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247 results for “forest types”
Mycorrhizal types regulate tree spatial associations in temperate forests: ectomycorrhizal trees might favor species coexistence
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Impact of Phytophthora cinnamomi on the taxonomic and functional diversity of forest plants in a mediterranean-type biodiversity hotspot
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SOM density fractions beneath trees of different mycorrhizal types in New England forests
Recent work suggests mycorrhizal fungi are important drivers of soil organic matter dynamics; however, whether this is a result of the fungi themselves or related traits of their host trees remains unclear. We evaluated how tree mycorrhizal associations and foliar chemistry influence mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) and particulate organic matter (POM) in temperate forests of northern New England, USA. We measured carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) concentrations and C:N of three soil density fractions beneath six tree species that vary in both mycorrhizal association and foliar chemistry. We found a significant decline in the concentration of MAOM C and N with increasing foliar C:N in soil beneath tree species with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM), but not ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. The C:N of POM and MAOM was positively associated with the foliar C:N of the dominant tree species in a forest, and MAOM C:N was also higher beneath ECM- rather than AM-associated tree species. These results add to the growing body of support for mycorrhizal fungi as predictors of soil C and N dynamics, and suggest that C concentration in the MAOM fraction is more sensitive to organic matter chemistry beneath AM-associated tree species. Because MAOM decomposition is thought to be less responsive than POM decomposition to changes in soil temperature and moisture, differences in the tendency of AM- vs. ECM-dominated forests to support MAOM formation and persistence may lead to systematic differences in the response of these forest types to ongoing climate change. These data were gathered as part of the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study (HBES). The HBES is a collaborative effort at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, which is operated and maintained by the USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station.
Data from: Tropical forest type influences community assembly processes in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Aim: Plant community assembly in tropical rainforest has been shown to be largely governed by stochastic processes, but as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi display limited host preference, they may not follow the same stochastic assembly pattern. Here, we determined the relative importance of environmental and spatial drivers responsible for the community assembly process of AM fungi in two types of tropical rainforest (semideciduous rainforest and dense ombrophilous forests). Location: Atlantic rainforest in northeastern Brazil, South America. Taxon: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomeromycota). Methods: We collected root samples from eight protected areas of Atlantic forest along a 700 km transect in northeastern Brazil. We measured the relative importance of deterministic and stochastic processes by redundancy analysis (RDA) and variation partitioning in comparison with null expectations using ad hoc generated neutral communities. Furthermore, we accessed species associations from co-occurrence data, at different scales using a Bayesian approach of Hierarchical Modelling of Species Communities (HMSC). Results: Overall, the extent to which stochastic and deterministic processes affected community assembly depended on the forest type and the spatial scale. Specifically, we found that abiotic and biotic predictors of AM fungal community assemblages are related to environmental homogeneity in tropical rainforests. Main conclusions: The results of the study show that dynamics in community assembly was clearly different between the two forest types, and that the difference most likely is due to differences in responses to environmental variables.
Data from: Root morphology and mycorrhizal type strongly influence root production in nutrient hot spots of mixed forests
1. Plants compete for nutrients using a range of strategies. We investigated nutrient foraging within nutrient hot-spots simultaneously available to plant species with diverse root traits. We hypothesized that there would be more root proliferation by thin-root species than by thick-root species, and that root proliferation by thin-root species would limit root proliferation by thick-root species. 2. We conducted a root ingrowth experiment in a temperate forest in eastern USA where root systems of different tree species could interact. Tree species varied in the thickness of their absorptive roots, and were associated with either ectomycorrhizal (EM) or arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Thus, there were thin- and thick-root AM and thin- and thick-root EM plant functional groups. Half the ingrowth cores were amended with organic nutrients (dried green leaves). Relative root length abundance, the proportion of total root length in a given soil volume occupied by a particular plant functional group, was calculated for the original root population and ingrowth roots after 6 months. 3. The shift in relative root length abundance from original to ingrowth roots was positive in thin-root species but negative in thick-root species (P < 0.001), especially in unamended patches (AM: +6% vs. -7%; EM: +8% vs. -9%). Being thin-rooted may thus allow a species to more rapidly recolonize soil after a disturbance, which may influence competition for nutrients. Moreover, we observed that nutrient additions amplified the shift in root length abundance of thin over thick roots in AM trees (+13% vs. -14%), but not in EM trees (+1% vs -3%). In contrast, phospholipid fatty acid biomarkers suggested that EM fungal hyphae strongly proliferated in nutrient hot-spots whereas AM fungal hyphae exhibited only modest proliferation. 4. We found no evidence that when growing in the shared patch, the proliferation of thin roots inhibited the growth of thick roots. 5. Synthesis. Knowledge of root morphology and mycorrhizal type of co-existing tree species may improve prediction of patch exploitation and nutrient acquisition in heterogeneous soils.
Liana communities exhibit different species composition, diversity and community structure across forest types in the Congo Basin
<p>Lianas are poorly characterized for central African forests. We quantify variation in liana composition, diversity and community structure in different forest types in the Yangambi Man and Biosphere Reserve, Democratic Republic of Congo. These attributes of liana assemblages were examined in 12 1-ha plots, randomly demarcated within regrowth forest, old-growth monodominant forest, old-growth mixed forest and old-growth edge forest. Using a combination of multivariate and univariate community analyses, we visualize the patterns of these liana assemblage attributes and/or test for their significant differences across forest types. The combined 12 1-ha area contains 2,638 lianas (≥ 2 cm diameter) representing 105 species, 49 genera and 22 families. Liana species composition differed significantly across forest types. Taxonomic diversity was higher in old-growth mixed forests compared to old-growth monodominant and regrowth forests. Trait diversity was higher than expected in the regrowth forest as opposed to the rest of forest types. Similarly, the regrowth forest differed from the rest of forest types in the pattern of liana species ecological traits and diameter frequency distribution. The regrowth forest was also less densely populated in lianas, and had lower liana total basal area than the rest of forest types. We speculate that the mechanism of liana competitive exclusion by dominant tree species is mainly responsible for the lower liana species diversity in monodominant compared to mixed forests. We attribute variation in liana community structure between regrowth and old-growth forests mostly to short development time of size hierarchies.</p>
Data from: Effects of soil type and light on height growth, biomass partitioning, and nitrogen dynamics on 22 species of tropical dry forest tree seedlings: comparisons between legumes and nonlegumes
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: The seedling stage is particularly vulnerable to resource limitation, with potential consequences for community composition. We investigated how light and soil variation affected early growth, biomass partitioning, morphology, and physiology of 22 tree species common in tropical dry forest, including eight legumes. Our hypothesis was that legume seedlings are better at taking advantage of increased resource availability, which contributes to their successful regeneration in tropical dry forests. METHODS: We grew seedlings in a full-factorial design under two light levels in two soil types that differed in nutrient concentrations and soil moisture. We measured height biweekly and, at final harvest, biomass partitioning, internode segments, leaf carbon, nitrogen, δ 13 C, and δ 15 N. KEY RESULTS: Legumes initially grew taller and maintained that height advantage over time under all experimental conditions. Legumes also had the highest final total biomass and water-use efficiency in the high-light and high-resource soil. For nitrogen-fixing legumes, the amount of nitrogen derived from fixation was highest in the richer soil. Although seed mass tended to be larger in legumes, seed size alone did not account for all the differences between legumes and nonlegumes. Both belowground and aboveground resources were limiting to early seedling growth and function. CONCLUSIONS: Legumes may have a different regeneration niche, in that they germinate rapidly and grow taller than other species immediately after germination, maximizing their performance when light and belowground resources are readily available, and potentially permitting them to take advantage of high light, nutrient, and water availability at the beginning of the wet season.
Data for testing the assumption of fractal scaling in canopy surfaces across a diverse range of forest types
<p>This is a collection of scripts and research data for a study on whether canopy surfaces follow fractal scaling laws across a diverse range of forest types. The article citation is: <span>Fischer, F. J.</span>, & <span>Jucker, T.</span> (<span>2024</span>). <span>No evidence for fractal scaling in canopy surfaces across a diverse range of forest types</span>. <em>Journal of Ecology</em>, <span>112</span>, <span>470</span>–<span>486</span>. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.14244">https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.14244</a>.</p> <p>As data, we use canopy height models (CHMs) from 9 Australian research sites belonging to the Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Network (TERN). Their extent is 5 km x 5 km throughout. The underlying data can be found here: https://portal.tern.org.au/metadata/TERN/4ff0b4c9-cfa0-4d09-9520-b5402adc583f. Climatic data are extracted from the CHELSA climatology 1981-2010 (Brun et al. 2022: Global climate-related predictors at kilometer resolution for the past and future. Earth System Science Data, 14(12), 5573–5603. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-14-5573-2022; Karger et al. 2017: Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Scientific Data, 4(1), 170122. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122).</p> <p>Each uploaded zip-file corresponds to a folder within a common repository. To reproduce our analysis, unpack into the same folder, upholding naming conventions and overall structure. Please note that some parts of the analysis require external software, e.g., GRASS GIS for the generation of simulated fractal surfaces. Paths need to be reset accordingly. </p> <p><strong>rscripts.zip:</strong> </p> <ul> <li>the overall R script ("areforestsfractals_v3.R") used to generate fractal surfaces, calculate fractal statistics from CHMs and simulated surfaces, and to carry out the analysis</li> <li>various summary statistics saved both as RData and csv files</li> </ul> <p><strong>TERN.zip:</strong></p> <ul> <li>data within this folder are ordered by site name</li> <li>for each site, we include several CHMs, their corresponding DSMs (digital surface models) and DTMs (digital terrain models), as well as ancillary layers (pulse densities of laser scans)</li> <li>for each site and each CHM/DSM, we also save the fractal scaling properties in separate csv files</li> </ul> <p><strong>TERNtrees.zip:</strong></p> <ul> <li>data within this folder are ordered by site name</li> <li>for each site, we include manual delineations of the largest trees per 1 km x 1 km square (25 in total)</li> <li>for each site, we include subplots of the CHM (200 m x 200 m) centred around the largest tree</li> </ul> <p><strong>climate.zip:</strong></p> <ul> <li>climate layers from CHELSA for precipitation and site water balance</li> </ul> <p><strong>terrain_fractal.zip:</strong></p> <ul> <li>simulated fractal surfaces, based on different generating algorithms</li> <li>fractal scaling properties of simulated fractal surfaces in separate csv files</li> </ul> <p><strong>sites_coordinates.csv</strong></p> <ul> <li>lon/lat coordinates of each site</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Short-interval fires increasing in the Alaskan boreal forest as fire self-regulation decays across forest types: Code and data
<p>Code and data to reproduce results in the associated paper. Additional downloads of climate data and various R packages will be required for some analyses.</p> <p>Abstract: Climate drivers are increasingly creating conditions conducive to higher frequency fires. In the coniferous boreal forest, the world’s largest terrestrial biome, fires are historically common but relatively infrequent. Post-fire, regenerating forests are generally resistant to burning (strong fire self-regulation), favoring millennial coniferous resilience. However, short intervals between fires are associated with rapid, threshold-like losses of resilience and changes to broadleaf or shrub communities, impacting carbon content, habitat, and other ecosystem services.</p> <p>Fires burning the same location 2+ times comprise approximately 4% of all Alaskan boreal fire events since 1984, and the fraction of short-interval events (<20 years between fires) is increasing with time. While there is strong resistance to burning for the first decade after a fire, from 10-20 years post-fire resistance appears to decline. Reburning is biased towards coniferous forests and in areas with seasonally variable precipitation, and that proportion appears to be increasing with time, suggesting continued forest shifts as changing climatic drivers overwhelm the resistance of early postfire landscapes to reburning. As area burned in large fire years of ~15 years ago begin to mature, there is potential for more widespread shifts, which should be evaluated closely to understand finer grained patterns within this regional trend.</p>
Ecological data on evergreen forest types of central plains Cambodia
<p>Four different lowland evergreen forest types, each with a unique species composition and ecological characteristics is described from the central plains, Cambodia. Through six botanical expeditions, we collected data on the forest types using 50x10 = 500 sqm strip sample plots (n=119); i) riverine forest dominated by Dipterocarpus costatus (Dipterocarpaceae): ii) tall dipterocarp forest dominated by Anisoptera costata (Dipterocarpaceae); iii) swamp forest dominated by Macaranga triloba (Euphorbiaceae); and iv) "Sralao" forest with a monodominance of Lagerstroemia cochinchinensis (Lythraceae). This dataset includes i) a matrix showing the occurrence of different species within the 119 sample plots, ii) a summary of forest structure and diversity index values for the 119 individual sample plots, iii) a summary for individual species within forest types of mean, standard error and coefficient of variation of the mean for diameter, density, basal area and frequency, as well as relative density, dominance and frequency and importance value index (IVI), iv) a summary of forest structure variables for diameter classes and forest types. The dataset was analyzed and used to characterize and compare the four evergreen forest types in the publication: Theilade et al. 2022. Evergreen forest types of the central plains in Cambodia: floristic composition and ecological characteristics; published in Nordic Journal of Botany. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.03494" rel="noopener">https://doi.org/10.1111/njb.03494</a></p>
Diversity and composition of macrofungi in different Types of Stands in planted forest Biyang County, central China
<p>Table S1:List and distribution statistics of macrofungi in Biyang County. Table S2: Species Scientific Names and Corresponding Abbreviations.</p>
Figure 1 in Genetic structure of Trypanosoma congolense "forest type" circulating in domestic animals and tsetse flies in the South-West region of Cameroon
Figure 1. Allelic frequency at each locus by host.
Fig. 6 in The Impact Of Forest Harvesting Machines On Understorey Vegetation In Hylocomiosa Forest Type In Zemgale, Latvia
Fig. 6. The proportion of evergreen and summer green plant species in the herbaceous' layer.
Fig. 4 in The Impact Of Forest Harvesting Machines On Understorey Vegetation In Hylocomiosa Forest Type In Zemgale, Latvia
Fig. 4. The projective coverage of herbaceous' and moss' layers (mean values are shown ± SE).
Fig. 3 in The Impact Of Forest Harvesting Machines On Understorey Vegetation In Hylocomiosa Forest Type In Zemgale, Latvia
Fig. 3. The number of species of herbaceous and moss layers (mean values are shown ± SE).
Dataset for "Assessing the exposure of forest habitat types to projected climate change – implications for Bavarian protected areas"
<p>This dataset relates to the publication C. Steinacker, C. Beierkuhnlein, A. Jaeschke (2019), "Assessing the exposure of forest habitat types to projected climate change—Implications for Bavarian protected areas", Ecology and Evolution. doi:<a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5877"> 10.1002/ece3.5877</a>.</p> <p>The file contains:</p> <ul> <li>the R script,</li> <li>the model outputs (raster data of projected distribution of habitat types),</li> <li>the results of the range change analysis,</li> <li>the protected area shapefile with information on the elevational range inside of them and their projected environmental suitability for the corresponding habitat types.</li> </ul> <p>The products build on freely available data (e.g. distribution data from the EEA under the Habitats Directive). All data sources are cited in the related publication. Methodologically, we applied correlative species distribution models and further spatial and geostatistical analyses. We used R (e.g. biomod2-package) as well as GIS-software to conduct the analyses. More detailed descriptions of the methodology are placed in the publication.</p>
Figure 4 in Diversity of bats in three selected forest types in Peninsular Malaysia
Figure 4. Relative abundance (%) of families in the three habitat types.
Figure 2 in Diversity of bats in three selected forest types in Peninsular Malaysia
Figure 2. Number of species captured according to families in the three habitat types.
Figure 3 in Diversity of bats in three selected forest types in Peninsular Malaysia
Figure 3. Number of individuals captured according to families in the three habitat types.
Data for: Multidimensional stoichiometric mismatch explains differences in detritivore biomass across three forest types
<p><span>The ecological stoichiometry theory provides a framework to understand organism fitness and population dynamics based on the stoichiometric mismatch between organisms and their resources. Recent studies have revealed that different soil animals occupy distinct multidimensional stoichiometric niches (MSNs), which likely determine their specific stoichiometric mismatches and population responses facing resource changes. The goals of the present study are to examine how long-term forest plantations affect the multidimensional elemental contents of litter and detritivores and the population size of detritivores that occupy distinct MSNs.</span></p> <p><span>We evaluated the contents of ten elements of two detritivore taxa (lumbricid earthworms and julid millipedes) and their litter resources, quantified their MSNs and the multidimensional stoichiometric mismatches, and examined how such mismatch patterns influence the density and total biomass of detritivores across three forest types spanning from natural forests (oak forest) to plantations (pine and larch forests).</span></p> <p><span>Sixty-year pine plantations changed the multidimensional elemental contents of litter but did not influence the elemental contents of the two detritivore taxa. Earthworms and millipedes exhibited distinct patterns of MSNs and stoichiometric mismatches, but they both experienced severer stoichiometric mismatches in pine plantations than in oak forests and larch plantations. Such stoichiometric mismatches led to lower density and biomass of both earthworms and millipedes in pine plantations. In other words, under conditions of low litter quality and severe stoichiometric mismatches in pine plantations, detritivores maintained their body elemental contents but decreased their population biomass.</span></p> <p><span>Our study illustrates the success of using the multidimensional stoichiometric framework to understand the impact of forest plantations on animal population dynamics, which may serve as a useful tool in addressing ecosystem responses to global environmental changes.</span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.