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562 results for “genetic divergences”
Figure 4 in Morphological, vocal and genetic divergence in the Cettia acanthizoides complex (Aves: Cettiidae)
Figure 4. One song strophe of Cettia a. acanthizoides, Sichuan, China, May; tape recording by Per Alström.
Figure 13 in Morphological, vocal and genetic divergence in the Cettia acanthizoides complex (Aves: Cettiidae)
Figure 13. Calls of Cettia a. acanthizoides (A: Shaanxi, China; B: Sichuan, China), Cettia a. concolor (C: Taiwan), and C. brunnescens (D: West Bengal, India). All tape recordings are by Per Alström, except for (C), which is from Liu (1995).
Figure 1 in Morphological, vocal and genetic divergence in the Cettia acanthizoides complex (Aves: Cettiidae)
Figure 1. Point map and extrapolated distributional ranges of the taxa in the Cettia acanthizoides complex. One-letter abbreviations indicate specimen localities, either studied by us or reported by museums and/or in the literature (Ludlow & Kinnear, 1944; Vaurie, 1972; Cheng, 1987; Inskipp & Inskipp, 1991; Wang et al., 1991; Rasmussen & Anderton, 2005; Spierenburg, 2005). See text for specimen locality marked 'b?'.
Data and code for: Plastic and quantitative genetic divergence mirror environmental gradients among wild, fragmented populations of Impatiens capensis
<p><strong>Premise of the study:</strong> Habitat fragmentation generates molecular genetic divergence among isolated populations but few studies have assessed phenotypic divergence and fitness in populations where the genetic consequences of habitat fragmentation are known. Phenotypic divergence could reflect plasticity, local adaptation, and/or genetic drift.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> We examined patterns and potential drivers of phenotypic divergence among 12 populations of jewelweed (<em>Impatiens capensis </em>Meerb.) that show strong molecular genetic signals of isolation and drift among fragmented habitats. We measured morphological and reproductive traits in both maternal plants within natural populations and their self-fertilized progeny grown together in a common garden. We also quantified environmental divergence between home sites and the common garden.</p> <p><strong>Key results: </strong>Populations with less molecular genetic variation expressed less maternal phenotypic variation. Progeny in the common garden converged in phenotypes relative to their wild mothers but retained among-population differences in morphology, survival, and reproduction. Among-population phenotypic variance was 3-10x greater in home sites than in the common garden for 6 of 7 morphological traits measured. Patterns of phenotypic divergence paralleled environmental gradients in ways suggestive of adaptation. Progeny resembled their mothers less as the environmental distance between their home site and the common garden increased.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite strong molecular signatures of isolation and drift, phenotypic differences among these <em>Impatiens </em>populations appear to reflect both adaptive quantitative genetic divergence and plasticity. Quantifying the extent of local adaptation and plasticity and how these covary with molecular and phenotypic variation help us predict when populations may lose their adaptive capacity. </p>
Deep ecomorphological and genetic divergence in Steller's Jays (Cyanocitta stelleri, Aves: Corvidae)
<p>The relationship between ecology and morphology is a cornerstone of evolutionary biology, and quantifying variation across environments can shed light on processes that give rise to biodiversity. Three morphotypes of the Steller’s Jay (<em>Cyanocitta stelleri</em>) occupy different ecoregions in western North America that vary in climate and landcover. These morphotypes (Coastal, Interior, Rocky Mountain) differ in size, plumage coloration, and head pattern. We sampled 1,080 Steller’s Jays from 68 populations (plus 11 outgroups) to address three main questions using data on morphology, plumage, genetics (mtDNA, microsatellites), and ecological niches: (1) How do phenotypic and genetic traits vary within and among populations, morphotypes, and ecoregions? (2) How do population-level differences in Steller’s Jays compare to other sister species pairs of North American birds? (3) What can we infer about the population history of Steller’s Jays in relation to past climates, paleoecology, and niche evolution? We found substantial morphological, genetic, and ecological differentiation among morphotypes. The greatest genetic divergence separated Coastal and Interior morphotypes from the Rocky Mountain morphotype, which was associated with warmer, drier, and more open habitats. Microsatellites revealed additional structure between Coastal and Interior groups. The deep mtDNA split between Coastal/Interior and Rocky Mountain lineages of Steller’s Jay (ND2 ~7.8%) is older than most North American avian sister species and dates to approximately 4.3 mya. Interior and Rocky Mountain morphotypes contact across a narrow zone with steep clines in traits and reduced gene flow. The distribution of the three morphotypes coincides with divergent varieties of ponderosa pine and Douglas fir. Species distribution models support multiple glacial refugia for Steller’s Jays. Our integrative dataset combined with extensive geographic sampling provides compelling evidence for recognizing at least two species of Steller’s Jay.</p>
Whole genome demographic models indicate divergent effective population size histories shape contemporary genetic diversity gradients in a montane bumble bee
<p>Understanding historical range shifts and population size variation provides important context for interpreting contemporary genetic diversity. Methods to predict changes in species distributions and model changes in effective population size (N<sub>e</sub>) using whole genomes make it feasible to examine how temporal dynamics influence diversity across populations. We investigate N<sub>e</sub> variation and climate-associated range shifts to examine the origins of a previously observed latitudinal heterozygosity gradient in the bumble bee <em>Bombus</em> <em>vancouverensis</em> Cresson (Hymenoptera: Apidae: <em>Bombus</em> Latreille) in western North America. We analyze whole genomes from a latitude-elevation cline using sequentially Markovian coalescent models of N<sub>e</sub> through time to test whether relatively low diversity in southern high-elevation populations is a result of long-term differences in N<sub>e</sub>. We use Maxent models of the species range over the last 130,000 years to evaluate range shifts and stability. N<sub>e</sub> fluctuates with climate across populations, but more genetically diverse northern populations have maintained greater Ne over the late Pleistocene and experienced larger expansions with climatically favorable time periods. Northern populations also experienced larger bottlenecks during the last glacial period which matched the loss of range area near these sites, however, bottlenecks were not sufficient to erode diversity maintained during periods of large N<sub>e</sub>. A genome sampled from an island population indicated a severe postglacial bottleneck, indicating that large recent post-glacial declines are detectable if they have occurred. Genetic diversity was not related to niche stability or glacial-period bottleneck size. Instead, spatial expansions and increased connectivity during favorable climates likely maintain diversity in the north while restriction to high elevations maintains relatively low diversity despite greater stability in southern regions. Results suggest genetic diversity gradients reflect long-term differences in N<sub>e</sub> dynamics and also emphasize the unique effects of isolation on insular habitats for bumble bees. Patterns are discussed in the context of conservation under climate change.</p>
Fig. 2 in A coalescent-based estimator of genetic drift, and acoustic divergence in the Pteronotus parnellii species complex
Fig. 2 Echolocation call frequency by island by sex and its relation to mass on the call frequency (F(1, 49) = 0.435, P value = 0.512). The body dimensions. a Boxplots of echolocation frequency (summarizing 95% HPD of population differences in means for body mass was 10 calls/individual). Bayesian 95% high-probability density (HPD) of 0.89–2.29 g. c Call frequency as a function of forearm length. Anathe difference in call frequency means between Puerto Rico and Hislyses of covariance support little influence of forearm length on the call paniola was 5.2–6.0 kHz. b Call frequency as a function of body mass. frequency (F(1, 52) = 2.851, P value = 0.097). The 95% HPD of Analyses of covariance support very different call frequency for island population differences in means for forearm lengths was −1.82, groups (F(1, 49) = 704.260, P value = 0.000), but no influence of body 0.422 mm
Fig. 1 Results from IMa2 in A coalescent-based estimator of genetic drift, and acoustic divergence in the Pteronotus parnellii species complex
Fig. 1 Results from IMa2 analyses of Pteronotus parnellii s.l. populations. a Joint posterior density of Ne estimates for island populations. b Divergence time estimates between Puerto Rican and Hispaniolan populations in thousands of years (Ka)
Fig. 3 in A coalescent-based estimator of genetic drift, and acoustic divergence in the Pteronotus parnellii species complex
Fig. 3 Densities of Bayesian posteriors for FST based on betweenpopulation migration rates, and PST for relevant phenotypic variables (Brommer et al. 2014). The lines show the 95th percentile for the corresponding FST, and the 5% percentile for the PST. The overlap between PST body mass and FST Hispaniola was 0.023, for FST Puerto Rico it was 0.084; between PST call frequency and FST Hispaniola was <0.001, for FST Puerto Rico it was 0.003; and between PST forearm length and FST Hispaniola was 0.049, for FST Puerto Rico it was 0.125
What Darwin couldn't see: Island formation and historical sea levels shape genetic divergence and island biogeography in a coastal marine species
<p>Oceanic islands play a central role in the study of evolution and island biogeography. The Galapagos Islands are one of the most studied oceanic archipelagos but research has almost exclusively focused on terrestrial organisms compared to marine species. Here we used the Galapagos bullhead shark (<em>Heterodontus quoyi</em>) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to examine evolutionary processes and their consequences for genetic divergence and island biogeography in a shallow-water marine species without larval dispersal. The sequential separation of individual islands from a central island cluster gradually established different ocean depths between islands that pose barriers to dispersal in <em>H. quoyi</em>. Isolation-by-resistance analysis suggested that ocean bathymetry and historical sea level fluctuations modified genetic connectivity. These processes resulted in at least three genetic clusters that exhibit low genetic diversity and effective population sizes that scale with island size and the level of geographic isolation. Our results exemplify that island formation and climatic cycles shape genetic divergence and biogeography of coastal marine organisms with limited dispersal comparable to terrestrial taxa. Because similar scenarios exist in oceanic islands around the globe our research provides a new perspective on marine evolution and biogeography with implications for the conservation of island biodiversity.</p>
The ash dieback invasion of Europe was founded by two genetically divergent individuals (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0548-9)
<p>Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, genome, annotation and genetic diversity data used in analysis of the ash dieback invasion of Europe (McMullan et al., 2018; see README.txt)</p> <p>McMullan M, Rafiqi M, Kaithakottil G, Clavijo BJ, Bilham L, Orton E, et al. The ash dieback invasion of Europe was founded by two genetically divergent individuals. Nat Ecol Evol. 2018; Available from: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-018-0548-9</p>
Data and code for: Plastic and quantitative genetic divergence mirror environmental gradients among wild, fragmented populations of Impatiens capensis
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Data from: The city and forest bird flock together in a common garden: Genetic and environmental effects drive urban phenotypic divergence
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Gene expression plasticity, genetic variation and fatty acid remodelling in divergent populations of a tropical bivalve species: lipid profiles
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A lack of genetic diversity and minimal adaptive evolutionary divergence in introduced Mysis shrimp after 50 years
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Habitat-linked genetic variation supports microgeographic adaptive divergence in an island-endemic bird species
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Whole genome demographic models indicate divergent effective population size histories shape contemporary genetic diversity gradients in a montane bumble bee
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What Darwin couldn't see: Island formation and historical sea levels shape genetic divergence and island biogeography in a coastal marine species
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Genetic parallelism underlying repeated bill divergence in Island Scrub-Jays (<em>Aphelocoma insularis</em>) increases at higher genetic levels of organization
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Data from: Extreme seascape drives local recruitment and genetic divergence in brooding and spawning corals in remote northwest Australia
Management strategies designed to conserve coral reefs threatened by climate change need to incorporate knowledge of the spatial distribution of inter- and intra-specific genetic diversity. We characterised patterns of genetic diversity and connectivity using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two reef-building corals to explore the eco-evolutionary processes that sustain populations in northwest Australia. Our sampling focused on the unique reefs of the Kimberley; we collected the broadcast spawning coral Acropora aspera (n = 534) and the brooding coral Isopora brueggemanni (n = 612) across inter-archipelago (tens to hundreds of kilometres), inter-reef (kilometres to tens of kilometres) and within-reef (tens of metres to a few kilometres) scales. Initial analysis of A. aspera identified four highly divergent lineages that were co-occurring but morphologically similar. Subsequent population analyses focused on the most abundant and widespread lineage, Acropora asp-c. Although the overall level of geographic subdivision was greater in the brooder than in the spawner, fundamental similarities in patterns of genetic structure were evident. Most notably, limits to gene flow were observed at scales less than 35 kilometres. Further, we observed four discrete clusters and a semi-permeable barrier to dispersal that were geographically consistent between species. Finally, sites experiencing bigger tides were more connected to the metapopulation and had greater gene diversity than those experiencing smaller tides. Our data indicate that the inshore reefs of the Kimberley are genetically isolated from neighbouring oceanic bioregions, but occasional dispersal between inshore archipelagos is important for the redistribution of evolutionarily important genetic diversity. Additionally, these results suggest that networks of marine reserves that effectively protect reefs from local pressures should be spaced within a few tens of kilometres to conserve the existing patterns of demographic and genetic connectivity.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.