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257 results for “forest landscapes”
Frugivore-mediated seed dispersal in fragmented landscapes: Compositional and functional turnover from forest to matrix
<p>Seed dispersal by frugivores is a fundamental function for plant community dynamics in fragmented landscapes, where forest remnants are typically embedded in a matrix of anthropogenic habitats. Frugivores can mediate both connectivity among forest remnants and plant colonization of the matrix. However, it remains poorly understood how frugivore communities change from forest to matrix due to the loss or replacement of species with traits that are less advantageous in open habitats, and whether such changes ultimately influence the composition and traits of dispersed plants via species interactions. Here, we close this gap by using a unique dataset of seed-dispersal networks that were sampled in forest patches and adjacent matrix habitats of seven fragmented landscapes across Europe. We found a similar diversity of frugivores, plants and interactions contributing to seed dispersal in forest and matrix, but a high turnover (replacement) in all these components. The turnover of dispersed seeds was smaller than that of frugivore communities because different frugivore species provided complementary seed dispersal in forest and matrix. Importantly, the turnover involved functional changes towards larger and more mobile frugivores in the matrix, which dispersed taller, larger-seeded plants with later fruiting periods. Our study provides a trait-based understanding of frugivore-mediated seed dispersal through fragmented landscapes, uncovering non-random shifts that can have cascading consequences for the composition of regenerating plant communities. Our findings also highlight the importance of forest remnants and frugivore faunas for ecosystem resilience, demonstrating a high potential for passive forest restoration of unmanaged lands in the matrix.</p>
Simulated treatment effects on bird communities inform landscape‐scale dry conifer forest management
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Frugivore-mediated seed dispersal in fragmented landscapes: Compositional and functional turnover from forest to matrix
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Disentangling compound effects of changing disturbance and regeneration across temperate forest landscapes
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Winter browsing by moose (Alces alces) in a forested mountainous landscape of West-Central Sweden
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A new approach to map landscape variation in forest restoration success in tropical and temperate forest biomes
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Data from: Landscape context modulates the effect of local canopy cover on forest multidiversity across elevations
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Data from: Context matters: the landscape matrix determines the population genetic structure of temperate forest herbs across Europe
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Turf algae redefine the chemical landscape of temperate reefs, limiting kelp forest recovery
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Habitat selection in transformed landscapes and the role of forest remnants and shade coffee in the conservation of resident birds
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Data from: Beyond resilience: Responses to changing climate and disturbance regimes in temperate forest landscapes across the Northern Hemisphere
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Landscape heterogeneity shapes bird phylogenetic responses at forest-matrix interfaces in Atlantic Forest, Brazil
<p>Agricultural intensification is one of the major factors driving biodiversity loss. However, most studies in human-dominated landscapes have used taxonomic diversity in their analysis, ignoring evolutionary relationships. Consequently, the relationship between landscape structure and phylogenetic diversity is not well understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that landscape heterogeneity is positively related to bird phylogenetic indexes of diversity and structure, leading to over-dispersed phylogenies in very heterogeneous landscapes. We analyzed phylogenetic responses in interfaces between forest edges and anthropogenic matrices (forest-pasture and forest-eucalyptus) using generalized linear mixed models. We also compared these indexes between land covers to assess which one best preserves the phylogenetic history of communities. We used both traditional phylogenetic indexes and those corrected for species richness. Our results showed that phylogenetic diversity varied significantly between land cover types, but this did not occur when we removed effects associated with species richness, suggesting that all land covers preserve similar levels of evolutionary history. Additionally, our best models showed a positive relationship between landscape heterogeneity and bird phylogenetic indexes of diversity and structure, but the strength of these relationships may be land-cover dependent. In summary, our work highlights the influence of landscape heterogeneity on the phylogenetic diversity and structure of bird communities, reinforcing the need for its incorporation into conservation-based studies.</p>
Raster and original working data for the paper Holocene matters: landscape history accounts for current species richness of vascular plants in forests and grasslands of eastern Central Europe
<p>Aim: Current species-richness patterns are sometimes interpreted as a legacy of landscape history, but historical processes shaping the distribution of species during the Holocene are frequently omitted in biodiversity models. Here, we test their importance in modelling current species richness of vascular plants in forest and grassland vegetation.<br> Location: Western Carpathians and adjacent regions.<br> Taxon: Vascular plants.<br> Methods: Numbers of all species and of habitat specialists were extracted from plot records of forest and grassland vegetation. For each plot, environmental and historical data were derived from thematic maps. Historical data related to the persistence of (i) temperate taxa during the Late Glacial and Early Holocene, (ii) open-landscape taxa during the Middle Holocene, and (iii) taiga species during the Late Holocene were based on 112 fossil pollen profiles. Boosted regression trees were used to model spatial patterns in species richness.<br> Results: Historical variables always appeared among the best predictors of current species richness. In light forests, species richness highly mirrored both the Late Glacial (12.5% contribution) and Middle-Holocene (8.6%) landscape history. The latter factor became an important predictor also for species richness of steppe grasslands (8.3%) along with temperature seasonality (11.9%). Species richness of dark coniferous forests was best predicted by the Late-Holocene occurrence of taiga forests (14.8%), which had an even stronger effect on the richness of habitat specialists (20.5%). <br> Main conclusions: Landscape changes since the Last Glacial Maximum are important predictors of current plant species richness. The historical effects were found to be habitat-specific and, because they may interact with recent environmental conditions and anthropogenic pressures, they often show a non-linear relationship with species richness. We provide one possible direction of incorporating past landscape changes into the models of species richness.</p>
Data from: Forest succession and climate variability interacted to control fire activity over the last four centuries in an Alaskan boreal landscape
Context: The boreal forest is globally important for its influence on Earth's energy balance, and its sensitivity to climate change. Ecosystem functioning in boreal forests is shaped by fire activity, so anticipating the impacts of climate change requires understanding the precedence for, and consequences of, climatically induced changes in fire regimes. Long-term records of climate, fire, and vegetation are critical for gaining this understanding. Objectives: We investigated the relative importance of climate and landscape flammability as drivers of fire activity in boreal forests by developing high-resolution records of fire history, and characterizing their centennial-scale relationships to temperature and vegetation dynamics. Methods: We reconstructed the timing of fire activity in interior Alaska, USA, using seven lake-sediment charcoal records spanning CE 1550–2015. We developed individual and composite records of fire activity, and used correlations and qualitative comparisons to assess relationships with existing records of vegetation and climate. Results: Our records document a dynamic relationship between climate and fire. Fire activity and temperature showed stronger coupling after ca. 1900 than in the preceding 350 yr. Biomass burning and temperatures increased concurrently during the second half of the twentieth century, to their highest point in the record. Fire activity followed pulses in black spruce establishment. Conclusions: Fire activity was facilitated by warm temperatures and landscape-scale dominance of highly flammable mature black spruce, with a notable increase in temperature and fire activity during the twenty-first century. The results suggest that widespread burning at landscape scales is controlled by a combination of climate and vegetation dynamics that together drive flammability.
Effects of past and present-day landscape structure on forest soil microorganisms
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Principles of landscape ecology have been built on birds and plant species distribution, but the number of clues is now growing on below-ground organisms, whose dispersal may also be affected by above-ground landscape structure. For communities of microorganisms, the question remains if and how they answer to landscape structure, with or without time lag, and if some groups of microorganisms may react more than others. Here, we investigated if fungi or bacteria diversity is driven by the amount of forest cover in the current or the past landscape. We tested the Habitat Amount Hypothesis (HAH) on ancient forests of Cevennes national park, that were particularly fragmented 150 years ago, and are today surrounded by recent forests. As ancient forests are often more diverse in plant species, we hypothesized that the higher quantity of ancient forests in the landscape, the richer fungal and bacterial communities would be locally. More precisely, we expected that ectomycorrhizal fungi, and pathotrophic fungi, often indicators of mature forests, would be also more sensitive to forest history and therefore to the quantity of ancient forests than bacteria and saprotrophic fungi. We sampled 40 soil cores per 0.5 ha, pooled in 8 composite samples per plot in 27 landscapes and sequenced ITS and 16S marker by Illumina-Mi seq. To identify functional groups of fungi, we relied on their taxonomy and the use of public databases. Our results partly follow the HAH, as fungi richness was positively related with the quantity of ancient forests in the landscape and not by the focal patch size. Ectomycorrhizal and pathotrophic fungi were positively affected by the ancient forest cover, and so were saprotrophic ones, but not bacteria. Local factors also shaped the communities such as soil composition and elevation, confirming classical patterns in soil ecology. Interestingly, past landscape structure better explained fungi communities richness than contemporary landscape, suggesting a time lag in the response of communities to landscape modification and a potential extinction debt. Our results invite to consider below-ground communities in landscape studies and historical ecology, as their structure and functions might be intimately linked with soil and landscape history.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Corralling a black swan: natural range of variation in a forest landscape driven by rare, extreme events
The natural range of variation (NRV) is an important reference for ecosystem management, but has been scarcely quantified for forest landscapes driven by infrequent, severe disturbances. Extreme events such as large, stand-replacing wildfires at multi-century intervals are typical for these regimes; however, data on their characteristics are inherently scarce, and, for land management, these events are commonly considered too large and unpredictable to integrate into planning efforts (the proverbial 'Black Swan'). Here, we estimate the NRV of late-seral (mature/old-growth) and early-seral (post-disturbance, pre-canopy-closure) conditions in a forest landscape driven by episodic, large stand-replacing wildfires: the Western Cascade Range of Washington, USA (2.7 million ha). These two seral stages are focal points for conservation and restoration objectives in many regions. Using a state-and-transition simulation approach incorporating uncertainty, we assess the degree to which NRV estimates differ under a broad range of literature-derived inputs regarding: a) overall fire rotations, and b) how fire area is distributed through time – as relatively frequent smaller events (less episodic), or fewer but larger events (more episodic). All combinations of literature-derived fire rotations and temporal distributions (i.e. 'scenarios') indicate that the largest wildfire events (or episodes) burned up to 10^5-10^6 hectares. Under most scenarios, wildfire dynamics produced 5th-95th percentile ranges for late-seral forests of ~47-90% of the region (median 70%), with structurally complex early-seral conditions composing ~1-30% (median 6%). Fire rotation was the main determinant of NRV, but temporal distribution was also important, with more episodic (temporally clustered) fire yielding wider NRV. In smaller landscapes (20,000 ha; typical of conservation reserves and management districts), ranges were 0-100% because fires commonly exceeded the landscape size. Current conditions are outside the estimated NRV, with the majority of the region instead covered by dense mid-seral forests (i.e. a regional landscape with no historical analog). Broad consistency in NRV estimates among widely varied fire regime parameters suggests these ranges are likely relevant even under changing climatic conditions, both historical and future. These results indicate management-relevant NRV estimates can be derived for seral stages of interest in extreme-event landscapes, even when incorporating inherent uncertainties in disturbance regimes.
The comparative effects of landscape-level forest fragmentation, forest area and local habitat measures on Connecticut bird communities
<p>I studied how breeding and wintering forest bird communities across Connecticut responded to variation in habitat characteristics and particularly such landscape attributes as forest fragmentation. I surveyed birds at 1,815 points along 121 transects that traversed ca. 400 km of forest. I also made 12705 habitat measurements at survey points and computed areas of forest, non-forest, core forest and perimeter/area ratios of forest for 31,550 ha of study area. I computed sampled species richness and community density as well as individual species' population densities for each transect. Moreover, I classified species encountered as to their nest site selection, macrohabitat use, microhabitat use, migratory strategy and trophic affiliation. Based on observations of 36,702 summering individuals of 123 species and 13,742 wintering individuals of 63 species, declines in community density occurred with increasing fragmentation although species richness was often more closely associated with habitat measures. Among landscape measures, forest fragmentation had the closest association with summer community measures 67% of the time, strongly suggesting that fragmentation effects were the predominant driver of such community patterns. However, short-distance migrant density and richness, foraging generalist density and richness, edge/successional species density and richness, habitat generalist density, and Brown-headed Cowbird density showed little relationship to landscape measures. The effects of fragmentation appeared to predominate over those of simply forest extent in predicting summer and winter bird community characteristics even in the comparatively extensive forests of southern New England. Despite the importance of fragmentation effects, community and individual species measures often tended to be more closely associated with habitat measures than with those of fragmentation. In addition, few summer or winter community measures or species patterns showed any significant relationship to natural forest breaks. Winter community and species density patterns showed little relationship to any landscape measures, with particularly elevation appearing to be a principal driver of winter patterns.</p>
Landscape genetics Afromontane forest birds - microsatellite data
<p><a name="_Hlk61564128"></a><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Species confined to naturally fragmented habitats may exhibit intrinsic population complexity which may challenge interpretations of species response to anthropogenic landscape transformation. In South Africa, where native forests are naturally fragmented, forest‐dependent birds have undergone range declines since 1992, most notably among insectivores. These insectivores appear sensitive to the quality of natural matrix habitats, and it is unknown whether transformation of the landscape matrix has disrupted gene flow in these species</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>. We undertook a landscape genetics study of four forest‐dependent insectivorous songbirds across southeast South Africa. Microsatellite data were used to conduct a priori optimization of landscape resistance surfaces (land cover, rivers and dams, and elevation) using cost‐distances along least‐cost pathway (LCP), and resistance distances (IBR). We detected pronounced declines in effective population sizes over the past two centuries for the endemic forest specialist </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em>Cossypha dichroa</em><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em>Batis capensis</em><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>, alongside recent gene flow disruption in </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em>B. capensis</em><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em>C. dichroa</em><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em>Pogonocichla stellata</em><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>. Landscape resistance modelling showed both native forest and dense thicket configuration facilitates gene flow in </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em>P. stellata</em><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em>B. capensis</em><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em>C. dichroa</em><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>. Facultative dispersal of </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em>P. stellata</em><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> through dense thicket likely aided resilience against historic landscape transformation, whereas combined forest‐thicket degradation adversely affected the forest generalist </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em>B. capensis</em><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>. By contrast, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em>Phylloscopus ruficapilla</em><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> appears least reliant upon landscape features to maintain gene flow and was least impacted by anthropogenic landscape transformation. Collectively, gene flow in all four species is improved at lower elevations, along river valleys, and riparian corridors— where </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>native forest and dense thicket better persist. Consistent outperformance of LCP over IBR land‐cover models for </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em>P. stellata</em><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>, </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em>B. capensis</em><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> and </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><em>C. dichroa</em><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span> demonstrates the benefits of wildlife corridors for South African forest‐dependent bird conservation, to ameliorate the extinction debts from past and present anthropogenic forest exploitation.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Landscape context and substrate characteristics shape fungal communities of dead spruce in urban and semi-natural forests
<p>Data from:</p> <p>Korhonen, A., Miettinen, O., Kotze, D.J., & Hamberg, L. (2022). Landscape context and substrate characteristics shape fungal communities of dead spruce in urban and semi-natural forests. Environmental Microbiology. DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15903</p> <p>This dataset contains occurrence data of 475 fungal ITS2 sequence clusters (OTUs) across 360 sequenced samples originating from dead wood of Norway spruce (<em>Picea abies</em>). Wood samples were collected from 90 downed spruce trunks, at four points from each trunk. Trunks were at intermediate stages of decay and located in spruce-dominated stands in 24 urban forests (66 trunks) and in 8 rural semi-natural forests (24 trunks) in southern Finland. The data consists of an OTU table (sequence read counts in each sample) and sample metadata (locality information, trunk characteristics and environmental variables).</p>
Managing for the unexpected: building resilient forest landscapes to cope with global change: Supporting data
<p><strong>Input files</strong> and <strong>installers </strong>of the versions of LANDIS-II, PnET-Succession and other extensions used in the associated paper. They can be used to to reproduce results of the study.</p> <p>The model documentation is freely available at <a href="https://www.landis-ii.org/">https://www.landis-ii.org/</a></p> <p>The LANDIS-II code is distributed under an open source license at <a href="https://github.com/LANDIS-II-Foundation">https://github.com/LANDIS-II-Foundation</a>.</p> <p>If interested in using this dataset for a research study or project, please contact <a href="https://www.marco-mina.com">Marco Mina</a></p> <p>---------------------</p> <p>Mina, M., Messier, C., Duveneck, M., Fortin, M. J., & Aquilué, N. (2022) <strong>Managing for the unexpected: building resilient forest landscapes to cope with global change</strong>. <em>Global Change Biology </em>28, 4323– 4341 <em> </em><a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16197">https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16197</a></p> <p>ABSTRACT. Natural disturbances exacerbated by novel climate regimes are increasing worldwide, threatening the ability of forest ecosystems to mitigate global warming through carbon sequestration and to provide other key ecosystem services. One way to cope with unknown disturbance events is to promote the ecological resilience of the forest by increasing both functional trait and structural diversity and by fostering functional connectivity of the landscape to ensure a rapid and efficient self-reorganization of the system. We investigated how expected and unexpected variations in climate and biotic disturbances affect ecological resilience and carbon storage in a forested region in southeastern Canada. Using a process-based forest landscape model (LANDIS-II), we simulated ecosystem responses to climate change and insect outbreaks under different forest policy scenarios – including a novel approach based on functional diversification and network analysis – and tested how the potentially most damaging insect pests interact with changes in forest composition and structure due to changing climate and management. We found that climate warming, lengthening the vegetation season, will increase forest productivity and carbon storage, but unexpected impacts of drought and insect outbreaks will drastically reduce such variables. Generalist, non-native insects feeding on hardwood are the most damaging biotic agents for our region, and their monitoring and early detection should be a priority for forest authorities. Higher forest diversity driven by climate-smart management and fostered by climate change that promotes warm-adapted species, might increase disturbance severity. However, alternative forest policy scenarios led to a higher functional and structural diversity as well as functional connectivity – and thus to higher ecological resilience – than conventional management. Our results demonstrate that adopting a landscape-scale perspective by planning interventions strategically in space and adopting a functional trait approach to diversify forests is promising for enhancing ecological resilience under unexpected global change stressors.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.