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Figure 1 in The balanced life: evolution of ventral shell weighting in gastropods

Figure 1. Examples of Recent gastropods with a ventral callus. All specimens are in the Vermeij collection. A, Monetarla caputserpentis Linnaeus, 1758 (Cypraeidae), reef off Nchesar, Babeldaob, Palau, collected 5 September 1975; cypraeiform callus. B, Cypraecassis testiculus Linnaeus, 1758 (Cassidae), grassbeds, Isla Galeta, Atlantic Panama, collected 12 April 1975; cassiform callus. C, Vasum rhinoceros Gmelin, 1791 (Vasidae), in grassbeds, Klkambala, Kenya, collected June 1972; modified cassiform callus. D, Gutturnium muriclnum Roding, 1798 (Cymatlidae), at depth of 4 m lying on its dorsal side, northeast coast of Urukthape1, Palau, collected 19 June 1984 by Roy K. Kropp; modified cassiform callus. E, Polinices mammilla Linnaeus, 1758 (Naticidae), Cocotiers beach, Nosy-Be, Madagascar, collected 29 June 1972; pseudoliviform callus. F, Phrontis luteostoma Broderip & Sowerby, 1829 (Nassariidae), Playa Venado, Pacific Panama, collected 28 August 1969; cassiform callus. G, Ministrombus variabilis Swainson, 1820 (Strombldae), depth of 12 m, Malakal, Palau, collected 9 July 1984 by Roy K. Kropp; modified cassiform callus. H, Nassarius pullus Linnaeus, 1758 (Nassariidae), grassbed, Taneti Island, Maluku, Indonesia, collected 12 July 1979; cassiform callus. I, Linnerita polita Linnaeus, 1758 (Neritidae), Tagachan Point, Guam, collected 26 May 1981; modified cassiform callus. Scale bar: 1 cm.

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Figure 2 in The potential for using shell proteins in gastropod systematics, assessed in patellogastropod limpets

Figure 2. PCA analysis of the ratio of the numbers of peptide spectrum matches in individual proteins to the number in B3A0P1. The x and y axes show principal component 2 and principal component 3 that respectively explain 11% and 8.1% of the total variance. PCA1 (not graphed) explains 46.81% of the variation. Prediction curves are drawn so that with probability 0.95, a new observation from the same group will fall inside the ellipse. The legend identifications are: Lm: Lottia cf. mixta; Np: Notoacmea petterdi; Nsp: Notoacmea sp.; Pl: Patelloida latistrigata; Pm: Patelloida mimula; Sc: Scutellastra chapmani; Sp: Scutellastra peronii; Ct: Cellana tramoserica; and Sd: Siphonaria diemenensis.

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Figure 3 in The potential for using shell proteins in gastropod systematics, assessed in patellogastropod limpets

Figure 3. Peptide profiles from abundant Lottia gigantea proteins. Red-coloured cells signify peptide absence, green presence, light green that the peptide is absent from one specimen of the species and yellow that it is absent from two specimens. Taxa are identified as follows: Sd: Siphonaria diemenensis; Ct: Cellana tramoserica; Lm: Lottia cf. mixta; Np; Notoacmea petterdi; Ns: Notoacmea sp.; Pl: Patelloida latistrigata; Pm: Patelloida mimula; Sc: Scutellastra chapmani; and Sp: Scutellastra peronii.

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Figure 1 in The potential for using shell proteins in gastropod systematics, assessed in patellogastropod limpets

Figure 1. The phylogenetic relationships of gastropod peroxidases. Sequences from Lottia gigantea ("Lgig" prefix) and Patelloida mimula ("Pmim" prefix) are in bold font. Sequences from other species are identified by the following prefixes: Aplysia californica, Acal; Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818), Bgla; Cepaea nemoralis, Cnem; Elysia chlorotica Gould, 1870, Echlo; Haliotis discus Reeve, 1846, Hdis; Lymnaea stagnalis, Lsta; Pomacea canaliculata, Pcan; Reishia bronni (Dunker, 1860), Rbro. Bootstrap values over 70 are shown above branches. Proteins known to be associated with the shell proteome, or suggested here to be possibly so, are indicated by shaded boxes, the lighter shade indicating a possible association. Branches shown with thicker lines are seen in both the overall and Gblocks filtered aligments and those with thinner lines only in the overall alignment. Clades composed of members of a single principal gastropod group are identified as follows: Patelloida, P; Vetigastropoda, V; Caenogastropoda, C; and Heterobranchia, H. For spacing reasons, two such designations are indicated by vertical bars to the right of sequence identifications. The large clade, marked by an asterisk, with low support, and the two small clades with members from multiple gastropod groups, marked by a cross, are discussed in the text.

Fig. 7 in Ecomorphology of a generalist freshwater gastropod: complex relations of shell morphology, habitat, and fecundity

Fig. 7 Variation in shell shape (a) and size (b) between water body types. notches extend to ± 1.58 times the IQR divided by the root squared The boxplots show the median (middle line), quartiles (boxes), 1.5 times number of observations, overlapping notches being strong evidence that the interquartile range (IQR) (whiskers), extreme values (dots). The the two medians do not differ (Chambers et al. 1983)

Fig. 5 in Ecomorphology of a generalist freshwater gastropod: complex relations of shell morphology, habitat, and fecundity

Fig. 5 Distribution of genetic clusters based on single nucleotide polymorphism markers. Lines indicate color ranges of clusters; lines representing clusters 5, 7, and 15 point at specific sites. Clusters 8, 9, and 10 were widespread across the northwest of the South island and therefore were not mapped

Fig. 1 in Ecomorphology of a generalist freshwater gastropod: complex relations of shell morphology, habitat, and fecundity

Fig. 1 Landmarks (LM) used in geometric morphometric analyses: apex (LM1); intersection of sutures with the shell outline (LMs 2–7); most external right (LM8) and left (LM9) points of the body whorl; highest (LM10), lowest (LM13), most external left (LM12) and right (LM11) point of the aperture; dotted auxiliary lines indicate how landmarks 14– 18 were placed

Fig. 4 in Ecomorphology of a generalist freshwater gastropod: complex relations of shell morphology, habitat, and fecundity

Fig. 4 Discriminant analysis of principal components of the 16 clusters detected by K-means clustering based on single nucleotide polymorphism data. Ellipses represent inertia ellipses

Fig. 3 in Ecomorphology of a generalist freshwater gastropod: complex relations of shell morphology, habitat, and fecundity

Fig. 3 Distribution of cytochrome b haplotypes for sexual (a) and asexual (b) individuals. Sizes of circles and segments are proportional to the number of individuals (up to 20 per site) per haplotype

Water body type Fig. 7 in Ecomorphology of a generalist freshwater gastropod: complex relations of shell morphology, habitat, and fecundity

Water body type Fig. 7 Variation in shell shape (a) and size (b) between water body types. notches extend to ± 1.58 times the IQR divided by the root squared The boxplots show the median (middle line), quartiles (boxes), 1.5 times number of observations, overlapping notches being strong evidence that the interquartile range (IQR) (whiskers), extreme values (dots). The the two medians do not differ (Chambers et al. 1983)

Fig. 6 in Ecomorphology of a generalist freshwater gastropod: complex relations of shell morphology, habitat, and fecundity

Fig. 6 Wireframe representations of the variation in shape (increased ten times) along PC1. The gray wireframes represent the mean shape observed across all sampled individuals; the black wireframes represent the most extreme shapes, with narrow morphs (a) for negative PC1 values and globular morphs (b) for positive PC1 values

Fig. 2 Median joining network for the seven cytochrome b in Ecomorphology of a generalist freshwater gastropod: complex relations of shell morphology, habitat, and fecundity

Fig. 2 Median joining network for the seven cytochrome b haplotypes found in 979 New Zealand Potamopyrgus antipodarum and sampling sites. Each branch represents a single nucleotide substitution and short transversal lines as well as small black circles unsampled haplotypes. Size of circles is proportional to number of individuals per haplotype

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Supplementary material 2 from: Hayashi M, Sugiura S (2021) Shell-breaking predation on gastropods by Badister pictus (Coleoptera, Carabidae) with strikingly asymmetric mandibles. In: Spence J, Casale A, Assmann T, Liebherr JК, Penev L (Eds) Systematic Zoology and Biodiversity Science: A tribute to Terry Erwin (1940-2020). ZooKeys 1044: 815-830. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.62293

Table S1. Results of a generalized linear mixed model for effects of shell size, operculum presence, and the interaction on predation by Badister pictus.

opennotspecifiedOct 2018View details →

Figure 1. Study sites. A in The Picture of Dorian Gray: shell corrosion allows freshwater and brackish-water gastropods to masquerade as empty shells

Figure 1. Study sites. A, Nagai Park; B, Tsurumi-ryokuchi Park; C, estuaries of Yodo and Kanzaki Rivers; D, estuary of Onozato River; E, tidal mud flats on Awaji Island.

opennotspecifiedOct 2018View details →

Figure 2 in The Picture of Dorian Gray: shell corrosion allows freshwater and brackish-water gastropods to masquerade as empty shells

Figure 2. Shell corrosion in freshwater and brackish-water gastropods. (a) Semisulcospira reiniana; (b) Sinotaia quadrata histrica; (c) Batillaria multiformis; and (d) Clithon retropictus. Scale bars: 10 mm.

FIG. 6 in Convergent colonial organization and reproductive function in two bryozoan species epizoic on gastropod shells

FIG. 6. Alcyonidium nodosum. Diagrammatic reconstruction of a mammilla showing male zooids surrounded by female zooids; thickness and substance of colony arbitrary. Arrows indicate suggested directions and strengths of water ¯ows.

FIG. 5. Hippoporidra dictyota n in Convergent colonial organization and reproductive function in two bryozoan species epizoic on gastropod shells

FIG. 5. Hippoporidra dictyota n. sp. (A) Reconstruction of a mammilla in vertical section, showing three male zooids, surrounded by non-mammilla autozooids; arrows indicate presumed directions and magnitude of ¯ow (see text). (B) Lophophore of nonmammilla autozooid in ventral (left) and side (right) views. (C) Lophophore of male zooid in ventral (left) and side (right) views. V, ventral, D, dorsal.

FIG. 4. Hippoporidra dictyota n in Convergent colonial organization and reproductive function in two bryozoan species epizoic on gastropod shells

FIG. 4. Hippoporidra dictyota n. sp. Opercula and avicularian mandibles. (A) Operculum of non-mammilla (presumed female) zooid. (B) Operculum of mammilla (presumed male) zooid. (C, D) Mandibles of adventitious avicularia. (E, F) Mandibles of vicarious avicularia. Specimen from Black Rocks, Beaufort, North Carolina.

FIG. 3. Hippoporidra dictyota n in Convergent colonial organization and reproductive function in two bryozoan species epizoic on gastropod shells

FIG. 3. Hippoporidra dictyota n. sp., scanning electron micrographs, paratype specimen (USNM: 21601). (A) Portion of surface, scale bar 5 1 mm. (B) A mammilla, with male zooids and avicularia, scale bar 100 mm. (C) Ori®ce of male zooid and vicarious avicularium, scale bar 100 mm. (D) Ori®ce of female zooid, scale bar 100 mm. (E) Ovicells and vicarious avicularia (scale as D). adv, adventitious avicularium; or, ori®ce; ov, ovicell; vic, vicarious avicularium.