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FIGURE 9 in The hyperdiverse oribatid mite genus Scapheremaeus (Acari: Oribatida: Cymbaeremaeidae) in Australia, with descriptions of new species and consideration of biogeographical affinities

FIGURE 9. Scapheremaeus nivalis sp. nov. a) dorsal; b) ventral; c) lateral; d) detail of centrodorsal microsculpture.

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FIGURE 4. a in The hyperdiverse oribatid mite genus Scapheremaeus (Acari: Oribatida: Cymbaeremaeidae) in Australia, with descriptions of new species and consideration of biogeographical affinities

FIGURE 4. a) Scapheremaeus baylyi sp. nov., circumnotogastral plates, viewed ventrally (centrodorsal plate removed); b–e) tibiae I (right, antiaxial); b) Scapheremaeus allmani sp. nov., showing cerotegument; c) Scapheremaeus tuberculosus sp. nov.; d) Scapheremaeus alisonae sp. nov.; e) Scapheremaeus bulbosensillatus sp. nov.

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FIGURE 7 in The hyperdiverse oribatid mite genus Scapheremaeus (Acari: Oribatida: Cymbaeremaeidae) in Australia, with descriptions of new species and consideration of biogeographical affinities

FIGURE 7. Scapheremaeus euthemellus sp. nov. a) dorsal; b) ventral; c) detail of setae lm; d) detail of seta lp; e) detail

Figure 4 in Inconvenient hyperdiversity - the traditional concept of "PheIdole pallIdula" includes four cryptic species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 4. linear discriminant analysis of Pheidole balcanica nov. sp. (rhombs), Ph. koshewnikovi (squares) and Ph. pallidula (triangles). The position of types is indicated by letters: B – Ph. balcanica, K – Ph. koshewnikovi, O – Ph. orientalis, S – Ph. subdentata.

Figure 3 in Inconvenient hyperdiversity - the traditional concept of "PheIdole pallIdula" includes four cryptic species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 3. Hierarchical NC-Ward clustering of 72 nest samples of major workers of Pheidole balcanica sp.nov. and P. koshewnikovi after stepwise reduction to seven morphometric characters. The arrows indicate two samples of P. balcanica sp.nov. erroneously allocated to the P. koshewnikovi cluster. The misplacement was rectified by a wild-card run of a controlling linear discriminant function which agreed with non-hierarchical NC-K-means clustering by 100 %.

Figure 2 in Inconvenient hyperdiversity - the traditional concept of "PheIdole pallIdula" includes four cryptic species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 2. Hierarchical NC-Ward clustering of 110 nest samples of major workers of the three European species of the Pheidole pallidula species complex considering all 17 morphometric characters unselectively. The arrows mark two samples of P. pallidula erroneously allocated to the P. balcanica et koshewnikovi cluster. The misplacement was rectified by a wild-card run of a controlling linear discriminant function which agreed with non-hierarchical NC-K-means clustering by 100 %.

Figure 1 in Inconvenient hyperdiversity - the traditional concept of "PheIdole pallIdula" includes four cryptic species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Figure 1. Morphometric characters in lateral aspect of mesosoma. The dotted line shows the level mesosomal longitudinal axis.

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Reduced visitation to buzz-pollinated Cyanella hyacinthoides in the presence of other pollen sources in the hyperdiverse Cape Floristic Region

<p>Many plant species have floral morphologies that restrict access to floral resources, such as pollen or nectar, and only a subset of floral visitors can perform the handling behaviours required to extract restricted resources. Due to the time and energy required to extract resources from morphologically complex flowers, these plant species potentially compete for pollinators with co-flowering plants that have more easily accessible resources. A widespread floral mechanism restricting access to pollen is the presence of tubular anthers that open through small pores or slits (poricidal anthers). Some bees have evolved the capacity to remove pollen from poricidal anthers using vibrations, giving rise to the phenomenon of buzz-pollination. These bee vibrations that are produced for pollen extraction are presumably energetically costly, and to date, few studies have investigated whether buzz-pollinated flowers may be at a disadvantage when competing for pollinators' attention with plant species that present unrestricted pollen resources. Here, we studied Cyanella hyacinthoides (Tecophilaeaceae), a geophyte with poricidal anthers in the hyperdiverse Cape Floristic Region of South Africa, to assess how the composition and relative abundance of flowers with easily accessible pollen affect bee visitation to a buzz-pollinated plant. We found that the number of pollinator species was not influenced by community composition. However, visitation rates to C. hyacinthoides were reduced when the relative abundances of flowers with more accessible resources were high. Visitation rates were strongly associated with petal colour, showing that flower colour is important in mediating these interactions. We conclude that buzz-pollinated plants might be at a competitive disadvantage when many easily accessible pollen sources are available, particularly when competitor species share its floral signals.</p>

Fig. 3 in Paleotropical Diversification Dominates the Evolution of the Hyperdiverse Ant Tribe Crematogastrini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 3. The evolution of biogeography (A) and nesting preference (B) in Crematogastrini. Ancestral reconstructions based on a modified chronogram from the 50-best concatenated-partitioned analysis in BEAST2, from which all but one representative species per genus, as well as the outgroups, have been pruned from the tree. (A) Biogeographic reconstructions with BioGeoBEARS under the DEC model. N = Nearctic, T = Neotropical, P = Palearctic, E = Afrotropical, M = Malagasy, O = Indomalayan, and A = Australasian. (B) Nesting preference reconstructed under the ER model with rayDISC in corHMM. Black = arboreal nesting; white = ground nesting. See SuppTable 3 (online only) for geographic distributions and trait data for each genus.

Fig. 4 in Paleotropical Diversification Dominates the Evolution of the Hyperdiverse Ant Tribe Crematogastrini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 4. Diversification of Crematogastrini. We performed BAMM analyses on the chronogram resulting from the 50-best concatenated-partitioned BEAST2 analysis using clade-specific sampling probabilities to account for incomplete sampling based either on species estimates only or including species and subspecies. Panels show (A) mean phylorate plots based on species only; (B) mean phylorate plots based on species and subspecies; (C) best shift configuration based on species only; (D) best shift configuration based on species and subspecies. SuppTable 5 (online only) lists diversity estimates per genus including and excluding subspecies.

Fig. 2 in Paleotropical Diversification Dominates the Evolution of the Hyperdiverse Ant Tribe Crematogastrini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 2. Cladogram estimated for Crematogastrini, by ASTRAL-II species-tree analysis. We reconstructed a species tree from 1,763 UCE gene trees based on weighted statistical binning (Bayzid et al. 2015) and 883 supergenes. Only local posterior probabilities (LPP)> 0.7 are shown. Note that ASTRAL-II support values are branch support values that measure the support for a quadripartition, not a bipartition.The 10 major genus-groups are indicated; clade names in red highlight conflicts regarding the composition of these clades with respect to Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 in Paleotropical Diversification Dominates the Evolution of the Hyperdiverse Ant Tribe Crematogastrini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Fig. 1. Phylogeny of Crematogastrini, estimated by concatenated ML analysis.We performed best-tree and bootstrap searches (N = 100) in RAxML v8.2.7. Both panels show the best ML tree resulting from analyses of a concatenated data matrix divided per UCE locus into 1,763 partitions. (A) Phylogram showing branch lengths and emphasizing generic relationships. (B) Cladogram with BS values indicated: white squares represent 100% BS; red squares indicate the support for that node.The 10 major genus-groups are indicated; the compositions of the two genus-groups highlighted in red conflict with those resulting from the ASTRAL-II analysis presented in Fig. 2.

FIGURES 526–531 in Morphological revision of the hyperdiverse Brueelia - complex (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) with new taxa, checklists and generic key

FIGURES 526–531. Aporisticeras athertona (Williams, 1981) n. comb. ex Nyctyornis athertoni athertoni: 526, male head, dorsal and ventral views. 527, male genitalia, dorsal view. 528, male mesosome, ventral view. 529, male paramere, dorsal view. 530, male paramere, ventral view. 531. female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view. Abbreviations: ATS, anterior transverse sclerite; DTS, distal transverse sclerite.

FIGURES 524–525 in Morphological revision of the hyperdiverse Brueelia - complex (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) with new taxa, checklists and generic key

FIGURES 524–525. Aporisticeras athertona (Williams, 1981) n. comb. ex Nyctyornis athertoni athertoni: 524, male habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 525, female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

FIGURES 520–523 in Morphological revision of the hyperdiverse Brueelia - complex (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) with new taxa, checklists and generic key

FIGURES 520–523 Couala angulata (Piaget, 1880) n. comb. ex Coua caerulea: 520, male head, dorsal and ventral views. 521, male genitalia, dorsal view. 522, male mesosome and parameres, ventral view. 523, female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view.

FIGURES 509–511 in Morphological revision of the hyperdiverse Brueelia - complex (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) with new taxa, checklists and generic key

FIGURES 509–511. Buerelius longiceps (Piaget, 1880) ex Brachypteracias leptosomus: 509, female head, dorsal and ventral views. 510, female habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 511, female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view.

FIGURE 518–519 in Morphological revision of the hyperdiverse Brueelia - complex (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) with new taxa, checklists and generic key

FIGURE 518–519 Couala angulata (Piaget, 1880) n. comb. ex Coua caerulea: 518, male habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 519, female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.

FIGURES 504–508 in Morphological revision of the hyperdiverse Brueelia - complex (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) with new taxa, checklists and generic key

FIGURES 504–508. Motmotnirmus marginellus (Nitzsch [in Giebel], 1866) ex Momotus momota momota: 504, male head, dorsal and ventral views. 505, male genitalia, dorsal view. 506, male mesosome, ventral view. 507, male paramere, dorsal view. 508, female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view.

FIGURES 499–501. Meropoecus bartlowi n in Morphological revision of the hyperdiverse Brueelia - complex (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) with new taxa, checklists and generic key

FIGURES 499–501. Meropoecus bartlowi n. sp. ex Merops ornatus: 499, male head, dorsal and ventral views. 500, male genitalia, ventral view. 501, female subgenital plate and vulval margin, ventral view.

FIGURES 502–503 in Morphological revision of the hyperdiverse Brueelia - complex (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) with new taxa, checklists and generic key

FIGURES 502–503. Motmotnirmus marginellus (Nitzsch [in Giebel], 1866) ex Momotus momota momota: 502, male habitus, dorsal and ventral views. 503, female habitus, dorsal and ventral views.