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62 results for “hominin”
Reconstructing cranial evolution in an extinct hominin
Homo erectus occupies a central position in human evolution as a likely ancestor of the modern human (Homo sapiens) and Neanderthal / Denisovan lineages and the first hominin species with a truly cosmopolitan distribution. Understanding the evolutionary population dynamics of Homo erectus has larger implications for the emergence of later Homo lineages in the Middle Pleistocene. Quantitative genetics models provide a means of interrogating aspects of longstanding Homo erectus population history narratives. For the current study, cranial fossils were sorted into six major paleodemes from sites across Africa and Asia spanning 1.8 to 0.1 Ma. Three-dimensional shape data from the occipital and frontal bones were used to test population genetic hypotheses. Results indicate that Homo erectus had higher individual and group variation than Homo sapiens, likely reflecting different levels of genetic diversity and population history in these spatially disperse species. This study also revealed distinct evolutionary histories for frontal and occipital bone shape in Homo erectus,with a larger role for natural selection in the former. One scenario consistent with these findings is climate-driven facial adaptation in Homo erectus, which is reflected in the frontal bone through integration with the orbits.
Data from: Bayesian analysis of a morphological supermatrix sheds light on controversial fossil hominin relationships
The phylogenetic relationships of several hominin species remain controversial. Two methodological issues contribute to the uncertainty—use of partial, inconsistent datasets and reliance on phylogenetic methods that are ill-suited to testing competing hypotheses. Here, we report a study designed to overcome these issues. We first compiled a supermatrix of craniodental characters for all widely accepted hominin species. We then took advantage of recently developed Bayesian methods for building trees of serially sampled tips to test among hypotheses that have been put forward in three of the most important current debates in hominin phylogenetics—the relationship between Australopithecus sediba and Homo, the taxonomic status of the Dmanisi hominins, and the place of the so-called hobbit fossils from Flores, Indonesia, in the hominin tree. Based on our results, several published hypotheses can be statistically rejected. For example, the data do not support the claim that Dmanisi hominins and all other early Homo specimens represent a single species, nor that the hobbit fossils are the remains of small-bodied modern humans, one of whom had Down syndrome. More broadly, our study provides a new baseline dataset for future work on hominin phylogeny and illustrates the promise of Bayesian approaches for understanding hominin phylogenetic relationships.
Data from: Multiple cross-species transmission events of human adenoviruses (HAdV) during hominine evolution
Human adenoviruses (HAdV; species HAdV-A to -G) are highly prevalent in the human population, and represent an important cause of morbidity and, to a lesser extent, mortality. Recent studies have identified close relatives of these viruses in African great apes, suggesting that some HAdV may be of zoonotic origin. We analyzed more than 800 fecal samples from wild African great apes and humans to further investigate the evolutionary history and zoonotic potential of hominine HAdV. HAdV-B and -E were frequently detected in wild gorillas (55%) and chimpanzees (25%), respectively. Bayesian ancestral host reconstruction under discrete diffusion models supported a gorilla and chimpanzee origin for these viral species. Host switches were relatively rare along HAdV evolution, with about ten events recorded in 4.5 My. Despite presumably rare direct contact between sympatric populations of the two species, transmission events from gorillas to chimpanzees were observed, suggesting that habitat and dietary overlap may lead to fecal-oral cross-hominine transmission of HAdV. Finally, we determined that two independent HAdV-B transmission events to humans occurred more than 100,000 years ago. We conclude that HAdV-B circulating in humans are of zoonotic origin and have probably affected global human health for most of our species lifetime.
Continuous presence of proto-cereals in Anatolia since 2.3 Ma, and their possible co-evolution with large herbivores and hominins
<p>pollen data from the published paper in Scientific Reports: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-86423-8</p>
Data and code for Rowan et al. "Long-term biotic homogenization in the East African Rift System over the last 6 Myr of hominin evolution"
<p>Data and code for Rowan et al. "Long-term biotic homogenization in the East African Rift System over the last 6 Myr of hominin evolution" published in <em>Nature Ecology and Evolution</em>.</p>
Data from: Bayesian analysis of a morphological supermatrix sheds light on controversial fossil hominin relationships
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Reconstructing cranial evolution in an extinct hominin
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Data from: Multiple cross-species transmission events of human adenoviruses (HAdV) during hominine evolution
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Data from: Walking on ashes: insect trace fossils from Laetoli indicate poor grass cover associated with early hominin environments
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Data from: Phylogeny, ancestors, and anagenesis in the hominin fossil record
Probabilistic approaches to phylogenetic inference have recently gained traction in paleontological studies. Because they directly model processes of evolutionary change, probabilistic methods facilitate a deeper assessment of variability in evolutionary patterns by weighing evidence for competing models. Although phylogenetic methods used in paleontological studies have generally assumed that evolution proceeds by splitting cladogenesis, extensions to previous models help explore the potential for morphological and temporal data to provide differential support for contrasting modes of evolutionary divergence. Recent methodological developments have integrated ancestral relationships into probabilistic phylogenetic methods. These new approaches rely on parameter-rich models and sophisticated inferential methods, potentially obscuring the respective contributions of data and models. In this study, we describe a simple likelihoodist approach that combines probabilistic models of morphological evolution and fossil preservation to reconstruct both cladogenetic and anagenetic relationships. By applying this approach to a data set of fossil hominins, we demonstrate the capability of existing models to unveil evidence for anagenesis presented by morphological and temporal data. This evidence was previously recognized by qualitative assessments, but largely ignored by quantitative phylogenetic analyses. For example, we find support for directly ancestral relationships in multiple lineages: Sahelanthropus is ancestral to later hominins; Australopithecus anamensis is ancestral to Australopithecus afarensis; Australopithecus garhi is ancestral to Homo; Homo antecessor is ancestral to Homo heidelbergensis, which in turn is ancestral to both Homo sapiens and Homo neanderthalensis. By accommodating direct ancestry in phylogenetics, quantitative results align more closely with previous qualitative expectations.
Dataset for "Rethinking early hominin toolmaking through comparative primate models"
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Fig. 1 in A new ape from Türkiye and the radiation of late Miocene hominines
Fig. 1 CO 2100/2800. A female partial cranium. From left to right, palatal, right lateral and anterior views.
Data from: Phylogeny, ancestors, and anagenesis in the hominin fossil record
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Data from: Evolutionary novelties and losses in geometric morphometrics: a practical approach through hominin molar morphology
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Shorter distal forelimbs benefit bipedal walking and running mechanics: implications for hominin forelimb evolution
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Data from: Morphological integration in the hominin dentition: evolutionary, developmental, and functional factors.
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Pleistocene sediment DNA reveals hominin and faunal turnovers at Denisova Cave
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Hominin-specific NOTCH2NL genes affect Notch signaling and cortical neurogenesis
GEO Series GSE111082. Homo sapiens; Mus musculus. 12 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Hominin-specific regulatory elements selectively emerged in oligodendrocytes and are disrupted in autism patients
GEO Series GSE130871. Pan troglodytes; Callithrix jacchus; Macaca mulatta; Homo sapiens. 49 samples. Type: Genome binding/occupancy profiling by high throughput sequencing; Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
APPENDIX: Understanding inter-hominin interaction through an environmental approach: Australopithecus, Homo and Paranthropus in Southern Africa
<p>Appendix I = Appendix_1.csv (key at bottom)</p> <p>High resolution image of CA Biplot = CA_biplot.png</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.