounded squares indicate anteaters, and circles indicate sloths.
Figure 5 in Mosaic patterns of homoplasy accompany the parallel evolution of suspensory adaptations in the forelimb of tree sloths (Folivora: Xenarthra)
Figure 5. Geometric morphometric phylomorphospace of the ulna, humerus and scapula. A, phylomorphospace of the ulna shows that tree sloths inhabit the same region of morphospace, suggesting extensive parallel evolution relative to their last common ancestor, while giant ground sloths and armadillos diverged in the opposite direction and anteaters appear to have diverged little from the last
Figure 1 in Mosaic patterns of homoplasy accompany the parallel evolution of suspensory adaptations in the forelimb of tree sloths (Folivora: Xenarthra)
Figure 1. Phylogeny used in this study showing the relationships among living xenarthrans and extinct sloths based on recent molecular studies (see methods for details on how the tree was constructed). Extant tree sloths are labelled in purple. Hapalops and Acratocnus have been argued to show adaptations for arboreality, although these adaptations might also reflect digging habits. Other sloths are almost certainly terrestrial based on size. None of these forms show adaptation to suspensory behaviours and thus it is likely that this morphobehavioural suite evolved independently in living sloths. A cross symbol (†) indicates an extinct taxon.
Figure 8 in Hanging on and digging deep: comparative forelimb myology of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) and common wombat (Vombatus ursinus)
Figure 8. Architectural parameters of muscle groups crossing the shoulder, elbow, and wrist in the koala (K) and the common wombat (W). The less y axis relates to stacked bars and shows (A) summed PCSA and (B) mean fascicle length (normalized by body mass). The right y axis relates to circle (koala) and square (wombat) points, and shows the ratio between these PCSA and FL values for each antagonistic muscle group, as a measure of relative emphasis placed by these species on opposing actions at each of the forelimb joints. Muscles assigned to each functional group are detailed in Table 5.
Figure 4 in Hanging on and digging deep: comparative forelimb myology of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) and common wombat (Vombatus ursinus)
Figure 4. Muscle aưachment sites on the right humerus of the koala (A) and common wombat (B) in lateral, cranial, medial, and caudal views. For abbreviations see Table 2. Articulated versions of these muscle maps are available in the Supporting Information, Model S2.
Figure 7 in Hanging on and digging deep: comparative forelimb myology of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) and common wombat (Vombatus ursinus)
Figure 7. Functional morphospace showing PCSA and fascicle length values for muscles of the forelimb in the (A) koala and the (B) common wombat. Values have been normalized by individual body mass. For abbreviations see Table 2.
Figure 1 in Hanging on and digging deep: comparative forelimb myology of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) and common wombat (Vombatus ursinus)
Figure 1. Muscle topology of the right forelimb of the (A) koala and the (B) common wombat in lateral view at sequential depths of dissection from superficial (top) to deep (boưom). For abbreviations see Table 2. An interactive version of this figure is available in the Supporting Information, Model S1.
Figure 3 in Hanging on and digging deep: comparative forelimb myology of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) and common wombat (Vombatus ursinus)
Figure 3. Muscle aưachment sites on the right scapula of the koala (A) and common wombat (B) in lateral, medial, distal, and inferior views. For abbreviations see Table 2. Articulated versions of these muscle maps are available in the Supporting Information, Model S2.
Figure 2 in Hanging on and digging deep: comparative forelimb myology of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) and common wombat (Vombatus ursinus)
Figure 2. Muscle topology of the right forelimb of the (A) koala and the (B) common wombat in medial view at sequential depths of dissection from superficial (top) to deep (boưom). For abbreviations see Table 2. An interactive version of this figure is available in the Supporting Information, Model S1.
Figure 6 in Hanging on and digging deep: comparative forelimb myology of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) and common wombat (Vombatus ursinus)
Figure 6. Muscle aưachment sites on the right manus of the koala (A) and common wombat (B) in ulnar, dorsal, radial, and palmar views. For abbreviations see Table 2. Articulated versions of these muscle maps are available in the Supporting Information, Model S2.
Figure 5 in Hanging on and digging deep: comparative forelimb myology of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) and common wombat (Vombatus ursinus)
Figure 5. Muscle aưachment sites on the right radius and ulna of the koala (A) and the common wombat (B) in lateral, cranial, medial, and caudal views. For abbreviations see Table 2. Articulated versions of these muscle maps are available in the Supporting Information, Model S2.
Data from: Forelimb indicators of prey-size preference in the Felidae
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Data from: From limb to fin: an Eocene protocetid forelimb from Senegal sheds new light on the early locomotor evolution of cetaceans
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Data from: Selective regimes and functional anatomy in the mustelid forelimb: diversification toward specializations for climbing, digging, and swimming
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Data from: Developmental constraints do not influence long-term phenotypic evolution of marsupial forelimbs as revealed by interspecific disparity and integration patterns
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A new model of forelimb ecomorphology for predicting the ancient habitats of fossil turtles
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