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FIG. 9 in New Fossil Giant Panda Relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): A Basal Lineage of Gigantic Mio-Pliocene Cursorial Carnivores

FIG. 9. Skulls (crushed) of Huracan coffeyi. A1–3. AMNH F:AM 76006; B. AMNH F:AM 76015; C. AMNH F:AM 76005; D. AMNH F:AM 30399.

FIG. 7. Lower p4–m2 in New Fossil Giant Panda Relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): A Basal Lineage of Gigantic Mio-Pliocene Cursorial Carnivores

FIG. 7. Lower p4–m2 or m3 of Huracan and related taxa. A. Huracan schneideri: A1. IGM 6413 (cast), Rancho Viejo Beds; A2. UF 47482, Upper Bone Valley; A3. UF 53977, Upper Bone Valley; A4. UF 21226 (reversed), Upper Bone Valley, not all associated. B. Huracan coffeyi: B1. AMNH F:AM 146483; B2. AMNH F:AM 76013; B3. AMNH F:AM 146493; B4. AMNH F:AM 76023; B5. AMNH F:AM 146571; B6. AMNH F:AM 146488 (reversed); B7. AMNH F:AM 76021 (reversed); B8. AMNH F:AM 146481 (reversed); B9. AMNH F:AM 146490; B10. AMNH F:AM 76033 (reversed); B11. AMNH F:AM 146500; B12. AMNH F:AM 76031, not all associated. C. Indarctos cf. I. atticus: AMNH F:AM 22332, Baode. D. Agriotherium hendeyi: AMNH F:AM 76000, Quiburis Formation. E. Agriotherium africanum, Langebaanweg: E1. AMNH FM 105140 (cast of PQ-L45114, reversed); E2. AMNH FM 105148 (cast of PQ-L 50006); E3. AMNH FM 105149 (cast of PQ-L50007, reversed); E4. PQ-L 50446 (reversed); E5. PQ-L 50004, all not associated. F. Agriotherium palaeindicum: IVPP V 18411 (reversed), Xiaoxian. G. Plithocyon teilhardi: AMNH FM 26594, Tunggur Formation. Each letter represents one species and each number represents one individual.

FIG. 6. Upper P4–M2 in New Fossil Giant Panda Relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): A Basal Lineage of Gigantic Mio-Pliocene Cursorial Carnivores

FIG. 6. Upper P4–M2 of Huracan and related taxa. A. Huracan qiui, HMV 2005, Wangjiashan. B. Huracan coffeyi, B1. AMNH F:AM 76006 (reversed), Quiburis Formation; B2. AMNH F:AM 145923 (reversed), Quiburis Formation; B3. AMNH F:AM 49372, Big Sandy Formation. C. Huracan roblesi (IVPP uncatalogued cast), Venta del Moro. D. Agriotherium africanum, Langebaanweg, D1. AMNH FM 105141 (cast of PQ-L 47137, reversed); D2. AMNH FM 105141 (cast of PQ-L 41404, reversed). E. Huracan schneideri, E1. IGM 6668 (cast), Rancho Viejo Beds; E2. UF 133944 (reversed); E3. UF 21227 (reversed); E4. UF 203158 (reversed); E5. UF 206887 (reversed), not all associated. F. Indarctos atticus, F1. IVPP FV 2107 (cast), Samos; F2. IVPP V 6893.10–12, Lufeng. G. Plithocyon teilhardi, AMNH FM 26594, Tunggur Formation. Each letter represents one species and each number represents one individual.

FIG. 24 in New Fossil Giant Panda Relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): A Basal Lineage of Gigantic Mio-Pliocene Cursorial Carnivores

FIG. 24. Reconstructions of Huracan. Left Huracan qiui, and right Huracan coffeyi. Artwork by Qigao Jiangzuo.

FIG. 8 in New Fossil Giant Panda Relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): A Basal Lineage of Gigantic Mio-Pliocene Cursorial Carnivores

FIG. 8. Cranium of Huracan coffeyi, AMNH F:AM 49372, in A. dorsal; B. ventral; and C. lateral views.

FIG. 5 in New Fossil Giant Panda Relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): A Basal Lineage of Gigantic Mio-Pliocene Cursorial Carnivores

FIG. 5. Holotype specimen of Huracan schneideri, USNM 8838, in A. lateral; B. medial; and C. dorsal views.

FIG. 3 in New Fossil Giant Panda Relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): A Basal Lineage of Gigantic Mio-Pliocene Cursorial Carnivores

FIG. 3. Dental measurements of bears: L, length, W, width, AW, anterior width across paracone or trigonid, PW, posterior width across metacone or talonid, IL, inner lobe width, TL, talon/talonid length, TW, talonid width.

FIG. 1 in New Fossil Giant Panda Relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): A Basal Lineage of Gigantic Mio-Pliocene Cursorial Carnivores

FIG. 1. Map of localities with specimens assignable to species of Huracan. Huracan coffeyi, Hh3, stars: 1. Coso Formation; 2. Hay Ranch Formation; 3. Big Sandy Formation; 4. Quiburis Formation, 5. Ogallala Formation; 6. Snake Creek Formation. Huracan schneideri, Hh4, squares: 7. Eden Formation; 8. Bone Valley Formation; 9. Yepomera; 10. Rinconada; 11. Tehuichila. Huracan cf. H. schneideri, Blancan NALMA, diamonds: 12. Glenns Ferry Formation; 13. Ringold Formation. Huracan qiui, Baodean ALMA, triangle: 14. Wangjiashan. Huracan roblesi, MN13, white circle: 15. Venta del Moro.?"Huracan" punjabiensis, Dhok Pathan, black circle: 16. Hasnot.

Fig. 4 in Gigantic Anemone Species in the Deep 'Churaumi'- Description of a New Species of the Genus Telmatactis (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria: Metridioidea), Telmatactis profundigigantica sp. nov.

Fig. 4. Cnidom of Telmatactis profundigigantica sp. nov. A–D, Acrosphere: A, spirocyst; B, C, small and large types of basitrichs; D, microbasic p-mastigophore. E–G, Tentacle axis: E, spirocyst; F, basitrichs; G, microbasic p-mastigophore. H–K, Actinopharynx: H, spirocyst; I, basitrichs; J–K, two small and large of microbasic p- mastigophores. L, M, Small and large types of basitrichs of column. N, O, Filament: N, basitrich; O, microbasic p-mastigophore. P, Q, Acontia: P, basitrich; Q, microbasic p-mastigophore. R, S, Limbus: R, basitrich; S, microbasic p-mastigophore.

Fig. 3 in Gigantic Anemone Species in the Deep 'Churaumi'- Description of a New Species of the Genus Telmatactis (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria: Metridioidea), Telmatactis profundigigantica sp. nov.

Fig. 3. Internal anatomy (histological sections) of the holotype of Telmatactis profundigigantica sp. nov. A, Longitudinal section of a tentacle with acrosphere of T. profundigigantica sp. nov.; B, transversal section of tentacle axis; C, enlarged view of longitudinal section of acrosphere; D, enlarged view of transversal section of tentacle axis; E, enlarged view of longitudinal section of tentacle axis; F, transversal section of a perfect mesentery and acontia; G, enlarged view of oocytes; H, transversal section of a parietal muscle. Bold scale bars indicate 1 mm and narrow bar 0.1 mm. Abbreviations: Acr, acrosphere; Fi, filament; Me, mesoglea; Oo, oocyte; Pm, parietal muscle; Rm, retractor muscle; Te, tentacle; Tlm, tentacle longitudinal muscle.

Fig. 1 in Gigantic Anemone Species in the Deep 'Churaumi'- Description of a New Species of the Genus Telmatactis (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria: Metridioidea), Telmatactis profundigigantica sp. nov.

Fig. 1. Sampling locality of Telmatactis profundigigantica sp. nov. Holotype (NSMT-Co 1820) and paratype (CMNH-ZG 10156) of T. profundigigantica sp. nov. were collected from off Ishigaki Island (A). Living images were acquired in situ off Okinawa and Ie Island (B, C).

Fig. 5 in Gigantic Anemone Species in the Deep 'Churaumi'- Description of a New Species of the Genus Telmatactis (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Actiniaria: Metridioidea), Telmatactis profundigigantica sp. nov.

Fig. 5. Living images of Telmatactis profundigigantica sp. nov. in situ. A, A polyp adhering to a rock; B, a polyp buried in sponge. In both pictures, many shrimps of Plesionika sp. are observed around the anemones (arrows). Dates and Localities: A, [polyp no. 1], 19 September 2017, northeast off Ie island, Okinawa Pref.; B, [polyp no. 2], 7 January 2019, off Motobu-cho Town, Okinawa Island.profundigigantica.

opencc-byJun 2021View details →

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Bivalvo gigante Tridacna gigas

**Ejemplar:** *Tridacna gigas* **Órden**: Veneroida **Familia:** Bivalvia **Localidad:** Océano Índico **Descripción:** se trata de un ejemplar completo con las dos valvas con una longitud máxima de 43 cm y 26 cm de anchura por 25 cm. de altura. De ambiente arrecifales viven junto a corales en aguas cálidas poco profundas y en simbiosis con algas zooxantelas **Sigla museo, colección y entidad:** MUVHN, Colección CCNN Padre Ignacio Sala S.J. (Jesuitas) del Museo de la Universitat de Valencia de Historia Natural **Técnica digitalización / modelo**: escaneado superficial, escáner 3D Einscan Pro (luz estructurada) **Software empleado**: einscan Pro v3.1.0.2 **Parámetros software:** modo manual sin plataforma giratoria, calidad media **Archivo 3D:** Obj 100´3 Mb , textura JPG 4´7 Mb **Autor digitalización:** Jose A. Villena **Cita ejemplar:** modelo 3D colección "Padre Ignacio Sala S.J." del Museo de la Universitat de Valencia de Historia Natural Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab

opencc-zeroOct 2023View details →

Gigantic animal cells suggest organellar scaling mechanisms across a 50-fold range in cell volume

Across the tree of life, cell size varies by orders of magnitude, and organelles scale to maintain cell function. Depending on their shape, organelles can scale by increasing volume, length, or number. Scaling may also reflect demands placed on organelles by increased cell size. The 8,653 species of amphibians exhibit diverse cell sizes, providing a powerful system to investigate organellar scaling. Using transmission electron microscopy and stereology, we analyzed three frog and salamander species whose enterocyte cell volumes range from 228 to 10,593 μm3. We show that the nucleus increases in radius while the mitochondria increase in total network length; the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, with their complex shapes, are intermediate. Notably, all four organelles increase in volume proportionate to cell volume. This pattern suggests that protein concentrations are the same across amphibian species that differ 50-fold in cell size, and that organellar building blocks are incorporated into more or larger organelles following the same "rules" across cell sizes, despite variation in metabolic and transport demands. This conclusion contradicts results from experimental cell size increases, which produce severe proteome dilution. We hypothesize that salamanders have evolved the biosynthetic capacity to maintain a functional proteome despite a huge cell volume.

opencc-zeroJan 2022View details →

Island biogeography predicts skull gigantism and shape variation in meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus) through ecological release and allometry

Island Rule describes the graded trend of gigantism in small-bodied species to dwarfism in large-bodied species inhabiting islands, but causal explanations remain unresolved. We used geometric morphometrics to quantify cranial morphology of 544 meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) samples across 11 island and 3 mainland populations from the Outer Lands of New England (Atlantic) and the Alexander Archipelago of Alaska (Pacific). We compared the thermoregulation and endurance (TRE) and ecological release (ER) hypotheses using all-subsets linear models employing residual randomization permutation procedures (rrpp), and Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) for model selection. We decoupled direct and indirect effects of island variables on size using path analysis. We evaluated shape with Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Procrustes ANOVA on Procrustes shape coordinates, then assessed the impact of static allometry and TRE and ER variables on shape. Six Atlantic island populations exhibit significant signals of gigantism with the largest voles occurring on the smallest islands lacking predators. ER explains 63% of cranial size differences. Island area has a significant total effect on size by influencing the number of mammalian predators, resulting in a 0.011 increase in unit centroid size for a 100 km2 decrease in island area. This corresponds to a predicted 0.9% change in size for every 100 km2. Given static allometry, cranial shape does not respond to insularity independent of size. These results suggest that Island Rule is a latent evolutionary process whose manifestation depends on nuanced biogeographic and ecological contexts that have important conservation and taxonomic implications.

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

Gigantic genomes of salamanders indicate body temperature, not genome size, is the driver of global methylation and 5-methylcytosine deamination in vertebrates

Transposable elements (TEs) are sequences that replicate and move throughout genomes, and they can be silenced through methylation of cytosines at CpG dinucelotides. TE abundance contributes to genome size, but TE silencing variation across genomes of different sizes remains underexplored. Salamanders include most of the largest C-values -- 9 to 120 Gb. We measured CpG methylation levels in salamanders with genomes ranging from 2N = ~58 Gb to 4N = ~116 Gb. We compared these levels to results from endo- and ectothermic vertebrates with more typical genomes. Salamander methylation levels are ~90%, higher than all endotherms. However, salamander methylation does not differ from other ectotherms, despite a ~100-fold difference in nuclear DNA content. Because methylation affects the nucleotide compositional landscape through 5-methylcytosine deamination to thymine, we quantified salamander CpG dinucleotide levels and compared them to other vertebrates. Salamanders and other ectotherms have comparable CpG levels, and ectotherm levels are higher than endotherms. These data show no shift in global methylation at the base of salamanders, despite a dramatic increase in TE load and genome size. This result is reconcilable with previous studies by considering endothermy and ectothermy, which may be more important drivers of methylation in vertebrates than genome size.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Data from: Cranial remains of Ramsayia magna from the Late Pleistocene of Australia and the evolution of gigantism in wombats (Vombatidae; Marsupialia)

Giant wombats (defined here as body mass ≥ 70 kg) are found in the genera Phascolonus, Ramsayia, and perhaps also Sedophascolomys. Of these, Ramsayia is the currently the most poorly known, having been described from fragmentary mandibular and cranial fragments. Here, we report the most complete cranial remains attributable to the genus, identified as the species R. magna. The remains provide new important insights into the anatomy of the species and the evolutionary adaptations to gigantism in Vombatidae. We record parietal sinuses in a vombatid for the first time, an adaptation to increased skull size relative to the braincase. The presence of a prominent premaxillary spine may indicate the species possessed a large, fleshy nose. Both of features are convergent on other large-bodied, non-vombatid extinct megaherbivores of Australia such as Diprotodon optatum. We use the cranial remains to examine the phylogenetic relationships of the giant wombats to other vombatids. Phylogenetic analysis using maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference indicates that Phascolomys, Ramsayia, and Sedophascolomys form a clade, suggesting a single origin of gigantism within Vombatidae. This origin may have been related to the exploitation of poor-quality foods by these taxa, and preceded the extreme specialisations observed in the incisor and cranial anatomy of the giant wombats. U-series and combined U-series and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) dating methods were applied to one fossil tooth. All sources of uncertainty considered, age calculations systematically correlate the fossil remains to Marine Isotope Stage 5, and an age of approximately 80,000 years can be proposed for this specimen. With only a single well dated occurrence for this taxon, it is currently impossible to determine when and why R. magna became extinct.

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Softening the steps to gigantism in sauropod dinosaurs through the evolution of a pedal pad

How sauropod dinosaurs were able to withstand the forces associated with their immense size represents one of the most challenging biomechanical scenarios in the evolution of terrestrial tetrapods, but also one lacking robust biomechanical testing. Here, we use finite element analyses to quantify the biomechanical effects of foot skeletal postures with and without the presence of a soft tissue pad in sauropodomorphs. We find that none of the models can maintain bone stresses that fall within optimal bone safety factors in the absence of a soft tissue pad. Our findings suggest that a soft tissue pad in sauropods would have reduced bone stresses by combining the mechanical advantages of a functionally plantigrade foot and the plesiomorphic digitigrade saurischians conditions. The acquisition of a developed soft tissue pad by the Late-Triassic–Early-Jurassic may represent one of the key adaptations for the evolution of gigantism that has become emblematic of these dinosaurs.

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Fig. 17.5 in Chapter 17: Gigantism, Dwarfism, and Cope's Rule: "Nothing in Evolution Makes Sense without a Phylogeny"

Fig. 17.5. Three examples of bodysize evo

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2004View details →

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FIG. 17 in New Fossil Giant Panda Relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): A Basal Lineage of Gigantic Mio-Pliocene Cursorial Carnivores

FIG. 17. Holotype skull of Huracan qiui, sp. nov., HMV 2005, from Wangjiashan, China.