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57 results for “fossil plants”
Dataset - Global site-specific health impacts of fossil energy, steel mills, oil refineries and cement plants
<div> <div> <p>Climate change and particulate matter air pollution present major threats to human well-being by causing impacts on human health. Both are connected to key air pollutants such as carbon dioxide (CO<span><span><span>2</span></span></span>), primary fine particulate matter (PM<span><span><span>2.5</span></span></span>), sulfur dioxide (SO<span><span><span>2</span></span></span>), nitrogen oxides (NO<span><span><span>x</span></span></span>) and ammonia (NH<span><span><span>3</span></span></span>), which are primarily emitted from energy-intensive industrial sectors. We present the first study to consistently link a broad range of emission measurements for these substances with site-specific technical data, emission models, and atmospheric fate and effect models to quantify health impacts caused by nearly all global fossil power plants, steel mills, oil refineries and cement plants. The resulting health impact patterns differ substantially from far less detailed earlier studies due to the high resolution of included data, highlighting in particular the key role of emission abatement at individual coal-consuming industrial sites in densely populated areas of Asia (Northern and North-Eastern India, Java in Indonesia, Eastern China), Western Europe (Germany, Belgium, Netherlands) as well as in the US. Of greatest health concern are the high SO<span><span><span>2</span></span></span> emissions in India, which stand out due to missing flue gas treatment and cause a particularly high share of local health impacts despite a limited number of emission sites. At the same time, the massive infrastructure and export capacity build-up in China in recent years is taking a substantial toll on regional and global health and requires more stringent regulation than in the rest of the world due to unfavorable environmental conditions and high population densities. The current phase-out of highly emitting industries in Europe is found not to have started with sites having the greatest health impacts. Our detailed site-specific emission and impact inventory is able to highlight more effective alternatives and to track future progress.</p> </div> </div>
Figure 4 from: Aung AT, Huang J, Do TV, Song A, Liu J, Zhou Z-K, Su T (2020) Three new fossil records of Equisetum (Equisetaceae) from the Neogene of south-western China and northern Vietnam. In: Jin X-H, Xia N-H, Tan Y-H (Eds) Plant diversity of Southeast Asia-II. PhytoKeys 138: 3-15. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.138.38674
Figure 4 Reconstruction of Equisetum from A Zhenyuan, south-western China, specimen number XTBGSZTF0001 B Yanbei, northern Vietnam, specimen number XTBGVNMN4001; and C Yongping, south-western China, specimen number XTBGYP0748. Scale bar: 1.5 cm.
Figure 1 from: Aung AT, Huang J, Do TV, Song A, Liu J, Zhou Z-K, Su T (2020) Three new fossil records of Equisetum (Equisetaceae) from the Neogene of south-western China and northern Vietnam. In: Jin X-H, Xia N-H, Tan Y-H (Eds) Plant diversity of Southeast Asia-II. PhytoKeys 138: 3-15. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.138.38674
Figure 1 Map showing the locations of the fossils collected in this study. 1. Sanzhangtian, Zhenyuan County, Yunnan, south-western China (the middle Miocene); 2. Hop Thanh Village, Tuy Loc Commune, Yen Bai Province, northern Vietnam (the late Miocene); 3. Longmen, Yongping County, Yunnan Province, south-western China (the late Pliocene).
Figure 3 from: Aung AT, Huang J, Do TV, Song A, Liu J, Zhou Z-K, Su T (2020) Three new fossil records of Equisetum (Equisetaceae) from the Neogene of south-western China and northern Vietnam. In: Jin X-H, Xia N-H, Tan Y-H (Eds) Plant diversity of Southeast Asia-II. PhytoKeys 138: 3-15. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.138.38674
Figure 3 Equisetum yongpingense A.T.Aung, T.Su & Z.K.Zhou, sp. nov. Specimen numbers: A XTBGYP0748 B XTBGYP0747 C XTBGYP1014 D XTBGYP1015 E XTBGYP0750 F XTBGYP0749. Scale bars: 1cm.
Figure 2 from: Aung AT, Huang J, Do TV, Song A, Liu J, Zhou Z-K, Su T (2020) Three new fossil records of Equisetum (Equisetaceae) from the Neogene of south-western China and northern Vietnam. In: Jin X-H, Xia N-H, Tan Y-H (Eds) Plant diversity of Southeast Asia-II. PhytoKeys 138: 3-15. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.138.38674
Figure 2 A–BEquisetum cf. pratense Ehrhart C–FEquisetum yenbaiense A.T.Aung, T.Su, T.V.Do & Z.K.Zhou, sp. nov. Specimen numbers: A–B XTBGSZTF0001 (counterparts) C XTBGVNMN4002 D XTBGVNMN4001 E XTBGVNMN4003 F XTBGVNMN4004. n = node; r = ridge. Scale bars: 1cm.
Data from: Accounting for uncertainty in the evolutionary timescale of green plants through clock-partitioning and fossil calibration strategies
Establishing an accurate evolutionary timescale for green plants (Viridiplantae) is essential to understanding their interaction and coevolution with the Earth's climate and the many organisms that rely on green plants. Despite being the focus of numerous studies, the timing of the origin of green plants and the divergence of major clades within this group remain highly controversial. Here, we infer the evolutionary timescale of green plants by analysing 81 protein-coding genes from 99 chloroplast genomes, using a core set of 21 fossil calibrations. We test the sensitivity of our divergence-time estimates to various components of Bayesian molecular dating, including the tree topology, clock models, clock-partitioning schemes, rate priors, and fossil calibrations. We find that the choice of clock model affects date estimation and that the independent-rates model provides a better fit to the data than the autocorrelated-rates model. Varying the rate prior and tree topology had little impact on age estimates, with far greater differences observed among calibration choices and clock-partitioning schemes. Our analyses yield date estimates ranging from the Paleoproterozoic to Mesoproterozoic for crown-group green plants, and from the Ediacaran to Middle Ordovician for crown-group land plants. We present divergence-time estimates of the major groups of green plants that take into account various sources of uncertainty. Our proposed timeline lays the foundation for further investigations into how green plants shaped the global climate and ecosystems, and how embryophytes became dominant in terrestrial environments.
FIGURE 3 in The oldest known fossil plant bug (Hemiptera: Miridae), from Middle Jurassic of Inner Mongolia, China
FIGURE 3. Mirivena robusta, gen. & sp. nov., holotype. Photograph. Scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURE 6 in Last interglacial environment of the Baikal Region (Southern Siberia, Russia) based on analysis of fossil invertebrates and plants
FIGURE 6. Pollen percentage diagram of the section Bely Yar II.
FIGURE 2 in Last interglacial environment of the Baikal Region (Southern Siberia, Russia) based on analysis of fossil invertebrates and plants
FIGURE 2. Stratigraphy of the section Bely Yar II.
Figure 1 from: Wilf P, Wing SL, Meyer HW, Rose JA, Saha R, Serre T, Cúneo NR, Donovan MP, Erwin DM, Gandolfo MA, González-Akre E, Herrera F, Hu S, Iglesias A, Johnson KR, Karim TS, Zou X (2021) An image dataset of cleared, x-rayed, and fossil leaves vetted to plant family for human and machine learning. PhytoKeys 187: 93-128. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.187.72350
Figure 1 Selected image pairs of confamilial extant and fossil (see Appendix 1) leaves from the dataset ABatesia floribunda Spruce ex. Benth. (Fabaceae), NCLC-W 6417, showing typical layout of a cleared-leaf slide with original annotations (other examples are cropped in this figure); source voucher Froes 12074, DS 291771 (at CAS), Amazonas, Brazil BFabaceae sp. CJ1, SGC-ICP-10173; Cerrejón mine, middle-late Paleocene of Guajira Peninsula, Colombia CCrataegus viridis L. (Rosaceae), NCLC-W 11951b; H. Meyer s/n (collected 1974, no other voucher), cultivated, California, USA DCrataegus copeana (Rosaceae), UCMP 3610; Florissant, late Eocene of Colorado, USA; H. Meyer photograph number 0420 ETetracentron sinense Oliv. (Trochodendraceae), S. Wing negative 71-002; E.H. Wilson 659, US 599036, Szechuan, China FZiziphoides flabellum (Trochodendraceae), USNM 560134; Mexican Hat, early Paleocene of Montana, USA GQuercus prinus L. (Fagaceae), NCLC-W 6137; H. Foster 8223, US 1730249, Florida, USA HFagopsis longifolia (Fagaceae), FLFO 003432A; Florissant, late Eocene of Colorado, USA IEucalyptus astringens (Maiden) Maiden (Myrtaceae), NCLC-W 10489; J.H. Maiden (9 November 1909), Western Australia, UC 437518 JEucalyptus frenguelliana (Myrtaceae), MPEF-Pb 2344; Laguna del Hunco, early Eocene of Chubut, Argentina KCercidiphyllum obtritum (Cercidiphyllaceae), DMNH 25061; Republic, early Eocene of Washington, USA LCercidiphyllum japonicum Siebold & Zucc. ex J.J.Hoffm. & J.H.Schult.bis (Cercidiphyllaceae), Axelrod cleared leaf 166; UCMP (no other voucher) MPlatanus racemosa Nutt. (Platanaceae), NCLC-H 6631; Handel s/n (collected 1985, no other voucher), California, USA NErlingdorfia montana (compound-leaved Platanaceae), DMNH 7642; Hell Creek Formation, Late Cretaceous of North Dakota, USA. Scale bars: centimeters as labeled (A, B, L, M); 1 cm when not labeled (C–K, N).
Complexity character scores for fossil and extant vascular plant reproductive structures
<p>Morphological diversity and complexity are notable features of multicellular life, although whether they evolve gradually or in early bursts is unclear. Vascular plant reproductive structures, such as flowers, are familiar examples of complicated morphology, and here we analyze changes in complexity over time using a simple approach based on the number of part types. We find that reproductive complexity increased in two pulses separated by nearly 250 million years of stasis, including an initial Devonian rise with the radiation of vascular plants and a dramatic Late Cretaceous increase reflecting flowering plant diversification. These pulses are associated with innovations that increased functional diversity, suggesting that shifts in complexity are linked to changes in function, regardless of whether they occur early or late in the history of vascular plants.</p>
Data from: Accounting for uncertainty in the evolutionary timescale of green plants through clock-partitioning and fossil calibration strategies
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Complexity character scores for fossil and extant vascular plant reproductive structures
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Spore size data for free-sporing extant and fossil plants
<p>The evolution of different spore size classes, or heterospory, is a fundamental reproductive innovation in land plants. The appearance of heterospory is particularly notable during the Devonian, when most known origins of the trait occur. Here we provide a perspective on the evolution of heterospory during this time interval, particularly from the late Early Devonian through the Middle Devonian (Emsian to Givetian stages; 408-383 Ma), which shows an unusually high concentration of heterospory origins. We use theoretical considerations and compilations of fossil and extant spore sizes to suggest that the basic features of most heterosporous lineages, large spores and gametophytes that mature within the spore wall, are difficult to evolve in combination because large spores disperse poorly but small spores cannot support a functional gametophyte developing within their walls; evolving spores between 100-200 microns in diameter appears to represent a particularly important barrier for the evolution of heterospory. We then discuss why this barrier may have been lower in the Devonian, noting that the appearance and spread of heterospory is coincident with the emergence of peat accumulating wetland habitats. We suggest that more widespread wetland habitats would have generally lowered barriers to the evolution of heterospory by reducing dispersal limitation in larger spores. Ultimately, we suggest that the initial evolution of heterospory may be explained by major changes in sedimentology, thought to have been driven by plant evolution itself, that increased the diversity of terrestrial depositional environments and led to a greater number of habitats where large spores could be successful.</p>
Fossil plant (Calamites) and azurite
**Ejemplar:** *Calamites* sp. with azurite mineral **Edad:** fácies Bundsandstein, Anisiense (Triásico Media) **Descripción:**molde interno corservado en arenisca con óxidos de hierro y preservación de estrías longitudinales del tallo. En la misma matris de arenisca blanca hay una zona con microcristales de azurita y en menor proporción cristales de malaquita **Sigla museo, colección y entidad:** MGM **Localidad:** Villamarchante (Valencia) **Técnica digitalización/modelo: **fotogrametría con Metashape, calidad alta, 104 fotografías **Autor fotografía y procesado:** Jose A. Villena **Donación: **Anna G. Forner Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Spore size data for free-sporing extant and fossil plants
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FIGURE 1 in Last interglacial environment of the Baikal Region (Southern Siberia, Russia) based on analysis of fossil invertebrates and plants
FIGURE 1. Map of the studied area.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.