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Fig. 3 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition

Fig. 3. Occlusal views of P4 homologous structures in cave bear (A, B) and giant panda (C, D) lineages. A. Ursavus tedfordi Qiu, Deng, and Wang, 2014 (HMV1453) from Huaigou, Gansu Province, Late Miocene. B. Ursus deningeri Von Reichenau, 1904 (NMM1946/643, photo Jan Wagner) from Mosbach 2, Germany, early Middle Pleistocene. C. Ailuropoda sp. (uncatalogued) from southern China, Pleistocene. D. Ailurarctos lufengensis Qiu and Qi, 1989 (IVPP V6892) from Lufeng, Yunnan Province, Latest Miocene. A1–D1, photographs; A2–D2, photographs with homologous structures indicated. Not to scale.

Fig. 1 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition

Fig. 1. Occlusal views of cheek teeth of studied bears. A. Ailuropoda sp. from Pleistocene of China. B. Ailurarctos lufengensis Qiu and Qi, 1989 (m1, IVPP V25032 and others IVPP V6892, reconstructed from CT scanning) from Lufeng, Yunnan Province, Latest Miocene. C. Ursus deningeri von Reichenau, 1904 (NMM1946/643, 1953/119, 1953/119, 1955/818, 1956/907, 1953/54, 1956/909; photo Jan Wagner) from Mosbach 2 locality, Germany, early Middle Pleistocene. D. Ursavus tedfordi Qiu, Deng, and Wang, 2014 (HMV1453) from Huaigou, Gansu Province, Late Miocene. For terminology and more details for dental character see Fig. 2. Not to scale. Abbreviations: RHyd3, medial ridge of protoconid; RMe3, medial ridge of metacone; RMed4, postero-medial ridge of metaconid; RPa1.2, medial branch of anterior ridge of paracone; RPad3, medial ridge of paraconid; RPrd2.2, medial branch of the posterior ridge of protoconid; RPrd3, postero-medial ridge of protoconid; RPrd4, postero-lateral ridge of protoconid.

Fig. 7 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition

Fig. 7. Occlusal views of weakly separated RPa3 of Ursus deningeri Von Reichenau, 1904. A. NMP Rv21000, Koněpruské jeskyně. B. NMP Ra153, cave C718. C. NMP Ra2402, Chlum 1. D. NMP Rv20999, Koněpruské jeskyně. All from Czech Republic, early Middle Pleistocene. Photo Jan Wagner.

Fig. 2 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition

Fig. 2. Illustrations of proposed terminology of teeth of giant panda Ailuropoda melanoleuca (A) and cave bear Ursus deningeri (B). Abbreviations: RHyd3, medial ridge of protoconid; RMed1, anterior ridge of metaconid; RMed2, posterior ridge of metaconid; RMed3, medial ridge of metaconid; RMed4, postero-medial ridge of metaconid; RPad1, anterior ridge of paraconid; RPa1.2, medial branch of anterior ridge of paracone; RPad1, anterior ridge of paraconid; RPad2, posterior ridge of paraconid; RPa3/RPad3, medial ridge of paracone/paraconid; RPrd1, anterior ridge of protoconid; RPrd2, posterior ridge of protoconid; RPrd2.2, medial branch of the posterior ridge of protoconid; RPrd3, postero-medial ridge of protoconid; RPrd4, postero-lateral ridge of protoconid.

Fig. 6 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition

Fig. 6. Occlusal views of M2 homologous structures in cave bear (A, B) and giant panda (C, D) lineages. A. Ursavus tedfordi Qiu, Deng, and Wang, 2014 (HMV1453) from Huaigou, Gansu Province, Late Miocene. B. Ursus deningeri Von Reichenau, 1904 (NMM1953/119, photo Jan Wagner) from Mosbach 2, Germany, early Middle Pleistocene. C. Ailuropoda melanoleuca (David, 1869) (IVPP V87025.153) from cave deposit of Guangxi Province, Late Pleistocene. D. Ailurarctos lufengensis Qiu and Qi, 1989 (IVPP V6892) from Lufeng, Yunnan Province, Latest Miocene. A1–D1, photographs; A2–D2, photographs with homologous structures indicated. Not to scale.

Fig. 10 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition

Fig. 10. Occlusal views of large entoconid 2 of Ailuropoda spp. A, B. Ailuropoda wulingshanensis Wang and Lin, 1982 from Longgudong Cave, Jiangshi, China, middle Early Pleistocene. A. IVPP V13459.11. B. IVPP V13459.266. C, D. Ailuropoda melanoleuca (David, 1869). C. IVPP V87025.246 from cave deposit, Guangxi Province, China, Late Pleistocene. D. IOZ 32752, Recent, Sichuan Province.

Fig. 14 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition

Fig. 14. Serial homology of lower molars (occlusal views) of Ailuropoda sp. (A. IVPP V13459.10, B. IVPP V13459.91, C. IVPP V87025.362) from various fossil sites in southern China, Pleistocene. A1–C1, photographs; A2–C2, photographs with homologous structures indicated. Not to scale.

Fig. 9 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition

Fig. 9. Illustration showing the evolution of m1 protoconid-metaconid ridges (in occlusal view). A. Stem Ursavus evolutionary grade Ursavus cf. brevirhinus (MNHN Ar2399, photo Jan Wagner) from Artenay, France. B. Early Ursus evolutionary grade Ursus malayanus (Raffles, 1821) (AMNH M19154) from Borneo, living. C. Derived Ursus evolutionary grade Ursus deningeri von Reichenau, 1904 (NMM1956/668; photo Jan Wagner, reversed) from Mosbach 2, Germany, early Middle Pleistocene. D. Ailuropoda evolutionary grade: Ailuropoda wulingshanensis Wang and Lin, 1982 (IVPP V13459.266) from Longgu Cave, Jianshi, China, middle Early Pleistocene. A1–D1, explanatory drawings; A2–D2, photographs. Not to scale.

Fig. 13 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition

Fig. 13. Homologous structures of upper molars (occlusal views) of Ailuropoda melanoleuca (David, 1869) (A. IVPP V87025.109, B. IVPP V87025.153) from cave deposits of Guangxi Province, Late Pleistocene. Not to scale.

Fig. 12 in Morphological homology, evolution, and proposed nomenclature for bear dentition

Fig. 12. Occlusal views of m3 homologous structures in cave bear (A, B) and giant panda (C, D) lineages. A. Ursavus tedfordi Qiu, Deng, and Wang, 2014 (HMV1453) from Huaigou, Gansu Province, Late Miocene. B. Ursus deningeri von Reichenau, 1904 (NMM1953/54, photo Jan Wagner) from Mosbach 2, Germany, early Middle Pleistocene. C. Ailuropoda melanoleuca (David, 1869) (IVPP V87025.362) from cave deposit of Guangxi Province, Late Pleistocene. D. Ailurarctos lufengensis Qiu and Qi, 1989 (IVPP V6892) from Lufeng, Yunnan Province, Latest Miocene. A1–D1, photographs; A2–D2, photographs with homologous structures indicated. Not to scale.

Fig. 2 in A new record of a giant neoepiblemid rodent from Peruvian Amazonia and an overview of lower tooth dental homologies among chinchilloids

Fig. 2. Photograph of the MHNC-MS-001 attributed to caviomorph rodent Phoberomys sp., from Monte Salvado, Peruvian Amazonia, late Miocene or Pliocene; fragmentary left mandible in occlusal (A1), labial (A2), and lingual (A3) views, p4–m3 in occlusal view (A4).

Fig. 4 in A new record of a giant neoepiblemid rodent from Peruvian Amazonia and an overview of lower tooth dental homologies among chinchilloids

Fig. 4. Explanatory drawings of occlusal morphologies of lower molars at three ontogenetic stages in Phoberomys. A. Pentalophodont pattern in a juvenile specimen: MACN-Pv 2645, right m1 or 2 (occlusal surface) of Phoberomys burmeisteri; the laminae (A1), homology hypothesis 1 (A2), and homology hypothesis 2 (A3). B.Tetralophodont pattern in a juvenile specimen: MACN-Pv 2645, right m1 or 2 (outline pattern of the dental base) of P. burmeisteri. C. Trilophodont pattern in an adult specimen: MACN-Pv 3475, right m1 or 2 of P. burmeisteri. The direction of the arrow indicates the direction of development associated with an increase of the ontogenetic growth and dental wear. Note that the position of the fused structures is speculative. Based on Rasia and Candela 2018: fig. 4.

Fig. 3 in A new record of a giant neoepiblemid rodent from Peruvian Amazonia and an overview of lower tooth dental homologies among chinchilloids

Fig. 3. Explanatory drawings of the MHNC-MS-001 attributed to caviomorph rodent Phoberomys sp., from Monte Salvado, Peruvian Amazonia, late Miocene or Pliocene; fragmentary left mandible in occlusal (A1), labial (A2), and lingual (A3) views, p4–m3 in occlusal view (A4). The dotted lines indicate incomplete parts.

Fig. 1. A in A new record of a giant neoepiblemid rodent from Peruvian Amazonia and an overview of lower tooth dental homologies among chinchilloids

Fig. 1. A. General map of Peru showing geographic location of Phoberomys-yielding localities: Monte Salvado, Madre de Dios Department (square) and Pisqui River, Nuevo Edén area, Loreto Department (triangle). B. Location map of the Monte Salvado Native Community area in Peruvian Amazonia, where the fragmentary left mandible MHNC-MS-001 was found. Based on data from the Instituto Geográfico Nacional del Perú.

Fig. 7 in Reassessment of the generic attribution of Numidotherium savagei and the homologies of lower incisors in proboscideans

Fig. 7. Dental elements of the proboscidean Chilgatherium harrisi Sanders, Kappelman, and Rasmussen, 2004, from the Upper Guang and Gahar Valley sections (late Oligocene), Chilga region, Ethiopia. A. Right P3 (CH9–22) reversed for consistency. B. Left P4 (CH9–7). C. Protoloph of left?M2 (CH12–4). D. Right M3 (CH35–1) reversed for consistency. E. Tritolophid of right m1 (CH35–3d) reversed for consistency. F. Left m2 (CH35–3a). G. Right m3 (CH35–3c) reversed for consistency. All in occlusal views. Dental elements of the proboscidean Arcanotherium savagei (Court, 1995), from the Evaporite Unit (early Oligocene) of Dor El Talha, Libya. H. Right p2, p3, m1, m3 and left p4, m2 (BMNH M. 82165) in occlusal view (p4 and m2 reversed for consistency).

Fig. 5 in Reassessment of the generic attribution of Numidotherium savagei and the homologies of lower incisors in proboscideans

Fig. 5. Ulnae of the proboscidean Arcanotherium savagei (Court, 1995), from the Idam Unit (early Oligocene) of Dor El Talha, Libya. A. Left ulna (BMNH M. 82176) in anterior (A1), lateral (A2), and proximal (A3) views. B. Left ulna (BMNH M. 82175), repaired since its first publication (Court 1995) in anterior (B1), lateral (B2), and proximal (B3) views.

Fig. 4 in Reassessment of the generic attribution of Numidotherium savagei and the homologies of lower incisors in proboscideans

Fig. 4. Atlas (BMNH M. 82173) of the proboscidean Arcanotherium savagei (Court, 1995) from the Idam Unit (early Oligocene) of Dor El Talha, Libya in anterior (A), posterior (B) dorsal (C), and lateral (D) views.

Fig. 1 in Reassessment of the generic attribution of Numidotherium savagei and the homologies of lower incisors in proboscideans

Fig. 1. Holotype mandible (BMNH M. 82163a, b, c) of the proboscidean Arcanotherium savagei (Court, 1995), from the Idam Unit (early Oligocene) of Dor El Talha, Libya in occlusal (A), lateral (B), reconstructed occlusal (C) views.

Fig. 2 in Reassessment of the generic attribution of Numidotherium savagei and the homologies of lower incisors in proboscideans

Fig. 2. Mandibular elements of the proboscidean Arcanotherium savagei (Court, 1995), from the Evaporite Unit (late Eocene) of Dor El Talha, Libya. A. Symphysis (BMNH M. 82164) in occlusal (A1), lateral (A2), and anterior (A3) views; uncrushed incisor loci are outlined in white on A3. B. Part of right mandibular ramus (BMNH M. 82166) with erupting m2 and p4 in occlusal (B1) and lateral (B2) views.

Fig. 6 in Reassessment of the generic attribution of Numidotherium savagei and the homologies of lower incisors in proboscideans

Fig. 6. Phylogenetic relationships among early tethytheres. Most parsimonious tree (L = 381; CI = 0.64; RI = 0.70) obtained from 207 morphological characters. Nodes are identified by letters (A to L). Bremer support is indicated in black under each node.