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171 results for “hermaphroditism”
Fig. 3 in Sexual development and reproductive pattern of the Mutton hamlet, Alphestes afer (Teleostei: Epinephelidae): a dyandric, hermaphroditic reef fish
Fig. 3. Photomicrographs of a histological section from male Alphestes afer spermatogenesis stages. (a), go = spermatogonias, (b), spcI = spermatocytes in first stage (bar = 5μm); (c),spcII = secondary spermatocytes (bar = 2.5μm); (d), spd = spermatides (bar = 2μm); (e), spz = spermatozoa (bar = 2μm) (18.6 cm T ; September 2009).
Simulated pollinator decline has similar effects on seed production of female and hermaphrodite Lobelia siphilitica, but different effects on selection on floral traits
<p><span>PREMISE:</span><span> Pollinator decline, by reducing seed production, is predicted to strengthen natural selection on floral traits. However, the effect of pollinator decline on gender dimorphic species (such as gynodioecious species, where plants produce female or hermaphrodite flowers) may differ between the sex morphs: if pollinator decline reduces the seed production of females more than hermaphrodites, then it should also have a larger effect on selection on floral traits in females than in hermaphrodites.</span></p> <p><span>RESULTS: </span><span>Experimentally reducing pollination decreased seed production of both females and hermaphrodites by ~21%. Reducing pollination also strengthened selection on floral traits, but this effect was not larger in females than in hermaphrodites. Instead, reducing pollination intensified selection for taller inflorescences in hermaphrodites, but did not intensify selection on any floral trait in females.</span></p> <p><span>CONCLUSIONS:</span><span> Our results suggest that pollinator decline will not have a larger effect on either seed production or selection on floral traits of female plants. As such, any effect of pollinator decline on seed production may be similar for gender dimorphic and monomorphic species. However, the potential for floral traits of females (and thus of gender dimorphic species) to evolve in response to pollinator decline could be limited.</span></p>
Data for: Hermaphroditic origins of anisogamy
<p>This repository contains simulated datasets relating to the publication: Henshaw JM, Bittlingmaier M, Schärer L. Hermaphroditic origins of anisogamy. In this paper, we simulated the coevolution of sex allocation and gamete size in populations with pre-existing binary mating types. Under varying parameter combinations, we tracked the evolution of the following variables over multiple simulation runs, with each run lasting 10 000 generations:</p> <p>1. The mean size of gametes of each mating type</p> <p>2. The population mean sex allocation (average proportion of resources allocated to male function)</p> <p>3. The population proportions of hermaphrodites and of individuals specialised in each gamete type</p> <p>4. The mean individual fertilisation rate (defined as the proportion of larger-type gametes that are fertilised, averaged over all individuals)</p> <p>Each 'output' dataset in this repository contains the values of the above variables recorded every ten generations over a single simulation run. The accompanying 'parameter' datasets contain a list of the parameter values underlying each simulation run. For further information, please see the publication and the file README.md in this repository.</p>
Data for: Genome assemblies of the simultaneously hermaphroditic flatworms Macrostomum cliftonense and Macrostomum hystrix
<p>The free-living, simultaneously hermaphroditic flatworms of the genus <em>Macrostomum, </em>are increasingly used as model systems in various contexts. In particular, <em>M. lignano</em>, the only species of this group with a published genome assembly, has emerged as a model for the study of regeneration, reproduction, and stem-cell function. However, challenges have emerged due to <em>M. lignano</em> being a hidden polyploid, having recently undergone whole-genome duplication and chromosome fusion events. This complex genome architecture presents a significant roadblock to the application of many modern genetic tools. Hence, additional genomic resources for this genus are needed. Here we present such resources for <em>M. cliftonense</em> and <em>M. hystrix</em>, which represent<em> </em>the contrasting mating behaviors of reciprocal copulation and hypodermic insemination found in the genus. We use a combination of PacBio long-read sequencing and Illumina shot-gun sequencing, along with several RNA-Seq datasets, to assemble and annotate highly contiguous genomes for both species. The assemblies span ~227Mb and ~220Mb and are represented by 399 and 42 contigs for<em> M. cliftonense</em> and<em> M. hystrix,</em> respectively. Furthermore, high BUSCO completeness (~84-85%), low BUSCO duplication rates (8.3-6.2%), and low k-mer multiplicity indicate that these assemblies do not suffer from the same assembly ambiguities of the<em> M. lignano</em> genome assembly, that can be attributed to the complex karyology of this species. We also show that these resources, in combination with the prior resources from <em>M. lignano, </em>offer excellent foundations for comparative genomic research in this group of organisms.</p>
Figure 3 in Confirmation of functional hermaphroditism in six grouper species (Epinephelidae: Epinephelinae) from the Gulf of Mexico
Figure 3. - Histological sections of gonads of Mycteroperca microlepis individual (85.0 cm FL), collected May 1996 in offshore waters of the Campeche Bank (Gabe and Martoja's one-step trichrome stain). Individual most likely male, showing remnant of the former ovarian lumen, numerous crypts of spermatogonia, and some muscle bundles and remnant primary growth oocytes. L: lumen; MB: muscle bundle; PG: primary growth oocyte; Sg: spermatogonia. Scale bar = 50 µm.
Data from: The effects of parasitism on sex allocation of a hermaphroditic acorn barnacle
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Sperm competition favours intermediate sperm size in a hermaphrodite
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Data for: Hermaphroditic origins of anisogamy
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Data from: Unisexual flowers as a resolution to intralocus sexual conflict in hermaphrodites
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Simulated pollinator decline has similar effects on seed production of female and hermaphrodite Lobelia siphilitica, but different effects on selection on floral traits
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Different effects of mating group size as male and as female on sex allocation in a simultaneous hermaphrodite
<p>Sex allocation theory predicts that the optimal sexual resource allocation of simultaneous hermaphrodites is affected by mating group size (MGS). Although the original concept assumes that the MGS does not differ between male and female functions, the MGS in the male function (MGSm; i.e., the number of sperm recipients the focal individual can deliver its sperm to plus one) and that in the female function (MGSf; the number of sperm donors plus one) do not always coincide and may differently affect the optimal sex allocation. Moreover, reproductive costs can be split into "variable" (e.g., sperm and eggs) and "fixed" (e.g., genitalia) costs, but these have been seldom distinguished in empirical studies. We examined the effects of MGSm and MGSf on the fixed and variable reproductive investments in the sessilian barnacle <i>Balanus rostratus</i>. The results showed that MGSm had a positive effect on sex allocation, whereas MGSf had a nearly significant negative effect. Moreover, the "fixed" cost varied with body size and both aspects of MGS. We argue that the two aspects of MGS should be distinguished for organisms with unilateral mating.</p>
Data from: Mate availability determines use of alternative reproductive phenotypes in hermaphrodites
<p>In many species individuals can employ alternative reproductive phenotypes, with profound consequences for individual fitness and population dynamics. This is particularly relevant for self-compatible hermaphrodites, which have exceptionally many reproductive options. Here we investigated the occurrence of reproductive phenotypes in the simultaneously hermaphroditic freshwater snail <i>Radix balthica</i> under experimentally simulated conditions of low vs. moderate population density. We captured all mating behavior on camera and measured individual female lifetime reproductive success. We found every possible reproductive phenotype: (1) both male and female (i.e. truly hermaphroditic) reproduction, (2) purely female and (3) purely male reproduction, (4) male reproduction combined with self-fertilization and (5) female mating activity, (6) pure self‑fertilization without mating and (7-8) two types of reproductive failure. Variation in alternative reproductive phenotypes was explained by mate availability (10.8%) and individual condition, approximated by a snail's mean daily growth rate (17.5%). Increased mate availability resulted in a lower diversity of reproductive phenotypes, in particular increasing the frequency of true hermaphrodites. However, it lowered phenotype-specific fecundities and hence reduced the population growth rate. Snails in better condition were more likely to reproduce as true hermaphrodites or pure females, while low-condition snails tended to suffer reproductive failure. Overall, we show substantial variation in alternative reproductive phenotypes in a hermaphrodite, which is possibly in part maintained by fluctuations in population density and thus mate availability, and by variation in individual condition. We also provide evidence of an almost two-fold increase in clutch size that can be ascribed specifically to mating as a female.</p>
Evolution of sex allocation plasticity in a hermaphroditic flatworm genus
<p>Sex allocation theory in simultaneous hermaphrodites predicts that optimal sex allocation is influenced by local sperm competition, which occurs when related sperm compete to fertilize a given set of eggs. Different factors, including the mating strategy and the ability to self-fertilize, are predicted to affect local sperm competition and hence the optimal SA. Moreover, since the local sperm competition experienced by an individual can vary temporally and spatially, this can favour the evolution of sex allocation plasticity. Here, using seven species of the free-living flatworm genus <em>Macrostomum</em>, we document interspecific variation in sex allocation, but neither their mating strategy nor their ability to self-fertilize significantly predicted sex allocation among these species. Since we also found interspecific variation in sex allocation plasticity, we further <span>estimated standardized effect sizes for plasticity in response to i) the presence of mating partners </span>(i.e. in isolation vs. with partners) <span>and ii) the strength of </span>local sperm competition (i.e. in small vs. large groups). We found that self-fertilization predicted sex allocation plasticity with respect to the presence of <span>mating partners, with </span>plasticity<span> being lower for self-fertilizing species. Finally, we showed that interspecific variation in </span>sex allocation is higher than intraspecific variation due to sex allocation plasticity. Our study suggests that both sex allocation and sex allocation plasticity are evolutionarily labile, with self-fertilization predicting the latter in <em>Macrostomum</em>.</p>
Data for: Mating strategy predicts gene presence/absence patterns in a genus of simultaneously hermaphroditic flatworms
<p>This repository contains a record of analysis scripts and similarity score data used for the analyses presented in the manuscript.</p> <p>Some of the R scripts depend on supplementary tables associated with the manuscript.</p> <p>A preprint of the manuscript is available at: <a href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.489193v2">https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.25.489193v2</a></p>
Data from: Macroevolutionary patterns in marine hermaphroditism
<p>Most plants and many animals are hermaphroditic; whether the same forces are responsible for hermaphroditism in both groups is unclear. The well-established drivers of hermaphroditism in plants (e.g., seed dispersal potential, pollination mode) have analogues in animals (e.g., larval dispersal potential, fertilization mode), allowing us to test the generality of the proposed drivers of hermaphroditism across both groups. Here, we test these theories for 1153 species of marine invertebrates, from 3 phyla. Species with either internal fertilization, restricted offspring dispersal, or small body sizes are more likely to be hermaphroditic than species that are external fertilizers, planktonic developers, or larger. Plants and animals show different biogeographical patterns, however: animals are less likely to be hermaphroditic at higher latitudes – the opposite to the trend in plants. Overall, our results indicate that similar forces, namely competition amongst offspring or gametes, shape the evolution of hermaphroditism across the tree of life. </p>
Figure 8 in The developmental variations of the sagitta otolith in the young and mature male of a hermaphrodite polynemidae fish, Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804)
Figure 8. Relationships of the body size groups with the different sagitta constituents: (A) width between ventral margin to crista inferior (CriV); (B) width of the groove of mid dorsal margin (MdGW); (C) depth of the groove of mid dorsal margin (MdGD).
Figure 3 in The developmental variations of the sagitta otolith in the young and mature male of a hermaphrodite polynemidae fish, Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804)
Figure 3. Comparative relationships between sagitta length, width and weight and fork length in the four groups of Eleutheronema tetradactylum. Here and in Fig. 4: group I (Gr-I) – 11-12 cm FL, group II (Gr-II) – 15-16 cm FL, group III (Gr-III) – 19-20 cm FL, group IV (Gr-IV) – 23-24 cm FL.
Figure 2 in The developmental variations of the sagitta otolith in the young and mature male of a hermaphrodite polynemidae fish, Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804)
Figure 2. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM) of the medial surface of right sagittae of Eleutheronema tetradactylum: (A) Gr-I, smooth outer margin; (B) Gr-II, pointed antirostrum, deep dorsal depression and bent caudal end with growth stripes, the caudal colliculum includes numerous buttons like concretions, mid-dorsal groove (white arrow); (C) Gr-III, developed rostrum & blunt antirostrum, growth stripes on the ventral wall of sulcus, shallow dorsal depression; (C) Gr-IV, blunt antirostrum, bent caudal end, reduced dorsal depression, granular caudal colliculum.
Figure 6 in The developmental variations of the sagitta otolith in the young and mature male of a hermaphrodite polynemidae fish, Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804)
Figure 6. Relationships of the body size groups with different sagitta constituents: (A) rostrum length (RL); (B) antirostrum length (ArL); (C) width of excisura major (ExW); (D) ostium length (OL); (E) ostium width (OW); (F) cauda length (Cl).
Figure 5 in The developmental variations of the sagitta otolith in the young and mature male of a hermaphrodite polynemidae fish, Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw, 1804)
Figure 5. Relationships of the body size groups with different sagitta features: (A) sagitta length (OL); (B) sagitta width (OW); (C) sagitta weight (Owt); (D) sulcus length (SL); (E) sulcus width (SW); (F) sulcus depth (SD).
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