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726 results for “global model”
Global Environmental and Weather data for PyPSA-Earth: An Open Optimisation Model of the Earth Energy System.
<p><strong>PyPSA-Earth </strong>is an open model dataset of the global power system at different network levels that cover our Earth. The African model can be built using the code provided at <a href="https://github.com/pypsa-meets-africa/pypsa-africa">https://github.com/pypsa-meets-africa/pypsa-africa</a>. Other regions follow soon under the same code base.</p> <p>Since the GitHub codebase is not suited for handling large changing files, we provide here separate <strong>data bundles and cutouts</strong> to be downloaded and extracted as noted in the <a href="https://pypsa-meets-africa.readthedocs.io/en/latest/index.html">documentation</a></p> <p>The below-provided <strong>cutouts </strong>are spatiotemporal subsets of the Earth weather data from the <a href="https://software.ecmwf.int/wiki/display/CKB/ERA5+data+documentation">ECMWF ERA5</a> reanalysis dataset and the <a href="https://wui.cmsaf.eu/safira/action/viewDoiDetails?acronym=SARAH_V002">CMSAF SARAH-2</a> solar surface radiation dataset for the <strong>year 2013</strong>. They have been prepared by and are for use with the <a href="https://github.com/PyPSA/atlite">atlite</a> tool (<a href="https://atlite.readthedocs.io/">https://atlite.readthedocs.io/</a>). They can be reproduced or extended for other weather years (approx. 40-50 years) around the world by using the <a href="https://github.com/pypsa-meets-africa/pypsa-africa/blob/main/scripts/build_cutout.py">build.cutout.py</a></p> <p><strong>ECMWF ERA5</strong></p> <ul> <li><strong>Source: </strong><a href="https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-single-levels?tab=overview">https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-single-levels?tab=overview</a></li> <li><strong>Terms of Use: </strong><a href="https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/api/v2/terms/static/20180314_Copernicus_License_V1.1.pdf">https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/api/v2/terms/static/20180314_Copernicus_License_V1.1.pdf</a></li> </ul>
Copernicus Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for Europe at 3 arc seconds (ca. 90 meter) resolution derived from Copernicus Global 30 meter DEM dataset
<p>Overview:<br> The Copernicus DEM is a Digital Surface Model (DSM) which represents the surface of the Earth including buildings, infrastructure and vegetation. The original GLO-30 provides worldwide coverage at 30 meters (refers to 10 arc seconds). Note that ocean areas do not have tiles, there one can assume height values equal to zero. Data is provided as Cloud Optimized GeoTIFFs. Note that the vertical unit for measurement of elevation height is meters.</p> <p>The Copernicus DEM for Europe at 3 arcsec (0:00:03 = 0.00083333333 ~ 90 meter) in COG format has been derived from the Copernicus DEM GLO-30, mirrored on Open Data on AWS, dataset managed by Sinergise (https://registry.opendata.aws/copernicus-dem/).</p> <p>Processing steps:<br> The original Copernicus GLO-30 DEM contains a relevant percentage of tiles with non-square pixels. We created a mosaic map in <a href="https://gdal.org/drivers/raster/vrt.html">VRT</a> format and defined within the VRT file the rule to apply cubic resampling while reading the data, i.e. importing them into GRASS GIS for further processing. We chose cubic instead of bilinear resampling since the height-width ratio of non-square pixels is up to 1:5. Hence, artefacts between adjacent tiles in rugged terrain could be minimized:</p> <p><code>gdalbuildvrt -input_file_list list_geotiffs_MOOD.csv -r cubic -tr 0.000277777777777778 0.000277777777777778 Copernicus_DSM_30m_MOOD.vrt </code></p> <p>In order to reduce the spatial resolution to 3 arc seconds, weighted resampling was performed in GRASS GIS (using <code>r.resamp.stats -w</code> and the pixel values were scaled with 1000 (storing the pixels as integer values) for data volume reduction. In addition, a hillshade raster map was derived from the resampled elevation map (using <code>r.relief</code>, GRASS GIS). Eventually, we exported the elevation and hillshade raster maps in Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) format, along with SLD and QML style files.</p> <p>Projection + EPSG code:<br> Latitude-Longitude/WGS84 (EPSG: 4326)</p> <p>Spatial extent:<br> north: 82:00:30N<br> south: 18N<br> west: 32:00:30W<br> east: 70E</p> <p>Spatial resolution:<br> 3 arc seconds (approx. 90 m)</p> <p>Pixel values:<br> meters * 1000 (scaled to Integer; example: value 23220 = 23.220 m a.s.l.)</p> <p>Software used:<br> GDAL 3.2.2 and GRASS GIS 8.0.0 (r.resamp.stats -w; r.relief)</p> <p>Original dataset license:<br> <a href="https://spacedata.copernicus.eu/documents/20126/0/CSCDA_ESA_Mission-specific+Annex.pdf">https://spacedata.copernicus.eu/documents/20126/0/CSCDA_ESA_Mission-specific+Annex.pdf</a></p> <p>Processed by:<br> mundialis GmbH & Co. KG, Germany (<a href="https://www.mundialis.de/">https://www.mundialis.de/</a>)</p>
Copernicus Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for Europe at 30 arc seconds (ca. 1000 meter) resolution derived from Copernicus Global 30 meter DEM dataset
<p>Overview:<br> The Copernicus DEM is a Digital Surface Model (DSM) which represents the surface of the Earth including buildings, infrastructure and vegetation. The original GLO-30 provides worldwide coverage at 30 meters (refers to 10 arc seconds). Note that ocean areas do not have tiles, there one can assume height values equal to zero. Data is provided as Cloud Optimized GeoTIFFs. Note that the vertical unit for measurement of elevation height is meters.</p> <p>The Copernicus DEM for Europe at 30 arcsec (0:00:30 = 0.0083333333 ~ 1000 meter) in COG format has been derived from the Copernicus DEM GLO-30, mirrored on Open Data on AWS, dataset managed by Sinergise (https://registry.opendata.aws/copernicus-dem/).</p> <p>Processing steps:<br> The original Copernicus GLO-30 DEM contains a relevant percentage of tiles with non-square pixels. We created a mosaic map in <a href="https://gdal.org/drivers/raster/vrt.html">VRT</a> format and defined within the VRT file the rule to apply cubic resampling while reading the data, i.e. importing them into GRASS GIS for further processing. We chose cubic instead of bilinear resampling since the height-width ratio of non-square pixels is up to 1:5. Hence, artefacts between adjacent tiles in rugged terrain could be minimized:</p> <p><code>gdalbuildvrt -input_file_list list_geotiffs_MOOD.csv -r cubic -tr 0.000277777777777778 0.000277777777777778 Copernicus_DSM_30m_MOOD.vrt </code></p> <p>In order to reduce the spatial resolution to 30 arc seconds, weighted resampling was performed in GRASS GIS (using <code>r.resamp.stats -w</code> and the pixel values were scaled with 1000 (storing the pixels as integer values) for data volume reduction. In addition, a hillshade raster map was derived from the resampled elevation map (using <code>r.relief</code>, GRASS GIS). Eventually, we exported the elevation and hillshade raster maps in Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) format, along with SLD and QML style files.</p> <p>Projection + EPSG code:<br> Latitude-Longitude/WGS84 (EPSG: 4326)</p> <p>Spatial extent:<br> north: 82:00:30N<br> south: 18N<br> west: 32:00:30W<br> east: 70E</p> <p>Spatial resolution:<br> 30 arc seconds (approx. 1000 m)</p> <p>Pixel values:<br> meters * 1000 (scaled to Integer; example: value 23220 = 23.220 m a.s.l.)</p> <p>Software used:<br> GDAL 3.2.2 and GRASS GIS 8.0.0 (r.resamp.stats -w; r.relief)</p> <p>Original dataset license:<br> <a href="https://spacedata.copernicus.eu/documents/20126/0/CSCDA_ESA_Mission-specific+Annex.pdf">https://spacedata.copernicus.eu/documents/20126/0/CSCDA_ESA_Mission-specific+Annex.pdf</a></p> <p>Processed by:<br> mundialis GmbH & Co. KG, Germany (<a href="https://www.mundialis.de/">https://www.mundialis.de/</a>)</p> <p> </p>
Copernicus Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for Europe at 1000 meter resolution (EU-LAEA) derived from Copernicus Global 30 meter DEM dataset
<p>Overview:<br> The Copernicus DEM is a Digital Surface Model (DSM) which represents the surface of the Earth including buildings, infrastructure and vegetation. The original GLO-30 provides worldwide coverage at 30 meters (refers to 10 arc seconds). Note that ocean areas do not have tiles, there one can assume height values equal to zero. Data is provided as Cloud Optimized GeoTIFFs. Note that the vertical unit for measurement of elevation height is meters.</p> <p>The Copernicus DEM for Europe at 1000 meter resolution (EU-LAEA projection) in COG format has been derived from the Copernicus DEM GLO-30, mirrored on Open Data on AWS, dataset managed by Sinergise (https://registry.opendata.aws/copernicus-dem/).</p> <p>Processing steps:<br> The original Copernicus GLO-30 DEM contains a relevant percentage of tiles with non-square pixels. We created a mosaic map in <a href="https://gdal.org/drivers/raster/vrt.html">VRT</a> format and defined within the VRT file the rule to apply cubic resampling while reading the data, i.e. importing them into GRASS GIS for further processing. We chose cubic instead of bilinear resampling since the height-width ratio of non-square pixels is up to 1:5. Hence, artefacts between adjacent tiles in rugged terrain could be minimized:</p> <p><code>gdalbuildvrt -input_file_list list_geotiffs_MOOD.csv -r cubic -tr 0.000277777777777778 0.000277777777777778 Copernicus_DSM_30m_MOOD.vrt </code></p> <p>In order to reproject the data to EU-LAEA projection while reducing the spatial resolution to 1000 m, bilinear resampling was performed in GRASS GIS (using <code>r.proj</code> and the pixel values were scaled with 1000 (storing the pixels as Integer values) for data volume reduction. In addition, a hillshade raster map was derived from the resampled elevation map (using <code>r.relief</code>, GRASS GIS). Eventually, we exported the elevation and hillshade raster maps in Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) format, along with SLD and QML style files.</p> <p>Projection + EPSG code:<br> ETRS89-extended / LAEA Europe (EPSG: 3035)</p> <p>Spatial extent:<br> north: 6874000<br> south: -485000<br> west: 869000<br> east: 8712000</p> <p>Spatial resolution:<br> 1000 m</p> <p>Pixel values:<br> meters * 1000 (scaled to Integer; example: value 23220 = 23.220 m a.s.l.)</p> <p>Software used:<br> GDAL 3.2.2 and GRASS GIS 8.0.0 (r.proj; r.relief)</p> <p>Original dataset license:<br> <a href="https://spacedata.copernicus.eu/documents/20126/0/CSCDA_ESA_Mission-specific+Annex.pdf">https://spacedata.copernicus.eu/documents/20126/0/CSCDA_ESA_Mission-specific+Annex.pdf</a></p> <p>Processed by:<br> mundialis GmbH & Co. KG, Germany (<a href="https://www.mundialis.de/">https://www.mundialis.de/</a>)</p>
Copernicus Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for Europe at 100 meter resolution (EU-LAEA) derived from Copernicus Global 30 meter DEM dataset
<p>Overview:<br> The Copernicus DEM is a Digital Surface Model (DSM) which represents the surface of the Earth including buildings, infrastructure and vegetation. The original GLO-30 provides worldwide coverage at 30 meters (refers to 10 arc seconds). Note that ocean areas do not have tiles, there one can assume height values equal to zero. Data is provided as Cloud Optimized GeoTIFFs. Note that the vertical unit for measurement of elevation height is meters.</p> <p>The Copernicus DEM for Europe at 100 meter resolution (EU-LAEA projection) in COG format has been derived from the Copernicus DEM GLO-30, mirrored on Open Data on AWS, dataset managed by Sinergise (https://registry.opendata.aws/copernicus-dem/).</p> <p>Processing steps:<br> The original Copernicus GLO-30 DEM contains a relevant percentage of tiles with non-square pixels. We created a mosaic map in <a href="https://gdal.org/drivers/raster/vrt.html">VRT</a> format and defined within the VRT file the rule to apply cubic resampling while reading the data, i.e. importing them into GRASS GIS for further processing. We chose cubic instead of bilinear resampling since the height-width ratio of non-square pixels is up to 1:5. Hence, artefacts between adjacent tiles in rugged terrain could be minimized:</p> <p><code>gdalbuildvrt -input_file_list list_geotiffs_MOOD.csv -r cubic -tr 0.000277777777777778 0.000277777777777778 Copernicus_DSM_30m_MOOD.vrt </code></p> <p>In order to reproject the data to EU-LAEA projection while reducing the spatial resolution to 100 m, bilinear resampling was performed in GRASS GIS (using <code>r.proj</code> and the pixel values were scaled with 1000 (storing the pixels as Integer values) for data volume reduction. In addition, a hillshade raster map was derived from the resampled elevation map (using <code>r.relief</code>, GRASS GIS). Eventually, we exported the elevation and hillshade raster maps in Cloud Optimized GeoTIFF (COG) format, along with SLD and QML style files.</p> <p>Projection + EPSG code:<br> ETRS89-extended / LAEA Europe (EPSG: 3035)</p> <p>Spatial extent:<br> north: 6874000<br> south: -485000<br> west: 869000<br> east: 8712000</p> <p>Spatial resolution:<br> 100 m</p> <p>Pixel values:<br> meters * 1000 (scaled to Integer; example: value 23220 = 23.220 m a.s.l.)</p> <p>Software used:<br> GDAL 3.2.2 and GRASS GIS 8.0.0 (r.proj; r.relief)</p> <p>Original dataset license:<br> <a href="https://spacedata.copernicus.eu/documents/20126/0/CSCDA_ESA_Mission-specific+Annex.pdf">https://spacedata.copernicus.eu/documents/20126/0/CSCDA_ESA_Mission-specific+Annex.pdf</a></p> <p>Processed by:<br> mundialis GmbH & Co. KG, Germany (<a href="https://www.mundialis.de/">https://www.mundialis.de/</a>)</p>
Statistical characterization of Andalusian wave climate for several combinations of Global Climate Models and Regional Climate Models and periods 2026 - 2045 and 2081 - 2100.
<p>The following text is an extract of the extended abstract entitled "<strong>Parametric Characterization of Wave Climate along the Andalusian Coast for Non-Stationary Stochastic Simulation</strong>" whose authors are Manuel Cobos, Pedro Magaña, Pedro Otiñar and Asunción Baquerizo, and that was included in proceedings of <em>39th IAHR World Congress</em> where this dataset is included.</p> <p><em>Processed data comes from PIMA Adapta Costas project (Ramírez et al., 2019), in particular, from projections of maritime climate for 2026-2045 and 2081-2100. Sea climate contains, among other information, time series of the significant wave height (H<sub>s</sub>) obtained for several combinations of GCM-RCM projections of EUR-11 for the RCP 8.5. GCM-RCM combinations ACCE, CMCC, CNRM, GFDL, HADG, IPSL, MIRO with a 0.1 degrees grid were used for the Atlantic facade while CNRM, HADG, IPSL, MIRO, MEDC, MPIE, ESM2, EART models with 1/11 degrees were used for the Mediterranean one. A total of 210 locations were analyzed, 54 at the Atlantic facade and 156 at the Mediterranean one (Figure 1). The data was bias adjusted using the Empirical Quantile Mapping (Déqué et al., 2007; Michelangeli et al., 2009). Information of the significant wave height and the dependence between the values at a given time with previous values with a VAR(q) model is already available. </em></p> <p><em>At each location, the methodology of Lira-Loarca et al. (2021) was applied, using the software described in Cobos et al. (2022a). More precisely, for every GCM-RCM (hereinafter, model n for n = 1, .., N where N = 7 for Atlantic data and N = 8 for the Mediterranean data), a non-stationary marginal distribution of H<sub>s</sub>, , assuming that the year was the largest periodicity of the climate, was fitted to data using a lognormal model for the central part and two generalized Pareto distribution for the lower and upper tails, as in Solari and Losada (2011). The non- stationarity is considered by assuming a decomposition of the parameters of the distribution and of the percentiles of the common end points of the interval into a trigonometric truncated expansion.</em></p> <p><em>In addition, the coefficients of the matrix, C<sub>n</sub>, of a VAR(q) model with q up to 92 hours were estimated. The ensemble multi-model characteristics of the data were obtained from the compound distributions and the weighted averaged matrix coefficients. </em></p> <p><em>Soon, the results of the peak period (T<sub>p</sub>) and mean incoming wave direction (ϑ<sub>m</sub>) and the coefficients of the multivariate VAR model will also be included.</em></p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Global and tropical band averages for a selection of CMIP5 and CMIP6 models: piControl and abrupt-4xCO2 experiments
<p>This dataset provides post-processed spatial averages for a selection of CMIP5 and CMIP6 models. The experiments contained in this dataset are only the pre-industrial controls (piControl) and the experiments with a four-fold increase in the atmospheric CO$_{2}$ concentration in relation to the pre-industrial level (abrupt-4xCO2). The spatial averages are global and tropical bands from x°S to x°N, where the x value is between 5 and 40 in increments of 5°. This dataset was created to study climate sensitivity in general and the effect of stratospheric circulation changes on the tropical equilibrium climate sensitivity. It contains the following variables:</p> <ul> <li>incoming (d) short-wave (SW, s) radiative flux (RF, r) at the top of the atmosphere (TOA, t): rsdt</li> <li>outgoing (u) SW RF at TOA: rsut</li> <li>outgoing long-wave (LW, l) RF at TOA: rlut</li> <li>net (n) RF at TOA: rnt</li> <li>incoming SW RF at the surface (s): rsds</li> <li>outgoing SW RF at the surface: rsus</li> <li>incoming LW RF at the surface: rlds</li> <li>outgoing LW RF at the surface: rlus</li> <li>net RF at the surface: rns</li> <li>sensible heat flux (hfs) at the surface: hfss</li> <li>latent heat flux (hfl) at the surface: hfls</li> <li>surface temperature (t): ts</li> <li>atmospheric temperature: ta</li> <li>specific humidity: hus</li> <li>zonal component of wind: ua</li> <li>meridional component of wind: va</li> <li>lagrangian tendency of pressure (vertical component of wind in pressure per time dimensions): wap</li> <li>surface pressure: ps</li> <li>geopotential height: zg</li> </ul>
Variability in the global ocean carbon sink from 1959-2020 by correcting models with observations (LDEO-HPD)
<p><strong>* The latest versions of this dataset are maintained and available here: <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/7901433">https://zenodo.org/record/7901433</a> *</strong></p> <p>The ocean reduces human impact on the climate by absorbing and sequestering CO2. From 1950s to the 1980s, observations of pCO2 and related ocean carbon variables were sparse and uncertain. Thus, global ocean biogeochemical models (GOBMs) have been the basis for quantifying the ocean carbon sink. The LDEO-Hybrid Physics Data product (LDEO-HPD) interpolates sparse surface ocean pCO2 data to global coverage by using GOBMs as priors, applying machine learning to estimate full-coverage corrections. The largest component of the GOBM corrections are climatological. This is consistent with recent findings of large seasonal discrepancies in GOBMs, but contrasts the long-held view that interannual variability is a major source of GOBM error. This supports extension of the LDEO-HPD pCO2 product back to 1959, using a climatology of model-observation misfits prior to 1982. Consistent with previous studies for 1980 onward, air-sea CO2 fluxes for 1959-2020 demonstrate response to atmospheric pCO2 growth and volcanic eruptions.</p> <p>This data is the final reconstruction of air-sea CO2 fluxes for 1959-2020 using the mean pCO2 from the corrected models. Both annual flux time series and spatially explicit fluxes are included. RIVERINE CARBON EFFLUX ADJUSTMENTS ARE NOT INCLUDED WITHIN THESE FILES. File metadata provides units.</p>
Global agricultural ammonia emissions simulated with the ORCHIDEE land surface model : Model Ouput Data
<p>This upload includes data associated with the manuscript "Global agricultural ammonia emissions simulated with the ORCHIDEE land surface model : )" submitted to Geoscientific Model Development. The dataset includes an output file with the simulated ammonia emissions for the agricultural sector.</p> <p>The emissions (manure management and soil), manure production and soil ammonium concentrations are monthly fields from the simulation for 2007-2015.</p> <p>Additional information is given in the readme file</p>
A dataset of global variations in directional solar radiation exposure for ocular research using the libRadtran radiative transfer model
<p>Directional solar photon flux density has particular relevance to eye disease research (keratitis, cataract formation, macula degeneration) because ocular components (cornea, lens, retina) experience different exposures dependent on global location, structural geometry of the eye and human behaviour (Sliney, 1997). The human macula has a field of view of ~17<strong>°</strong>, or 0.06901537 sr (Strasburger, Rentschler & Jüttner, 2011) and its cone of exposure can be modelled at a range of global locations using a radiation transfer model to estimate different directions of irradiation. This dataset provides examples of spectral radiance within the macula field of vision, calculated with the radiative transfer model libRadtran v2.0.3 (Mayer & Kylling, 2005). Three data sets are provided at different latitudes without correction for spectral ocular transmission. Unless otherwise specified, all simulations were parametrized according to local meteorological condition (altitude, pressure, temperature) and atmospheric conditions on the simulated day (aerosol optical density, water column, O<sub>3</sub> and NO<sub>2</sub> concentrations). The model was parametrized for a subject looking northward toward the ground (-15<strong>°</strong> from horizon), at a height of 170 cm above the ground.</p> <p>For each simulation, a separate file is available for each condition (latitude, time, date, see below) that includes radiance at each wavelength. Radiance values are in mW m<sup>-2</sup> nm<sup>-1</sup> sr<sup>-1</sup>.</p> <p>The technique provides future opportunity to model global exposures of different ocular components to spectral solar irradiance using information on ocular transmission, local terrain, albedo and human behaviour in order to explore their relevance in epidemiological studies of age-related eye disease.</p> <p>For each simulation, a separate file is available for each condition (latitude, time, date, see below) that includes radiance at each wavelength. Radiance values are in mW m<sup>-2</sup> nm<sup>-1</sup> sr<sup>-1</sup>.</p> <p>The technique provides future opportunity to model global exposures of different ocular components to spectral solar irradiance using information on ocular transmission, local terrain, albedo and human behaviour in order to explore their relevance in epidemiological studies of age-related eye disease.</p> <p><em>Simulation 1: </em>This data set reports the spectral radiance from 250 - 500 nm at:</p> <ul> <li>3 latitudes (61.0: Southern Finland, 50.1 Northern France, 38.0: Central Spain).</li> <li>4 dates (April 17<sup>th</sup>, July 1<sup>st</sup>, September 1<sup>st</sup>, November 6<sup>th</sup> 2019).</li> <li>24 hours.</li> <li>8 cardinal directions (every 45<strong>° </strong>from North).</li> <li>2 aerosol optical densities (0.1 and 2.5).</li> </ul> <p><em>Simulation 2: </em>This data set reports the spectral radiance from 250 - 2,500 nm at:</p> <ul> <li>3 latitudes (61.0: Southern Finland, 50.1 Northern France, 38.0: Central Spain).</li> <li>4 dates (April 17<sup>th</sup>, July 1<sup>st</sup>, September 1<sup>st</sup>, November 6<sup>th</sup> 2019).</li> <li>24 hours.</li> <li>1 cardinal direction (North).</li> <li>2 aerosol optical densities (0.1 and 2.5).</li> </ul> <p><em>Simulation 3: </em>This data set reports the spectral radiance from 250 - 500 nm at:</p> <ul> <li>1 latitude (61.0: Southern Finland).</li> <li>4 dates (April 17<sup>th</sup>, July 1<sup>st</sup>, September 1<sup>st</sup>, November 6<sup>th</sup> 2019).</li> <li>24 hours.</li> <li>9 cardinal directions (every 40<strong>° </strong>from North).</li> <li>3 bidirectional reflectance distribution functions for the ground (forest, urban, snow).</li> <li>2 tilt angles for the eye direction (0<strong>° </strong> from horizon or -15<strong>°</strong> from horizon, toward the ground).</li> </ul> <p> </p>
A Global Plate Model Including Lithospheric Deformation Along Major Rifts and Orogens Since the Triassic
<p>Global deep‐time plate motion models have traditionally followed a classical rigid plate approach, even though plate deformation is known to be significant. Here we present a global Mesozoic–Cenozoic deforming plate motion model that captures the progressive extension of all continental margins since the initiation of rifting within Pangea at ~240 Ma. The model also includes major failed continental rifts and compressional deformation along collision zones. The outlines and timing of regional deformation episodes are reconstructed from a wealth of published regional tectonic models and associated geological and geophysical data. We reconstruct absolute plate motions in a mantle reference frame with a joint global inversion using hot spot tracks for the last 80 million years and minimizing global trench migration velocities and net lithospheric rotation. In our optimized model, net rotation is consistently below 0.2°/Myr, and trench migration scatter is substantially reduced. Distributed plate deformation reaches a Mesozoic peak of 30 × 106 km2 in the Late Jurassic (~160–155 Ma), driven by a vast network of rift systems. After a mid‐Cretaceous drop in deformation, it reaches a high of 48 x 106 km2 in the Late Eocene (~35 Ma), driven by the progressive growth of plate collisions and the formation of new rift systems. About a third of the continental crustal area has been deformed since 240 Ma, partitioned roughly into 65% extension and 35% compression. This community plate model provides a framework for building detailed regional deforming plate networks and form a constraint for models of basin evolution and the plate‐mantle system.</p> <p> </p> <p>The agegrids associated with this model can be accessed at: <a href="https://repo.gplates.org/webdav/PlateModel_Age_SR_Grids/Muller_etal_2019_Tectonics/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://repo.gplates.org/webdav/PlateModel_Age_SR_Grids/Muller_etal_2019_Tectonics/</a></p>
Exploring the Relationship Between Upper Ocean States and the Falling Ice Radiative Effects using ECCO Product and Global Climate Models
<p><strong><span>Sensitivity test using CESM1-CAM5 following CMIP5 protocool from 1980-2005</span></strong></p> <p><strong><span>NOS: no falling ice radiative effects (FIREs), four data sets</span></strong></p> <p><strong><span>SON: with FIREs, for data sets</span></strong></p> <p><strong><span> Xsize = 362 Ysize = 182 Zsize = 18</span></strong></p> <p><strong><span>Format: netcdf</span></strong></p> <p><strong><span>Upper 200 meter ocean variables</span></strong></p> <p><strong><span>Annual mean (ANN)</span></strong></p> <p><strong><span>CESM2-var-NOS (or SON)-ANN.nc, var = (UO, VO, WO, TO) = (zonal velocity, meridional velocity, ascending velocity, potential temperature) : (cm/s, cm/s, cm/s, K)</span></strong></p>
GPP: Site-scale and global model outputs from P-model used for Stocker et al. (2019) Nature Geosci.
<p><strong>Data from article Stocker et al. (in review) *Nature Geosci.*</strong></p> <p>The datasets provided here include:</p> <ul> <li>Site-level GPP model results from the P-model (Wang et al., 2017)</li> <li>Model outputs from global simulations with the P-model (Wang et al., 2017) as implemented for the study by Stocker et al. (2019)</li> </ul> <p>This data may be used to partly reproduce results presented in Stocker et al. (2019) <em>Nature Geosci</em>. "Partly" because we used data for our analysis that was not open access but was confidentially shared with us. This includes remote sensing-based GPP estimates from the BESS and VPM models. Other open access data that was used for the analysis may not be distributed under this DOI. This includes FLUXNET 2015 data and MODIS data.</p> <p>For reproducing results of Stocker et al. (2019) regarding site-scale evaluations, run for example the scripts `plot_bias_all.R` and `plot_bias_problem.R`, available from <a href="https://github.com/stineb/soilm_global">Github</a> or <a href="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1423328">Zenodo</a>, using CSV files provided here (see comments in scripts). For more insight, including analysis of global simulation outputs, see RMarkdown file `si_soilm_global.Rmd`. This renders the supplementary information PDF document provided along with Stocker et al. (2019), which is available also on <a href="http://rpubs.com/stineb/si_soilm_global2">RPubs</a>.</p> <p>The present datasets are prepared by script `prepare_data_openaccess.R ` on <a href="https://github.com/stineb/soilm_global">Github</a> or <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/1286966#.W6TFipMzbUI">Zenodo</a>.</p> <p><strong>Data description</strong></p> <p><em>Site-level data</em></p> <p>Data is provided as CSV files:</p> <ul> <li>`gpp_daily_fluxnet_stocker18natgeo.csv`: Daily data for full time series (not including MODIS GPP)</li> <li>`gpp_8daily_fluxnet_stocker18natgeo.csv`: Data aggregated to 8-day periods corresponding to MODIS dates (including MODIS GPP)</li> <li>`gpp_alg_daily_fluxnet_stocker18natgeo.csv`: Data filtered to periods with substantial soil moisture effects ("fLUE droughts" following Stocker et al. (2018a))</li> <li>`gpp_alg_8daily_fluxnet_stocker18natgeo.csv`: Data aggregated to 8-day periods and filtered to periods with substantial soil moisture effects.</li> </ul> <p>Each column is a variable with the following name and units (not all variables are available in all files):</p> <ul> <li>`site_id`: FLUXNET site ID </li> <li>`date`: Date of measurement, units: YYYY-MM-DD</li> <li>`gpp_pmodel` and `gpp_modis`: Simulated GPP from the P-model and MODIS (see Stocker et al. (2018b), Methods, RS models), units: g C m-2 d-1 (mean across 8 day periods in respective files)</li> <li>`aet_splash`: Simulated actual evapotranspiration from the SPLASH model (Davis et al., 2017), units: mm d-1</li> <li>`pet_splash`: Simulated potential evapotranspiration from the SPLASH model (Davis et al., 2017), units: mm d-1</li> <li>`soilm_splash`: Soil moisture simulated by the SPLASH model (Davis et al., 2017), normalised to vary between zero and one at the maximum water holding capacity, unitless.</li> <li>`flue`: fLUE estimate from Stocker et al. (2018). Estimates soil moisture stress on light use efficiency from flux data, unitless.</li> <li>`beta_a`, `beta_b`, and `beta_c`: Empirical soil moisture stress, used as multiplier to simulated GPP as described in Stocker et al. (2018b), unitless.</li> </ul> <p><em>Global P-model simulation outputs</em></p> <p>GPP and soil moisture output is provided as NetCDF files for simulations s0, and s1b (see Stocker et al. (2018b)). All meta information is provided therein. Files for simulation s1b are names as follows (for outputs from other simulations replace s1b with other simulation name). The fraction of each gridcell covered by land (not open water or ice) is given by separate file `s1b_fapar3g_v2_global.fland.nc`.</p> <ul> <li>`s1b_fapar3g_v2_global.d.gpp.nc`: Daily GPP from simulation s1b.</li> <li>`s1b_fapar3g_v2_global.d.wcont.nc`: Daily soil moisture from simulation s1b (is identical in other simulations, therefore not provided.)</li> </ul> <p>Due to limited total file size allowed for uploads to Zenodo, only outputs from s1b are provided here. Other outputs may be obtained upon request addressed to benjamin.stocker@gmail.com. </p> <p><strong>References</strong></p> <p>Davis, T. W. et al. Simple process-led algorithms for simulating habitats (SPLASH v.1.0): robust indices of radiation, evapotranspiration and plant-available moisture. Geoscientific Model Development 10, 689–708 (2017).<br> Hufkens, K. khufkens/gee_subset: Google Earth Engine subset script & library. (2017). doi:10.5281/zenodo.833789Running, S. W. et al. A Continuous Satellite-Derived Measure of Global Terrestrial Primary Production. Bioscience 54, 547–560 (2004).<br> Stocker, B. et al., Quantifying soil moisture impacts on light use efficiency across biomes, New Phytologist, doi: 10.1111/nph.15123 (2018a).<br> Stocker, B. et al., Satellite monitoring underestimates the impact of drought on terrestrial primary productivity, Nature Geoscience (2019).<br> Wang, H. et al. Towards a universal model for carbon dioxide uptake by plants. Nat Plants 3, 734–741 (2017).<br> </p>
Global monthly discharge dataset, derived from dynamical 1-D water-energy routing model (DynWat) at 10 km spatial resolution
<pre>Global 10km spatial resolution discharge dataset at the global scale for all major rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Data are provided at a monthly temporal resolution.</pre>
Projection of potential future tree cover persistence for 2029 based on the global model
<p>Tree cover persistence projection results for 2029 based on the global model under a business-as-usual scenario.</p>
Global model results for transition potential
<p>Global model results including areas of high potential to transition from tree cover to tree cover loss to areas of low potential to transition. Values are unitless and range from 0–1.</p>
Data for the publication "The global aerosol-climate model ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3 – Part 2: Cloud evaluation, aerosol radiative forcing and climate sensitivity"
<p>This repository contains the data for the paper:</p> <p>"Neubauer, D., Ferrachat, S., Siegenthaler-Le Drian, C., Stier, P. Partridge, D. G., Tegen, I., Bey, I., Stanelle, T., Kokkola, H., and Lohmann, U.: The global aerosol-climate model ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3 – Part 2: Cloud evaluation, aerosol radiative forcing and climate sensitivity, Geosci. Mod. Dev., https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-2018-307, 2019."</p> <p>Each tar-file contains the data (or instructions how to obtain the data) to reproduce a figure or table in our paper.</p> <p>Note that the scripts to plot this data are to be found in the accompanying package (http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2553891)</p> <p> </p>
Global monthly water temperature dataset, derived from dynamical 1-D water-energy routing model (DynWat) at 10 km spatial resolution
<pre>Global 10km spatial resolution water temperature dataset at the global scale for all major rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Data are provided at a monthly temporal resolution.</pre> <p>V1.1 update includes a improved version of the model removing some initial spikes related to rapid ice melt and streams that fall dry. The record has been reduced from 1981 tot 2014 to remove potential spinup impacts.</p> <p>The 1960-2010 data from v1.0 can be used for the earlier years.</p> <p>Consistent forcing is used for both time periods to remove potential biases that might occur otherwise.</p>
Model outputs: Historical (1700–2012) Global Multi-model Estimates of the Fire Emissions from the Fire Modeling Intercomparison Project (FireMIP)
<p>This dataset contains the fire model outputs of emissions for 34 species (elements, compounds, and classes of compounds) as described in the following:</p> <p>Li, F., Val Martin, M., Hantson, S., Andreae, M. O., Arneth, A., Lasslop, G., Yue, C., Bachelet, D., Forrest, M., Kaiser, J. W., Kluzek, E., Liu, X., Melton, J. R., Ward, D. S., Darmenov, A., Hickler, T., Ichoku, C., Magi, B. I., Sitch, S., van der Werf, G. R., Wiedinmyer, C., and Rabin, S.: Historical (1700–2012) Global Multi-model Estimates of the Fire Emissions from the Fire Modeling Intercomparison Project (FireMIP), <em>Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss.</em>, https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-2019-37, accepted pending technical corrections, 2019.</p> <p>See Readme for more information.</p>
Global mean TAS and net TOA flux in CMIP5 piControl and abrupt4xCO2 experiments using EC-Earth model
<p>Near surface air temperature (tas) and net heat flux at top of the atmosphere (NetTOA) from CMIP5 piControl and abrupt4xCO2 experiments with EC-Earth2.3. Each file contains the annual global mean from one experiment for the respective variable, calculated using cdo.</p>
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