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194 results for “host adaptation”
Species differences in reproductive timing and egg load in two fly species adapted to different host plants
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Data for: Local adaptation of a generalist hemiparasitic plant to one of its potential host plants
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An experimental test of parasite adaptation to common vs. rare host genotypes
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Genomic signatures of host-associated divergence and adaptation in a coral-eating snail, Coralliophila violacea (Kiener, 1836)
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Data from: Generalist haemosporidian parasites are better adapted to a subset of host species in a multiple host community
Parasites that can infect multiple host species are considered to be host generalists with low host specificity. However, whether generalist parasites are better adapted to a subset of their host species remains unknown. To elucidate this possibility, we compared the variation in prevalence and infection intensity among host species of three generalist parasite lineages belonging to the morphological species Haemoproteus majoris, in a natural bird community in southern Sweden. Prevalence in each host species was confirmed by nested PCR and DNA sequencing and infection intensities were quantified using lineage-specific real-time qPCR. For two of the three lineages, we detected positive correlations between prevalence and infection intensity, indicating that these generalist parasites are better adapted to a subset of host species, which may have been more frequently encountered during the evolution of the parasite; we refer to these as main host species. For both lineages, the main host species were more phylogenetically related than expected by chance as revealed by strong phylogenetic signal in prevalence among hosts. By comparing our results with previous records of these parasites, we found that the host range of a generalist parasite can vary among different communities and may partly be shaped by the presence of other parasites. Our study reveals that generalist parasites may be specialized on a subset of their host species and it highlights the importance of considering infection intensity and host phylogeny when determining the host specificity of a parasite.
Data from: Signs of a vector's adaptive choice: on the evasion of infectious hosts and parasite-induced mortality
Laboratory and field experiments have demonstrated in many cases that malaria vectors do not feed randomly, but show important preferences either for infected or non-infected hosts. These preferences are likely in part shaped by the costs imposed by the parasites on both their vertebrate and dipteran hosts. However, the effect of changes in vector behaviour on actual parasite transmission remains a debated issue. We used the natural associations between a malaria-like parasite Polychromophilus murinus, the bat fly Nycteribia kolenatii and a vertebrate host the Daubenton's bat Myotis daubentonii to test the vector's feeding preference based on the host's infection status using two different approaches: 1) controlled behavioural assays in the laboratory where bat flies could choose between a pair of hosts; 2) natural bat fly abundance data from wild-caught bats, serving as an approximation of realised feeding preference of the bat flies. Hosts with the fewest infectious stages of the parasite were most attractive to the bat flies that did switch in the behavioural assay. In line with the hypothesis of costs imposed by parasites on their vectors, bat flies carrying parasites had higher mortality. However, in wild populations, bat flies were found feeding more based on the bat's body condition, rather than its infection level. Though the absolute frequency of host switches performed by the bat flies during the assays was low, in the context of potential parasite transmission they were extremely high. The decreased survival of infected bat flies suggests that the preference for less infected hosts is an adaptive trait. Nonetheless, other ecological processes ultimately determine the vector's biting rate and thus transmission. Inherent vector preferences therefore play only a marginal role in parasite transmission in the field. The ecological processes rather than preferences per se need to be identified for successful epidemiological predictions.
Data from: The genetic architecture of ecological adaptation: intraspecific variation in host plant use by the lepidopteran crop pest Chloridea virescens
Intraspecific variation in ecologically important traits is a cornerstone of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. The evolution and maintenance of this variation depends on genetic architecture, which in turn determines responses to natural selection. Some models suggest that traits with complex architectures are less likely to respond to selection than those with simple architectures, yet rapid divergence has been observed in such traits. The simultaneous evolutionary lability and genetic complexity of host plant use in the Lepidopteran subfamily Heliothinae suggest that architecture may not constrain ecological adaptation in this group. Here we investigate the response of Chloridea virescens, a generalist that feeds on diverse plant species, to selection for performance on a novel host, Physalis angulata (Solanaceae). P. angulata is the preferred host of Chloridea subflexa, a narrow specialist on the genus Physalis. In previous experiments, we found that the performance of C. subflexa on P. angulata depends on many loci of small effect distributed throughout the genome, but whether the same architecture would be involved in the generalist's adoption of P. angulata was unknown. Here we report a rapid response to selection in C. virescens for performance on P. angulata, and establish that the genetic architecture of intraspecific variation is quite similar to that of the interspecific differences in terms of the number, distribution, and effect sizes of the QTL involved. We discuss the impact of genetic architecture on the ability of Heliothine moths to respond to varying ecological selection pressures.
Data from: Identification of combinatorial host-specific signatures with a potential to affect host adaptation in influenza A H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes
Background: The underlying strategies used by influenza A viruses (IAVs) to adapt to new hosts while crossing the species barrier are complex and yet to be understood completely. Several studies have been published identifying singular genomic signatures that indicate such a host switch. The complexity of the problem suggested that in addition to the singular signatures, there might be a combinatorial use of such genomic features, in nature, defining adaptation to hosts. Results: We used computational rule-based modeling to identify combinatorial sets of interacting amino acid (aa) residues in 12 proteins of IAVs of H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes. We built highly accurate rule-based models for each protein that could differentiate between viral aa sequences coming from avian and human hosts. We found 68 host-specific combinations of aa residues, potentially associated to host adaptation on HA, M1, M2, NP, NS1, NEP, PA, PA-X, PB1 and PB2 proteins of the H1N1 subtype and 24 on M1, M2, NEP, PB1 and PB2 proteins of the H3N2 subtypes. In addition to these combinations, we found 132 novel singular aa signatures distributed among all proteins, including the newly discovered PA-X protein, of both subtypes. We showed that HA, NA, NP, NS1, NEP, PA-X and PA proteins of the H1N1 subtype carry H1N1-specific and HA, NA, PA-X, PA, PB1-F2 and PB1 of the H3N2 subtype carry H3N2-specific signatures. M1, M2, PB1-F2, PB1 and PB2 of H1N1 subtype, in addition to H1N1 signatures, also carry H3N2 signatures. Similarly M1, M2, NP, NS1, NEP and PB2 of H3N2 subtype were shown to carry both H3N2 and H1N1 host-specific signatures (HSSs). Conclusions: To sum it up, we computationally constructed simple IF-THEN rule-based models that could distinguish between aa sequences of avian and human IAVs. From the rules we identified HSSs having a potential to affect the adaptation to specific hosts. The identification of combinatorial HSSs suggests that the process of adaptation of IAVs to a new host is more complex than previously suggested. The present study provides a basis for further detailed studies with the aim to elucidate the molecular mechanisms providing the foundation for the adaptation process.
Data from: Host coevolution alters the adaptive landscape of a virus
The origin of new and complex structures and functions is fundamental for shaping the diversity of life. Such key innovations are rare because they require multiple interacting changes. We sought to understand how the adaptive landscape led to an innovation whereby bacteriophage λ evolved the new ability to exploit a receptor, OmpF, on Escherichia coli cells. Previous work showed that this ability evolved repeatedly, despite requiring four mutations in one virus gene. Here, we examine how this innovation evolved by studying six intermediate genotypes of λ isolated during independent transitions to exploit OmpF and comparing them to their ancestor. All six intermediates showed large increases in their adsorption rates on the ancestral host. Improvements in adsorption were offset, in large part, by the evolution of host resistance, which occurred by reduced expression of LamB, the usual receptor for λ. As a consequence of host coevolution, the adaptive landscape of the virus changed such that selection favouring four of the six virus intermediates became stronger after the host evolved resistance, thereby accelerating virus populations along the path to using the new OmpF receptor. This dependency of viral fitness on host genotype thus shows an important role for coevolution in the origin of the new viral function.
Local adaptation of a parasite to solar radiation impacts disease transmission potential, spore yield, and host fecundity
<p>Environmentally transmitted parasites spend time in the abiotic environment, where they are subjected to a variety of stressors. Understanding how they face this challenge is essential if we are to understand how host-parasite interactions may vary across environmental gradients. We used a zooplankton-bacteria host-parasite system where availability of sunlight (solar radiation) influences disease dynamics to look for evidence of parasite local adaptation to sunlight exposure. We also examined how variation in sunlight tolerance among parasite strains impacted host reproduction. Parasite strains collected from clearer lakes (with greater sunlight penetration) were most tolerant of the negative impacts of sunlight exposure, suggesting local adaptation to sunlight conditions. This adaptation came with both a cost and a benefit for parasites: parasite strains from clearer lakes produced relatively fewer transmission stages (spores) but these strains were more infective. After experimental sunlight exposure, the most sunlight-tolerant parasite strains reduced host fecundity just as much as spores that were never exposed to sunlight. Sunlight availability varies greatly among lakes around the world. Our results suggest that the selective pressure sunlight exposure exerts on parasites may impact both parasite and host fitness, potentially driving variation in disease epidemics and host population dynamics across sunlight availability gradients. </p>
Data from: Host-adapted aphid populations differ in their migratory patterns and capacity to colonize crops
Although phytophagous insects can vary genetically in host use and exhibit long-range movements, the combined implications of these phenomena for pest management have received limited attention. To address this, we surveyed the genetic diversity of pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum using twelve microsatellite loci and assessed host association patterns and annual movement from a putative source region (Columbia River Basin) to the Palouse region of northern Idaho and western Washington, where the aphid is a pest of pea Pisum sativum. A total of 320 identified unique genotypes clustered into four genetic groups, with two host plant associations: alfalfa Medicago sativa (three genetic groups), and pea Pisum sativum and vetch Vicia villosa (one genetic group). All four genetic groups occurred in the Columbia River Basin and in migrant aphids collected in pan traps during spring colonization in the Palouse during 2 years of this study. Patterns of group arrival on the Palouse were spatially structured early in the season, consistent with differing migration patterns. Despite genetic diversity of migrants, a single genetic group became predominant in pea crops each year. Clonal laboratory colonies of pea aphids established from field-collected specimens and representing two predominant genetic groups exhibited reciprocal performance trade-offs, with alfalfa being a poor host for a pea-associated aphid genotype and vice versa. Synthesis and applications. Annual spring migrants of pea aphids in the pea production region of the Palouse are genetically diverse, with different host plant affinities consistent with origination from source populations in the Columbia River Basin. As the season progresses, a single genetic group adapted to pea becomes predominant in the crop. Management of pea aphid in the Palouse will be improved by monitoring the temporal and spatial variation of specific genetic groups of the aphid arriving as immigrants during each crop season, providing this information to producers and adjusting estimates of risk of crop damage accordingly. The principle could apply to other pest species with host-adapted populations that colonize crops on an annual basis.
Data from: Are aphid parasitoids locally adapted to the prevalence of defensive symbionts in their hosts?
Background: Insect parasitoids are under strong selection to overcome their hosts' defences. In aphids, resistance to parasitoids is largely determined by the presence or absence of protective endosymbionts such as Hamiltonella defensa. Hence, parasitoids may become locally adapted to the prevalence of this endosymbiont in their host populations. To address this, we collected isofemale lines of the aphid parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum from 17 sites in Switzerland and France, at which we also estimated the frequency of infection with H. defensa as well as other bacterial endosymbionts in five important aphid host species. The parasitoids' ability to overcome H. defensa-mediated resistance was then quantified by estimating their parasitism success on a single aphid clone (Aphis fabae fabae) that was either uninfected or experimentally infected with one of three different isolates of H. defensa. Results: The five aphid species (Aphis fabae fabae, A. f. cirsiiacanthoides, A. hederae, A. ruborum, A. urticata) differed strongly in the relative frequencies of infection with different bacterial endosymbionts, but there was also geographic variation in symbiont prevalence. Specifically, the frequency of infection with H. defensa ranged from 22 to 47 % when averaged across species. Parasitoids from sites with a high prevalence of H. defensa tended to be more infective on aphids possessing H. defensa, but this relationship was not significant, thus providing no conclusive evidence that L. fabarum is locally adapted to the occurrence of H. defensa. On the other hand, we observed a strong interaction between parasitoid line and H. defensa isolate on parasitism success, indicative of a high specificity of symbiont-conferred resistance. Conclusions: This study is the first, to our knowledge, to test for local adaptation of parasitoids to the frequency of defensive symbionts in their hosts. While it yielded useful information on the occurrence of facultative endosymbionts in several important host species of L. fabarum, it provided no clear evidence that parasitoids from sites with a high prevalence of H. defensa are better able to overcome H. defensa-conferred resistance. The strong genetic specificity in their interaction suggests that it may be more important for parasitoids to adapt to the particular strains of H. defensa in their host populations than to the general prevalence of this symbiont, and it highlights the important role symbionts can play in mediating host-parasitoid coevolution.
Data from: Spatiotemporal variation in local adaptation of a specialist insect herbivore to its long-lived host plant
Local adaptation of interacting species to one another indicates geographically variable reciprocal selection. This process of adaptation is central in the organization and maintenance of genetic variation across populations. Given that the strength of selection and responses to it often vary in time and space, the strength of local adaptation should in theory vary between generations and among populations. However, such spatiotemporal variation has rarely been explicitly demonstrated in nature and local adaptation is commonly considered to be relatively static. We report persistent local adaptation of the short-lived herbivore Abrostola asclepiadis to its long-lived host plant Vincetoxicum hirundinaria over three successive generations in two studied populations and considerable temporal variation in local adaptation in six populations supporting the geographic mosaic theory. The observed variation in local adaptation among populations was best explained by geographic distance and population isolation, suggesting that gene flow reduces local adaptation. Changes in herbivore population size did not conclusively explain temporal variation in local adaptation. Our results also imply that short-term studies are likely to capture only a part of the existing variation in local adaptation.
Data from: Adaptation of a plant pathogen to partial host resistance: selection for greater aggressiveness in grapevine downy mildew
An understanding of the evolution of pathogen quantitative traits in response to host selective pressures is essential for the development of durable management strategies for resistant crops. However, we still lack experimental data on the effects of partial host resistance on multiple phenotypic traits (aggressiveness) and evolutionary strategies in pathogens. We performed a cross-inoculation experiment with four grapevine hosts and 103 isolates of grapevine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) sampled from susceptible and partially resistant grapevine varieties. We analysed the neutral and adaptive genetic differentiation of five quantitative traits relating to pathogen transmission. Isolates from resistant hosts were more aggressive than isolates from susceptible hosts, as they had a shorter latency period and higher levels of spore production. This pattern of adaptation contrasted with the lack of neutral genetic differentiation, providing evidence for directional selection. No specificity for a particular host variety was detected. Adapted isolates had traits that were advantageous on all resistant varieties. There was no fitness cost associated with this genetic adaptation, but several trade-offs between pathogen traits were observed. These results should improve the accuracy of prediction of fitness trajectories for this biotrophic pathogen, an essential element for the modelling of durable deployment strategies for resistant varieties.
FIGURES 38–68. 38–46 in Host plant shifts and transitions into new adaptive zones in leafhoppers: the example of Macropsinae (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) of Russia and adjacent countries
FIGURES 38–68. 38–46—pygofer processes of Macropsidius spp., 47–51—same, Hephathus spp., 52–61—penis of Macropsidius spp. (52, 54, 56, 58, and 60—dorsal view, 53, 55, 57, 59, and 61—lateral view), 62–68—Macropsidius spp., dorsal view of a body. 38–40—M. involutus Dlab., 41–42—M. compactus Mit., 43–44 and 54–55—M. abrotani Em., 45–46 and 67–68—M. niger (Mats.), 47–48—H. nanus (H.-S.), 49–51—H. freyi (Fieb.), 52–53 and 62—M. duuschulus Dlab., 56– 57—M. kalbensis Mit., 58–59—M. maculatus Mit., 60–61—M. mitjaevi Tish., 63–64—M. valiturus Dlab., 65–66—M. kopetdagicus Tish.
FIGURES 2–37 in Host plant shifts and transitions into new adaptive zones in leafhoppers: the example of Macropsinae (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) of Russia and adjacent countries
FIGURES 2–37. Different species-groups of the genus Macropsis. 2–7—oak-feeding species, group 1 (2–3—dorsal view of a body, 4—male 8 th sternite, 5–6—male pygofer processes, 7—penis, lateral view); 8–18—species feeding on Salicaceae, group 2 (8–9—dorsal view of a body, 10—male pygofer process, 11–12—penis, lateral view, 13–18—male 2 nd tergal apodemes); 19– 21—species feeding on Ulmus, group 3 (19–20—male 2 nd tergal apodemes, 21—penis, lateral view); 22–24—species feeding on Spiraea, group 4 (22–23—male 2 nd tergal apodemes, 24—end of style); 25–32—species feeding on Rosa, Berberis, Elaeagnus and Populus from the subgenus Turanga, groups 6, 7, 9, and 10 (25, 27, 29, and 31—penis, lateral view, 26, 28, 30, and 32—end of style); 33–35—species feeding on Berberis, group 7 (33–34—male 2 nd tergal apodemes, 35—lateral view of a body); 36–37—species feeding on Populus from the subgenus Turanga, group 10 (male 2 nd tergal apodemes). 2, 6, and 7—M. irenae Virakt., 3–5—M. matsumurana China, 8—M. leporina Tish., 9–11 and 15—M. viridobrunnea Dlab., 12 and 18—M. ocellata Prov., 13—M. vicina (Horv.), 14—M. validiuscula Dub., 16—M. impura (Boh.), 17—M. iliensis Mit., 19 and 21—M. illota (Horv.), 20—M. glandacea (Fieb.), 22 and 24—M. sibirica Kuzn., 23—M. brunnescens Vilb., 25–26—M. formosa Dub., 27–28, 33, and 35—M. berberidicola Dub., 29–30—M. elaeagni Em., 31–32 and 36–37—M. scabrosa Kor., 34—M. berberidis Dub.
FIGURES 69–71 in Host plant shifts and transitions into new adaptive zones in leafhoppers: the example of Macropsinae (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha: Cicadellidae) of Russia and adjacent countries
FIGURES 69–71. Possible ways of distribution of some groups of Macropsinae in Palaearctic. 1—species-groups of Macropsis feeding on East Asian Quercus spp. and on Salicaceae; 2―species-groups of Macropsis feeding on Ulmus spp., Rosa spp., Berberis integerrima, Elaeagnus spp., Hippophae rhamnoides, and desert poplars from the subgenus Turanga; 3―Macropsidius.
Data for "Deciphering the code of viral-host adaptation through maximum entropy models"
<p>Data needed to reproduce the figures of the paper "Deciphering the code of viral-host adaptation through maximum entropy models", following the instructions provided in <a href="https://github.com/adigioacchino/MENB_snakemake">this GitHub repository</a>.</p>
Spectrophotometrical raw data of viability and total sugar content included in the paper "Promastigote EPS secretion and haptomonad biofilm formation as evolutionary adaptations of trypanosomatid parasites for colonizing honeybee hosts"
<p>Raw data of spectrophotometrical data included in the paper: "Promastigote EPS secretion and haptomonad biofilm formation as evolutionary adaptations of trypanosomatid parasites for colonizing honeybee hosts" published in npj biofilms and Microbiomes. </p>
Complex adaptive architecture underlies adaptation to quantitative host resistance in a fungal plant pathogen
<p>Plant pathogens often adapt to plant genetic resistance so characterization of the architecture underlying such an adaptation is required to understand the adaptive potential of pathogen populations. Erosion of banana quantitative resistance to a major leaf disease caused by polygenic adaptation of the causal agent, the fungus <i>Pseudocercospora fijiensis,</i> was recently identified in the northern Caribbean region<i>. </i>Genome scan and quantitative genetics approaches were combined to investigate the adaptive architecture underlying this adaptation. Thirty-two genomic regions showing host selection footprints were identified by pool sequencing of isolates collected from seven plantation pairs of two cultivars with different levels of quantitative resistance. Individual sequencing and phenotyping of isolates from one pair revealed significant and variable levels of correlation between haplotypes in 17 of these regions with a quantitative trait of pathogenicity (the diseased leaf area). The multilocus pattern of haplotypes detected in the 17 regions was found to be highly variable across all the population pairs studied. These results suggest complex adaptive architecture underlying plant pathogen adaptation to quantitative resistance with a polygenic basis, redundancy, and a low level of parallel evolution between pathogen populations. Candidate genes involved in quantitative pathogenicity and host adaptation of <i>P. fijiensis </i>were identified in genomic regions by combining annotation analysis with available biological data.</p>
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