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107 results for “group living”
Data from: Kin effects on energy allocation in group-living ground squirrels
The social environment has potent effects on individual phenotype and fitness in group-living species. We asked whether the presence of kin might act on energy allocation, a central aspect of life-history variation. Using a 22-year data set on reproductive and somatic allocations in Columbian ground squirrels (Urocitellus columbianus), we tested the effects of co-breeding and non-breeding kin on the fitness and energy allocation balance between reproduction and personal body condition of individual females. Greater numbers of co-breeding kin had a positive effect on the number of offspring weaned, through the mechanism of altering energy allocation patterns. On average, females with higher numbers of co-breeding kin did not increase energy income but biased energy allocation towards reproduction. Co-breeding female kin ground squirrels maintain close nest burrows, likely providing a social buffer against territorial invasions from non-kin ground squirrels. Lower aggressiveness, lower risks of infanticide from female kin and greater protection of territorial boundaries may allow individual females to derive net fitness benefits via their energy allocation strategies. We demonstrated the importance of kin effects on a fundamental life-history trade-off.
Data from: The shortfall of sociality: group-living affects hunting performance of individual social spiders
Ineffective hunters in cooperative foraging groups may be shielded from natural selection by their more effective group mates, whereas those living solitarily would starve and thus be removed from the population. The problem may be exacerbated in large groups where it may be easier for individuals to withhold participation. Group foragers may thus be ineffective individual hunters or exhibit greater inter-individual variation in hunting abilities, in particular when living in large groups. We test these hypotheses in spider species of the genus Anelosimus that differ in their level of sociality and, among social species, in colonies of different sizes. We found that individuals from the more social species, and those from larger groups, reacted more slowly to prey than those from solitary species or small groups. Individuals from these categories also had greater inter-individual variation in reaction times. Individuals from large social groups also had lower prey capture success than those from small ones. These differences may have been driven by the size of the group from which the social individuals were taken, as those from small colonies behaved similarly to individuals of the two less social species. This finding suggests that hunting ability may develop as a phenotypically plastic trait.
Data from: Dominance, gender, and season influence food patch use in a group-living, solitary foraging canid
In patchy environments, foragers adopt different strategies to acquire resources depending on their internal state and external physical and social environment: this has important fitness consequences. Linking individual variation in patch use to tangible characteristics is key to understand many higher-level ecological processes. We studied patch use by red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in the city of Bristol, UK. We placed camera traps in gardens where householders provisioned foxes (patches) to investigate whether 1) foxes discriminated between patches based on food availability, quantified as provisioning frequency (predictability) and the energy value of provisioned food; and 2) individual patch use varied with dominance, gender, and season. Increased frequency of provisioning encouraged more foxes to visit and to stay longer in patches. All foxes visited the most predictable patches first each day, but females were more selective and generally more efficient foragers than males. Females increased foraging effort during cub rearing, whereas males reduced patch use in the dispersal and mating season. Dominants and subordinates shared patches spatiotemporally, possibly facilitated by relatedness and familiarity between group members. However, dominants visited more food patches on their territory, spent more time in predictable patches and fed earlier than subordinates. Subordinates may compensate for competition by visiting patches of lower quality or outside their territory, which is inefficient and risky. Our results demonstrate gender differences in behavioral motivation, show how subordinates forego foraging efficiency to mitigate intra-group competition and reveal how human provisioning influences fox space use in urban areas.
FIGURES 97–102. Strongylophthalmyia live habitus. 97. S in World review of the genus Strongylophthalmyia Heller (Diptera: Strongylophthalmyiidae). Part I: Introduction, morphology, species groups, and review of the Strongylophthalmyia punctata subgroup
FIGURES 97–102. Strongylophthalmyia live habitus. 97. S. ustulata (Zetterstedt) male, Russia, showing coarse mesonotal vestiture; photo Dimitry Gavryushin, via Flickr; 98. S. sp., Philippines, female, ovipositing in fallen log; 99. S. angustipennis Melander, Canada, male (top) and female (bottom) in copula; 100. S. sp., Vietnam, female ovipositing in beetle bores; 101. S. angustipennis, male; 102. S. elegantissima, male, Vietnam. Figs. 98–102 courtesy Stephen A. Marshall.
FIGURES 128–133. Live specimens, Calapnita vermiformis group. 128. C in Revision and cladistic analysis of the Southeast Asian leaf-dwelling spider genus Calapnita Simon (Araneae, Pholcidae)
FIGURES 128–133. Live specimens, Calapnita vermiformis group. 128. C. loksado sp. nov., ♂ from Loksado. 129–130. C. bohol sp. nov., ♂ and ♀ with egg-sac from near Loboc. 131. C. dinagat sp. nov., ♂ (with mite; arrow) from near Libjo. 132– 133. C. nunezae sp. nov., ♀ with egg-sac, and ♂ and ♀ at night from Katibawasan.
FIGURES 3–12. Live specimens, Calapnita phyllicola group. 3–6. C in Revision and cladistic analysis of the Southeast Asian leaf-dwelling spider genus Calapnita Simon (Araneae, Pholcidae)
FIGURES 3–12. Live specimens, Calapnita phyllicola group. 3–6. C. lehi sp. nov., ♂ and ♀ with egg-sac from Lambir (3–4); ♂ and penultimate instar ♂ from Gunung Mulu (5–6). 7–8. C. kubah sp. nov., ♂ and ♀ with egg-sac from Kubah. 9. C. deelemanae Huber, ♀ with egg-sac from Poring. 10. C. subphyllicola Deeleman-Reinhold, ♀ with egg-sac from Malagos. 11– 12. C. anai sp. nov., ♂ from MacRitchie, ♀ with egg-sac from Lembah Anai.
FIGURES 120–127. Live specimens, Calapnita vermiformis group. 120–121. C in Revision and cladistic analysis of the Southeast Asian leaf-dwelling spider genus Calapnita Simon (Araneae, Pholcidae)
FIGURES 120–127. Live specimens, Calapnita vermiformis group. 120–121. C. bario sp. nov., ♂ and ♀ with egg-sac from Bario. 122–123. C. magaseng sp. nov., ♂ and ♀ with egg-sac from Mount Penrissen. 124–125. C. saluang Huber, ♂ from Berastagi and ♀ with egg-sac from Phanom Bencha. 126–127. C. vermiformis Simon, ♂♂ from Mount Isarog and Mount Banahaw.
FIGURES 13–19. Live specimens, Calapnita phyllicola group. 13–15. C in Revision and cladistic analysis of the Southeast Asian leaf-dwelling spider genus Calapnita Simon (Araneae, Pholcidae)
FIGURES 13–19. Live specimens, Calapnita phyllicola group. 13–15. C. phyllicola Deeleman-Reinhold, ♂♂ from Bako and Ulu Dong, ♀ with parasitized egg-sac from Gunung Liang. 16–17. C. bidayuh sp. nov., ♂♂ from Kapit. 18. C. bankirai sp. nov., ♂ (with mite; arrow) from Niah. 19. C. semengoh Huber, ♂ from Semengoh.
FIGURE 1. Live dorsal habitus A. Scolopendra longipes from Florida, measuring 105 in Resurrection of Scolopendra longipes Wood and Scolopendra cubensis Saussure from synonymy with Scolopendra alternans Leach (Chilopoda, Scolopendromorpha, Scolopendridae): an enigmatic species-group needing phylogeographic analysis, with an overview on the origin
FIGURE 1. Live dorsal habitus A. Scolopendra longipes from Florida, measuring 105 mm contracted and 120 mm extended. B. Scolopendra alternans from Haiti, measuring 140 mm contracted and 160 mm extended.
Figs 61 – 68. Live specimens. 61 – 62 in The Panjange nigrifrons group in Borneo (Araneae: Pholcidae): high diversity in Sarawak, apparent absence in Sabah
Figs 61 – 68. Live specimens. 61 – 62. Pa. iban Huber, 2011, Ƌ and ♀ with egg-sac from Semengoh. 63 – 64. Pa. kubah Huber, sp. nov., Ƌ from Kubah. 65 – 68. Pa. seowi Huber, sp. nov., Ƌ, ♀, and ♀ with egg-sac from Penrissen.
Figs 8 – 15. Live specimens. 8 – 9 in The Panjange nigrifrons group in Borneo (Araneae: Pholcidae): high diversity in Sarawak, apparent absence in Sabah
Figs 8 – 15. Live specimens. 8 – 9. Panjange pueh Huber, sp. nov., Ƌ and ♀ from Pueh. 10 – 14. Pa. kapit Huber, sp. nov. from Kapit. 10 – 11. Adult Ƌ, 12. Penultimate instar Ƌ, 13 – 14. ♀ with egg-sac. 15. Pa. niah Huber, sp. nov., ♀ with egg-sac from Niah.
Social foraging and the associated benefits of group-living in Cliff Swallows decrease over 40 years
<p>Animals that feed socially can sometimes better locate prey, often by transferring information about food that is patchy, dense, and temporally and spatially unpredictable. Information transfer is a potential benefit of living in breeding colonies where unsuccessful foragers can more readily locate successful ones and thereby improve feeding efficiency. Most studies on social foraging have been short-term, and how long-term environmental change affects both foraging strategies and the associated benefits of coloniality is generally unknown. In the colonial Cliff Swallow (<em>Petrochelidon</em> <em>pyrrhonota</em>), we examined how social foraging, information transfer, and feeding ecology changed over a 40-year period in western Nebraska. Relative to the 1980's, Cliff Swallows in 2016–2022 were more likely to forage solitarily or in smaller groups, spent less time foraging, were more successful as solitaries, fed in more variable locations, and engaged less in information transfer at the colony site. The total mass of insects brought back to nestlings per parental visit declined over the study. The diversity of insect families captured increased over time, and some insect taxa dropped out of the diet, although the three most common insect families remained the same among the decades. Nestling Cliff Swallow body mass at 10 days of age and the number of nestlings surviving per nest declined more sharply with colony size in 2015–2022 than in 1984–1991 at sites where the confounding effects of ectoparasites were removed. Adult body mass during provisioning of nestlings was lower in more recent years, but the change did not vary with colony size. The reason(s) for the reduction in social foraging and information transfer over time are unclear, but the consequence is that colonial nesting may no longer offer the same fitness advantages for Cliff Swallows as in the 1980's. The results illustrate flexibility of foraging behavior and dynamic shifts in the potential selective pressures for group-living.</p>
Distribution. Now restricted to the Channel Country of SW Queensland and the Lake Eyre Basin in NE South Australia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 95-120 mm, tail 105-160 mm, ear 23-29 mm, hindfoot 32-37 mm; weight 30-50 g. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has body form typical of hopping mice, with very long hindfeet, long tail with distal brush of longer hairs, very long ears, and large protruberant eyes. Dorsal fur is of variable color, from pale pinkish fawn to gray; ventral fur white. Unlike most other hopping mice, it has no throat pouch, but males have a glandular area of naked skin on the chest. Habitat. Occurs in low shrublands and tussock grasslands on stony ("gibber") plains and claypans. Shows marked habitat segregation from the Dusky Hopping Mouse (N. fuscus), which is closely associated with sandy substrates. Food and Feeding. The Fawn Hopping Mouse is mostly granivorous, but also eats other plant material (stems, leaves) and occasionally invertebrates. It uses succulent, salt-adapted plants around edges of claypans as a source of water. Breeding. Reproduction is probably largely opportunistic and aseasonal, with high reproductive output from near-continuous breeding after periods of high rainfall; reported littersize is 1-5, most commonly three; gestation period 38-43 days for nonlactating females. Females may mature later than other hopping mice, with reproductive maturity reached at about six months. Activity patterns. Terrestrial and nocturnal. Fawn Hopping Mice shelter during day in burrow systems that are typically simpler and shallower than those of other hopping mice. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Fawn Hopping Mice generally live singly or in small groups; typically uncommon within range, but population density may increase by an order of magnitude following periods of high rainfall. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has shown marked decline in range (estimated at greater than 50%), and presumably population size, since European settlement of Australia. This is mostlikely due to predation by the introduced house cat and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), and to habitat degradation associated with pastoralism. Bibliography. Brazenor (1934), Burbidge et al. (2008), Finlayson (1939), Gould (1853), Jackson & Groves (2015), Murray et al. (1999), Ogilby (1892), Thomas (1921h), Van Dyck & Strahan (2008), Waite (1898), Watts & Aslin (1981), Woinarski et al. (2014), Wood Jones (1925). in Muridae
Distribution. Now restricted to the Channel Country of SW Queensland and the Lake Eyre Basin in NE South Australia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 95-120 mm, tail 105-160 mm, ear 23-29 mm, hindfoot 32-37 mm; weight 30-50 g. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has body form typical of hopping mice, with very long hindfeet, long tail with distal brush of longer hairs, very long ears, and large protruberant eyes. Dorsal fur is of variable color, from pale pinkish fawn to gray; ventral fur white. Unlike most other hopping mice, it has no throat pouch, but males have a glandular area of naked skin on the chest. Habitat. Occurs in low shrublands and tussock grasslands on stony ("gibber") plains and claypans. Shows marked habitat segregation from the Dusky Hopping Mouse (N. fuscus), which is closely associated with sandy substrates. Food and Feeding. The Fawn Hopping Mouse is mostly granivorous, but also eats other plant material (stems, leaves) and occasionally invertebrates. It uses succulent, salt-adapted plants around edges of claypans as a source of water. Breeding. Reproduction is probably largely opportunistic and aseasonal, with high reproductive output from near-continuous breeding after periods of high rainfall; reported littersize is 1-5, most commonly three; gestation period 38-43 days for nonlactating females. Females may mature later than other hopping mice, with reproductive maturity reached at about six months. Activity patterns. Terrestrial and nocturnal. Fawn Hopping Mice shelter during day in burrow systems that are typically simpler and shallower than those of other hopping mice. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Fawn Hopping Mice generally live singly or in small groups; typically uncommon within range, but population density may increase by an order of magnitude following periods of high rainfall. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has shown marked decline in range (estimated at greater than 50%), and presumably population size, since European settlement of Australia. This is mostlikely due to predation by the introduced house cat and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), and to habitat degradation associated with pastoralism. Bibliography. Brazenor (1934), Burbidge et al. (2008), Finlayson (1939), Gould (1853), Jackson & Groves (2015), Murray et al. (1999), Ogilby (1892), Thomas (1921h), Van Dyck & Strahan (2008), Waite (1898), Watts & Aslin (1981), Woinarski et al. (2014), Wood Jones (1925).
FIG. 1 in Description of a new Myzocallis (Hemiptera Aphididae) living on Valonia oak in Southern Italy with DNA barcoding accounts on allied species-group
FIG. 1—Myzocallis macrolepidis sp. n., alate viviparous female (a–h): a, body (holotype) (1.98 mm in length); b, head (width across compound eyes 0.38 mm); c, III antennal joint (0.29 mm); d, VI antennal joint (0.40 mm); e, distal part of rostrum (u.r.j. length 0.141 mm); f, distal part of tibia and tarsus of hind leg (II h.t. length 0.094 mm); g, siphunculus (0.064 mm); h, distal part of abdomen showing cauda, anal and genital plate (length of cauda including anal plate to the rim of genital plate, 0.16 mm). Ibidem, alatoid nymph (i–j): body (1.34 mm); antenna (1.01 mm).
FIG. 3 in Description of a new Myzocallis (Hemiptera Aphididae) living on Valonia oak in Southern Italy with DNA barcoding accounts on allied species-group
FIG. 3—Morphological features of different species of Myzocallis s. str. living on oaks: a–b, M. occidentalis, (a) al. viv. female: distal part of rostrum (u.r.j. 0.219 mm) and (b) distal part of tibia with tarsus of hind leg (II h.t. 0.113 mm); c–e, M. glandulosa: (c) distal part of rostrum of apt. viv. female (u.r.j. 0.098 mm), (d) body of alatoid nymph (1.03 mm) and (e) of apterous viv. female (1.10 mm) (the latter picture made from a specimen held at the NHM of London); f, M. schreiberi, al. viv. female: distal part of rostrum (u.r.j. 0.094 mm); g, M. boerneri, al. viv. female: distal part of rostrum (u.r.j. 0.117 mm).
FIG. 2 in Description of a new Myzocallis (Hemiptera Aphididae) living on Valonia oak in Southern Italy with DNA barcoding accounts on allied species-group
FIG. 2—Myzocallis macrolepidis sp. n.: a, spinal hairs from 4th and 7th abdominal segments of alate viviparous female; length in µm of some hairs: 1=39, 2=31, 3=50, 4=44. b, spino-marginal hairs from metathorax to 5th abdominal segment of alatoid nymph; length in µm: 1=132, 2=149, 3=154, 4=119, 5=135.
FIGURES 552–563. Live specimens, Carapoia paraguaensis group. 552–553. C in The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits
FIGURES 552–563. Live specimens, Carapoia paraguaensis group. 552–553. C. munduruku sp. n., male and female from Tapajós. 554–556. C. ocaina Huber, 2000, males and female from Tabatinga. 557–560. C. fowleri Huber, 2000, males from Presidente Figueiredo and Manaus, females from Presidente Figueiredo. 561–563. C. tapajos sp. n., males and female from Tapajós.
FIGURES 138–149. Live specimens, Mesabolivar togatus group. 138–139. M in The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits
FIGURES 138–149. Live specimens, Mesabolivar togatus group. 138–139. M. togatus (Keyserling, 1891), males from Sooretama (with Arachnocoris bug; arrow) and Santa Maria Madalena. 140. M. baianus sp. n., male from Serra Bonita. 141– 142. M. similis sp. n., male and female from Morro de Pedra. 143–144. M. buraquinho sp. n., male from Bonito, female from Mata do Buraquinho. 145–146. M. caipora Huber, 2015, male and female from Serra da Itabaiana. 147. M. inmanis sp. n., male from Vargem Alta. 148–149. M. cyaneomaculatus (Keyserling, 1891), males from Penedo.
FIGURES 378–389. Live specimens, Mesabolivar iguazu group. 378–379. M in The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits
FIGURES 378–389. Live specimens, Mesabolivar iguazu group. 378–379. M. chapeco sp. n., male and female from Chapecó. 380–381. M. yucuma sp. n., male and female from Turvo. 382–383. M. iguazu Huber, 2000, males from Iguaçú. 384–385. M. charrua Machado et al., 2013, male and female from Serra Geral. 386–387. M. catarinensis sp. n., male and female from Serra Geral. 388–389. M. bicuspis sp. n., male and female from St. Hilaire/Lange.
FIGURES 1–12. Live specimens, Mesabolivar pseudoblechroscelis group. 1–2. M in The South American spider genera Mesabolivar and Carapoia (Araneae, Pholcidae): new species and a framework for redrawing generic limits
FIGURES 1–12. Live specimens, Mesabolivar pseudoblechroscelis group. 1–2. M. acrensis sp. n., male and female from Rio Branco. 3–4. M. maraba sp. n., male and female from Marabá. 5–6. M. huambisa Huber, 2000, male from Tabatinga, female from Belém. 7–8. M. amazonicus sp. n., male and female from Humaitá. 9–10. M. jamari sp. n., male and female from Jamari. 11–12. M. tapajos sp. n., male and female from Tapajós.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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OpenNeuro
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