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77 results for “gymnosperm”
Fig. 23 in Plant Type Materials from Kanagawa Prefecture (Japan) in the Herbarium of the Komarov Botanical Institute (LE; Russia): Lycophytes, Ferns, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms (Monocots and some Dicots)
Fig. 23. Syntype of Malaxis japonica Maxim. (LE 01012245; KPM-NX0001275).
Fig. 2 in Plant Type Materials from Kanagawa Prefecture (Japan) in the Herbarium of the Komarov Botanical Institute (LE; Russia): Lycophytes, Ferns, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms (Monocots and some Dicots)
Fig. 2. Syntype of Lycopodium cryptomerinum Maxim. (LE 01009939; KPM-NX0001852).
Fig. 1 in Plant Type Materials from Kanagawa Prefecture (Japan) in the Herbarium of the Komarov Botanical Institute (LE; Russia): Lycophytes, Ferns, Gymnosperms, and Angiosperms (Monocots and some Dicots)
Fig. 1. Lectotype of Lycopodium cryptomerinum Maxim. (LE 01009938; KPM-NX0001851).
Energy-water and seasonal variations in climate underlie the spatial distribution patterns of gymnosperms species richness in China
<p>Studying the pattern of species richness is crucial in understanding the diversity and distribution of organisms in the earth. Climate and human influences are the major driving factors that directly influence the large-scale distributions of plant species, including gymnosperms. Understanding how gymnosperms respond to climate, topography, and human-induced changes is useful in predicting the impacts of global change. Here, we attempt to evaluate how climatic and human-induced processes could affect the spatial richness patterns of gymnosperms in China. Initially, we divided a map of the country into grid cells of 50 × 50 km<sup>2 </sup>spatial resolution and plotted the geographical coordinate distribution occurrence of 236 native gymnosperm taxa. The gymnosperm taxa were separated into three response variables: (i) all species, (ii) endemic species, and (iii) non-endemic species, based on their distribution. The species richness patterns of these response variables to four predictor sets were also evaluated: (i) energy-water, (ii) climatic seasonality, (iii) habitat heterogeneity, and (iv) human influences. We performed generalized linear models (GLMs) and variation partitioning analyses to determine the effect of predictors on spatial richness patterns. The results showed that the distribution pattern of species richness was highest in the southwestern mountainous area and Taiwan in China. We found a significant relationship between the predictor variable set and species richness pattern. Further, our findings provide evidence that climatic seasonality is the most important factor in explaining distinct fractions of variations in the species richness patterns of all studied response variables. Moreover, it was found that energy-water was the best predictor set to determine the richness pattern of all species and endemic species, while habitat-heterogeneity has a better influence on non-endemic species. Therefore, we conclude that with the current climate fluctuations as a result of climate change and increasing human activities, gymnosperms might face a high risk of extinction.</p>
Energy-water and seasonal variations in climate underlie the spatial distribution patterns of gymnosperms species richness in China
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Effects of niche marginality on hotter-drought tree mortality in angiosperms and gymnosperms
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Steep topography buffers threatened gymnosperm species against anthropogenic pressures in China
China is one of the most species-rich countries in the world, harbouring many rare gymnosperms. Following recent human-led loss of forests, China is now experiencing increases in forest cover resulting from efforts of reforestation-schemes. As anthropogenic activities have previously been found to interact with topography in shaping forest cover in China and considering the large human population and the ongoing population increase of the country, it is important to understand the role of anthropogenic pressures relative to environmental drivers for shaping species distributions here. Based on the well-established relationship between human population density and topography, we propose a hypothesis for explaining species distributions in a country dominated by human activities, predicting that species are more likely to occur in areas of steep topography under medium human population densities compared to low- and high human population densities. Using species occurrence data from the Chinese Vascular Plant Distribution Database along with a common SDM method (Maximum Entropy Modelling) we tested this hypothesis. Our results show that steep topography has the highest importance for predicting Chinese gymnosperm species occurrences in general, and threatened species specifically, in areas of medium human population densities. Consequently, these species are more often found in areas of steep terrain, supporting the proposed hypothesis. Results from this study highlight the need to include topographically heterogeneous habitats when planning new protected areas for species conservation.
Data from: Revisiting the relative growth rate hypothesis for gymnosperm and angiosperm species co‐occurrence
Premise of the study: It is unclear to what extent the co-occurrence of angiosperm and gymnosperm species in some marginal ecosystems is explained by reduced growth in angiosperms due to carbon (C) limitation, and by high stress tolerance in gymnosperms associated with lack of vessels and resource conservation. Methods: We examined growth patterns and traits associated with C balance in four evergreen angiosperm species (including one vesselless species, Drimys winteri) and three gymnosperm tree species of a cold-temperate rainforest in southern Chile. We measured the mean basal area increment for the first 50 (BAI50) and the last 10 years (BAI10), wood density, leaf lifespan, and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) concentrations in different organs. Key results: BAI50 was 6-fold higher in angiosperms than in gymnosperms, and c. 4-fold higher in Drimys than in the fastest growing gymnosperm. BAI10 and aboveground NSC concentrations were significantly higher and leaf lifespan lower in angiosperms than in gymnosperms; these differences though were largely driven by the slow growth and low NSC concentrations of the Cupressaceae species (Pilgerodendron uviferum), while the two Podocarpaceae showed similar BAI10 and NSC concentrations to angiosperms. In angiosperms, NSC and starch concentrations were generally higher in species with lower BAI10, indicating no severe C limitation. Conclusions: The co-occurrence of angiosperms and gymnosperms in cold-temperate rainforests of southern Chile is not explained by growth disadvantages and C limitation in angiosperms. High leaf longevity, but not lack of vessels, appeared to favor resource conservation and C balance in some gymnosperms (Podocarpaceae). In compliance with data protection regulations, please contact the publication office if you would like to have your personal information removed from the database.
Angiosperm to Gymnosperm host-plant switch entails shifts in microbiota of the Welwitschia bug, Probergrothius angolensis (Distant, 1902)
<p>Adaptation of herbivorous insects to new host plants is key to their evolutionary success in diverse environments. Many insects are associated with mutualistic gut bacteria that contribute to the host's nutrition and can thereby facilitate dietary switching in polyphagous insects. However, how gut microbial communities differ between populations of the same species that feed on different host plants remains poorly understood. Most species of Pyrrhocoridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) are specialist seed-feeders on plants in the family Malvaceae, however populations of one species, <i>Probergrothius angolensis</i>, has switched to the very distantly related <i>Welwitschia mirabilis </i>plant in the Namib Desert. We first compared development and survival of laboratory populations of <i>Pr. angolensis</i> with two other pyrrhocorids on seeds of <i>Welwitschia</i> and found only <i>Pr. angolensis</i> capable of successfully completing its development. We then collected <i>Pr. angolensis</i> in Namibia<i> </i>from Malvaceae and <i>Welwitschia</i> host plants, respectively, to assess their bacterial and fungal community profiles using high-throughput amplicon sequencing. Comparison with long-term lab reared insects indicated stable associations of <i>Pr. angolensis</i> with core bacteria (<i>Commensalibacter, Enterococcus, Bartonella, </i>and <i>Klebsiella</i>), but not fungi or yeasts. Phylogenetic analyses of core bacteria revealed relationships to other insect-associated bacteria, but also found new taxa indicating potential host-specialized nutritional roles. Importantly, the microbial community profiles of bugs feeding on <i>Welwitschia</i> vs. Malvaceae revealed stark and consistent differences in the relative abundance of core bacterial taxa that correlate with the host-plant switch; a result we were able to recreate through feeding experiments. Thus, a dynamic gut microbiota may provide a means for insect adaptation to new host plants in new environments when food plants are extremely divergent.</p>
Data from: Conserved genetic regions across angiosperms as tools to develop single copy nuclear markers in gymnosperms: an example using cycads
Several individuals of the Caribbean Zamia clade and other cycad genera were used to identify single copy nuclear genes for phylogeographic and phylogenetic studies in Cycadales. Two strategies were employed to select target loci: 1) a tblastX search of Arabidopsis conserved ortholog sequence (COS) set and, 2) a tblastX search of Arabidopsis-Populus-Vitis-Oryza Shared Single Copy genes (APVO SSC) against the EST Zamia databases in Genbank. From the first strategy, 30 loci were selected, and from the second, 16 loci. In both cases the matching Genbank accessions of Zamia were used as a query for retrieving highly similar sequences from Cycas, Picea, Pinus species or Ginko biloba. After retrieving and aligning all the sequences in each locus, intron predictions were completed to assist in primer design. PCR was carried out in three rounds to detect paralogous loci. A total of 29 loci were successfully amplified as a single band of which 20 were likely single copy loci. These loci showed different diversity and divergence levels. A preliminary screening allowed us to select 8 promising loci (40S, ATG2, BG, GroES, GTP, LiSH, PEX4 and TR) for the Z. pumila complex and 4 loci (COS26, GroES, GTP and HTS) for all other cycad genera.
FIGURES 6–13. Paroxythrips podocarpi n in Paroxythrips gen. n. (Thysanoptera, Thripidae), associated with the gymnosperm order Araucariales in Japan and Australia
FIGURES 6–13. Paroxythrips podocarpi n. sp. Female 6–11. (6) head & pronotum; (7) antennal segments III–VIII; (8) mesonotum & metascutum; (9) tergite V; (10) tergites VIII–X; (11) sternites VI–VII. Male 12–13. (12) tergite IX; (13) sternite V.
FIGURES 1–5. Paroxythrips species. P. agathidis 1–3 in Paroxythrips gen. n. (Thysanoptera, Thripidae), associated with the gymnosperm order Araucariales in Japan and Australia
FIGURES 1–5. Paroxythrips species. P. agathidis 1–3. (1) tergite VII, female; (2) sternites VI–VII, female; (3) sternite VII, male. P. podocarpi 4–5. (4) female; (5) male.
FIGURES 14–22. Paroxythrips podocarpi n in Paroxythrips gen. n. (Thysanoptera, Thripidae), associated with the gymnosperm order Araucariales in Japan and Australia
FIGURES 14–22. Paroxythrips podocarpi n. sp., second instar larva. (14) dorsal aspect; (15) head & pronotum; (16) antenna; (17) meso & metanota; (18) spiracle on mesonotum, left; (19) spiracle on tergite II, right; (20) tergite V; (21) tergites VIII–X; (22) sternite V.
The global distribution and drivers of wood density across angiosperms and gymnosperms and their impact on forest carbon stocks (Data and Plots)
<p>Abstract:</p> <div>The density of wood is a key indicator of trees’ carbon investment strategies, impacting productivity and carbon storage. Despite its importance, the global variation in wood density and its environmental controls remain poorly understood, preventing accurate predictions of global forest carbon stocks. Here, we analyze information from 1.1 million forest inventory plots alongside wood density data from 10,703 tree species to create a spatially-explicit understanding of the global wood density distribution and its drivers. Our findings reveal a pronounced latitudinal gradient, with wood in tropical forests being up to ~30% denser than that in boreal forests. In both angiosperms and gymnosperms, hydrothermal conditions represented by annual mean temperature and soil moisture emerged as the primary factors influencing the variation in wood density globally. This indicates similar environmental filters and evolutionary adaptations among distinct plant groups, underscoring the essential role of abiotic factors in determining wood density in forest ecosystems. Additionally, our study highlights the prominent role of disturbance, such as human modification and fire risk, in influencing wood density at more local scales. Factoring in the spatial variation of wood density notably changes the estimates of forest carbon stocks, leading to differences of up to 21% within biomes. Therefore, our research contributes to a deeper understanding of terrestrial biomass distribution and how environmental changes and disturbances impact forest ecosystems.</div> <div> </div> <p>This repository only provides the folders of 'Data' and 'Plots' that are needed for for the repository on GitHub: https://github.com/LidongMo/GlobalWoodDensityProject</p>
Data from: Stomatal sensitivity to CO2 diverges between angiosperm and gymnosperm tree species
The response of tree leaf gas exchange to elevated CO2 concentrations has been investigated in numerous experiments along the past 30 years. Stomatal regulation is a major plant control over leaf gas exchange, and the response to the increasing CO2 will shape the biological activity of forests in the future. Here we collected 144 records from 57 species on stomatal conductance in CO2 manipulation experiments on trees (340-980 ppm CO2). CO2-induced stomatal downregulation was calculated as the slope of the linear regression between stomatal conductance and [CO2]. Among tree species, the slope (a) of change in stomatal conductance per 100 ppm CO2 increase ranged between 0 and -151, indicating stomatal downregulation, and only four species showed upregulation. There was a significant divergence between evergreen gymnosperms (a = -3.6±1.0), deciduous angiosperms (a = -16.3±3.1), and evergreen angiosperms (a = -32.8±7.1). Gymnosperms were less sensitive to CO2 changes than deciduous angiosperms even when considering only field experiments. The significant role of tree functional group in predicting CO2-induced stomatal downregulation was detected in multiple mixed effect models, with P values ranging between 0.0002 and 0.0295. The significantly higher stomatal sensitivity to CO2 of angiosperms vs. gymnosperms might be related to the overall higher stomatal conductance of angiosperms; their thinner leaves, in turn losing water faster; and the decreasing atmospheric [CO2] at the time of their taxa diversification. We conclude that species differences must be taken into account in forecasting future forest fluxes.
Experimental evidence that leaf litter decomposability and flammability are decoupled across gymnosperm species
<p><span>1. Biological decomposition and wildfire are two predominant and alternative processes that can mineralize organic C in forest litter. Currently, the relationships between decomposition and fire are still poorly understood.</span></p> <p><span>2. We provide an empirical test of the hypothesized decoupling of surface litter bed decomposability and flammability, and the underlying traits and trait spectra.</span></p> <p><span>3. We employed a 41-species set of gymnosperms of very broad evolutionary and geographic spread, because of the wide range of (absent to frequent) fire regimes they are associated with.</span></p> <p><span>4. We found that the interspecific pattern of mass loss proportions in a "common garden" decomposition experiment was not correlated with any of the flammability parameters and an RDA analysis also showed that the decomposability and flammability of leaf litter were decoupled across species. This decoupling originates from the former depending mostly on SSS traits and the latter on PES traits and those trait spectra being virtually uncorrelated.</span></p> <p><span>5. Synthesis. Our results show that, indeed, leaf litter decomposability and flammability parameters are decoupled across species, and this decoupling can be explained by their different drivers in terms of trait spectra: chemical traits for decomposability and size-shape traits for flammability.</span></p>
Complete organelle genomes of Korean fir, Abies koreana and phylogenomics of the gymnosperm genus Abies using nuclear and cytoplasmic DNA sequence data
<span>Background</span> <p><em><span>Abies koreana</span></em><span> E. H. Wilson is an endangered evergreen coniferous tree that is native to high altitudes in South Korea and susceptible to the effects of climate change. Hybridization and reticulate evolution have been reported in the genus; therefore, multigene datasets from nuclear and cytoplasmic genomes are needed to better understand its evolutionary history.</span></p> <span>Results</span> <p><span>Using Illumina NovaSeq6000 and Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) PromethION platforms, we generated complete mitochondrial (1,174,803 bp) and plastid (121,341 bp) genomes from <em>A. koreana</em>. The mitochondrial genome is highly dynamic, transitioning from cis- to trans-splicing and breaking the conserved gene clusters. In the case of the plastome, the ONT reads revealed two structural conformations of <em>A. koreana</em>. The short inverted repeats (1,186 bp) of the <em>A. koreana</em> plastome are associated with the different structural types. Transcriptomic sequencing revealed 1,356 sites of C-to-U RNA editing in the 41 mitochondrial genes. Using <em>A. koreana</em> as a reference, we additionally produced nuclear ribosomal DNA and organelle genomic sequences from eight Abies species and generated multiple datasets for maximum likelihood and network analyses. Three sections (<em>Balsamea</em>, <em>Momi</em>, and <em>Pseudopicea</em>) were well grouped in the nuclear phylogeny, but the phylogenomic relationships showed conflicting signals in the mitochondrial and plastid genomes, indicating a complicated evolutionary history that may have included introgressive hybridization.</span></p> <span>Conclusions</span> <p><span>These results illustrate that phylogenomic analyses based on the sequences from differently inherited organelle genomes resulted in conflicting trees. Organellar capture, organellar genome recombination, and incomplete lineage sorting in an ancestral heteroplasmic individual can contribute to phylogenomic discordance. We provide strong support for the relationships within <em>Abies</em> and new insights into the phylogenomic complexity of this genus.</span></p>
Experimental evidence that leaf litter decomposability and flammability are decoupled across gymnosperm species
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Complete organelle genomes of Korean fir, Abies koreana and phylogenomics of the gymnosperm genus Abies using nuclear and cytoplasmic DNA sequence data
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Data from: Conserved genetic regions across angiosperms as tools to develop single copy nuclear markers in gymnosperms: an example using cycads
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