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342 results for “ingestion”
Limnomysis benedeni ingestion rate in different prey
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GLP-1 Increases pre-ingestive satiation via hypothalamic circuits in mice and humans
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Data from: Mosquito derived ingested DNA as a tool for monitoring terrestrial vertebrates within a peri-urban environment
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Supplementary data for: Hummingbird ingestion of low-concentration ethanol within artificial nectar
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Data from: Intoxicated copepods: ingesting toxic phytoplankton leads to risky behaviour
Understanding interactions between harmful algal bloom (HAB) species and their grazers is essential for determining mechanisms of bloom proliferation and termination. We exposed the common calanoid copepod, Temora longicornis to the harmful algal bloom species Alexandrium fundyense and examined effects on copepod survival, ingestion, egg production and swimming behaviour. A. fundyense was readily ingested by T. longicornis and significantly altered copepod swimming behaviour without affecting copepod survival or fitness. A. fundyense caused T. longicornis to increase their swimming speed and the straightness of their path long after the copepods had been removed from the A. fundyense treatment. Models suggest that these changes could lead to a 25-56% increase in encounter frequency between copepods and their predators. This work highlights the need to determine how ingesting HAB species alters grazer behaviour as this can have significant impacts on the fate of HAB toxins in marine systems.
Data from: Seed ingestion and germination in rattlesnakes: overlooked agents of rescue and secondary dispersal
Seed dispersal is a key evolutionary process and a central theme in the population ecology of terrestrial plants. The primary producers of most land-based ecosystems are propagated by and maintained through various mechanisms of seed dispersal that involve both abiotic and biotic modes of transportation. By far the most common biotic seed transport mechanism is zoochory, whereby seeds, or fruits containing them, are dispersed through the activities of animals. Rodents are one group of mammals that commonly prey on seeds (granivores) and play a critical, often destructive, role in primary dispersal and the dynamics of plant communities. In North America, geomyid, heteromyid and some sciurid rodents have specialized cheek pouches for transporting seeds from plant source to larder, where they are often eliminated from the pool of plant propagules by consumption. These seed-laden rodents are commonly consumed by snakes as they forage, but unlike raptors, coyotes, bobcats, and other endothermic predators which eat rodents and are known or implicated to be secondary seed dispersers, the role of snakes in seed dispersal remains unexplored. Here, using museum-preserved specimens, we show that in nature three desert-dwelling rattlesnake species consumed heteromyids with seeds in their cheek pouches. By examining the entire gut we discovered, furthermore, that secondarily ingested seeds can germinate in rattlesnake colons. In terms of secondary dispersal, rattlesnakes are best described as diplochorous. Because seed rescue and secondary dispersal in snakes has yet to be investigated, and because numerous other snake species consume granivorous and frugivorous birds and mammals, our observations offer direction for further empirical studies of this unusual but potentially important channel for seed dispersal.
Data from: Morphological convergence in a Mexican garter snake associated with the ingestion of a novel prey
Morphological convergence is expected when organisms which differ in phenotype experience similar functional demands, which lead to similar associations between resource utilization and performance. To consume prey with hard exoskeletons, snakes require either specialized head morphology, or to deal with them when they are vulnerable, e.g. during molting. Such attributes may in turn reduce the efficiency with which they prey on soft-bodied, slippery animals such as fish. Snakes which consume a range of prey may present intermediate morphology, such as that of Thamnophiine (Natricidae) which may be classified morphometrically across the soft-hard prey dietary boundary. In this study, we compared the dentition and head structure of populations of Thamnophis melanogaster that have entered the arthropod-crustacean (crayfish)-eating niche and those that have not, and tested for convergence between the former and two distantly related crayfish specialists of the genus Regina (R. septemvittata and R. grahamii). As a control, we included the congener T. eques. Multivariate analysis of jaw length, head length, head width, and number of maxillary teeth yielded three significant canonical variables that together explained 98.8 % of the variance in the size-corrected morphological data. The first canonical variable significantly discriminated between the three species. The results show that head dimensions and number of teeth of the two Regina species are more similar to those of crayfish-eating T. melanogaster than to non-crayfish-eating snakes or of T. eques. It is unclear how particular head proportions or teeth number facilitates capture of crayfish, but our results and the rarity of soft crayfish ingestion by T. melanogaster may reflect the novelty of this niche expansion, and are consistent with the hypothesis that some populations of T. melanogaster have converged in their head morphology with the two soft crayfish-eating Regina species, although we cannot rule out the possibility of a morphological preadaptation to ingest crayfish.
Family life and cadmium ingestion independently shape offspring microbiomes in a subsocial insect
<h1>READ ME</h1> <p>This repositery contains all dataset that allow to reproduce this study (16S rRNA sequences in .fastq format, the R script and the informative file related with the samples (env_succession.txt). It also contains Supplemental material to complete the related manuscript.</p> <h2>1) The file "cd_data.txt" </h2> <p>It contains the informations regarding the samples. The description of the variables follows:</p> <ul> <li>ID: The identifiant of the sample (host)</li> <li>Clutch: The name of the family</li> <li>Treatment: The cadmium doses that had been administered (0, 25 or 100 mg/L)</li> <li>Group_nymph: social environment of the nymph where nymph are either isolated, with sibling (10 nymphs) or in family (10 nymphs with their mother).</li> </ul> <h2>2) The file "Cadmium_script.R" </h2> <p>This script allows to perform all the bioinformatical process and analyses that were made for this study. It was made on R version 4.4. This script needs the source code provided by the "<strong>make_biom.R</strong>" code that will need to be downloaded in the "reference_database" the script creates (but see the Cadmium_script).</p> <h2>3) The RData objects</h2> <p>We publish the R objects (phyloseq objects) that allow to perform all statistical analyses from the initial object "<strong>ps_proka.RData</strong>" or directly after the core calculation "<strong>core.RData</strong>". It avoids to perform all bioinformatical steps to process the sequences.</p> <h2>4) The file "R1R2.zip"</h2> <p>This folder zip contains all sequence at fastq format. These sequences are from the V3-V4 of the 16S rRNA genes sequenced by Illumina MiSeq 2x250 bp.</p> <h2>5) The file "Supplemental Material.pdf"</h2> <p>This document contains all supplemental tables and figures related with our study. Specifically,</p> <ul> <li><strong>Table S1:</strong> Results of the DESeq2 analysis regarding the effects of the cadmium ingestion and the social environment.</li> <li><strong>Figure S1: </strong>Electrophoresis gel (agarose 1.5%) of the 16S rRNA amplicons.</li> <li><strong>Figure S2: </strong>Species-Abundance Distribution (SAD) patterns for the microbial ASVs of the European earwig nymphs.</li> <li><strong>Figure S3:</strong> Rarefaction curves for each nymph microbiome, depending on its social environment.</li> <li><strong>Figure S4:</strong> <span lang="EN-GB">Alpha and beta-diversity</span><span lang="EN-GB"> of the nymph microbiomes.</span></li> </ul>
Cumulative germination of seeds ingested by black howler monkeys
<p><strong>Premise of the Study:</strong> Primates are important seed dispersers, especially for large-seeded (> 1 cm length) tropical species in continuous and fragmented rainforests.</p> <p><strong>Methods:</strong> In three forest fragments within the Montes Azules Biosphere Reserve, southern Mexico, we investigated the effect of howler monkeys´ (Alouatta pigra) gut passage on the germination rate and maximum germination (%) of native large-seeded species. One group of howler monkeys, per fragment, was followed and fresh feces collected. Large seeds were removed to compare their germination success with non-ingested seeds of the same species collected underneath parent plants.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong> Feces contained large seeds from seven tree species and one liana species: Ampelocera hottlei, Castilla elastica, Dialium guianense, Garcinia intermedia, Pourouma bicolor, Spondias mombin, Trophis racemosa and the liana Abuta panamensis. Except for G. intermedia, ingested seeds showed significantly greater germination rates than non-ingested seeds. Non-ingested seeds of D. guianense showed negligible germination. Regarding maximum germination, ingested seeds of D. guianense, P. bicolor, S. mombin, T. racemosa and A. panamensis showed significantly greater germination percentage; while G. intermedia showed significantly lower germination percentage and no effect of seed ingestion was observed on A. hottlei and C. elastica.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> In general, seed ingestion by howler monkeys confers greater germination rates than non-ingested seeds. Greater germination rates reduce predation probabilities and increases seedling establishment in forest fragments. Primate dispersal services contribute to germination heterogeneity within plant populations of old-growth forest species and to their persistence in forest fragments.</p>
Video S4. Female ingesting fecal sac
<p><strong>Video S4. </strong>Female ingesting fecal sac. The 3-day-old chick, still with no semiplumes, positions cloaca near rim of nest, and produces a fecal sac which the adult immediately eats (24 July 2021, 08:57:57 hr). By age 7 days the chick was able to extend posterior past the nest rim and project feces away from the nest. 13.7 MB, .mp4 file, VLC Media Player.</p>
Effects of cadmium ingestion on reproduction and maternal egg care in the European earwig
<p>Dataset used in the study focusing on the effects of cadmium ingestion on reproduction and maternal egg care in the European earwig</p>
Lipidomic profiling indicate protection of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury on neonatal rats ingesting Acer truncatum Bunge oil
<p>Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) has a serious effect on newborn growth and development, and there are currently no effective interventions. In this study, we discovered administering <em>Acer truncatum Bunge seed </em>oil (ASO) for 30 days reduces the damage caused by HIE and improves the learning and memory ability. Using lipidomics approaches to compare metabolite changes in HIE and sham rats, we discovered that glycerophospholipids, plasmalogen, unsaturated fatty acids decreased and lysophospholipids increased in HIE rats' brain. After 30 days of ASO treatment, glycerophospholipids, plasmalogen, and unsaturated fatty acids increased in serum and brain, while lysophospholipids and oxidized glycerophospholipids decreased. Based on cluster, correlation and attribution analysis, we find changes of glycerophospholipids, plasmalogen, w3/6/9 fatty acid, oxidized GP and lysophospholipids contributes to improvement of cognitive ability, indicated by eliminating the oxidative injury by HIE. Our findings suggest that ASO may be a potential special medical food for ischemic hypoxic newborns.</p>
FIGURE 5. Suta fasciata IngestIng Ctenophorus c in Additions to the description of Paroplocephalus atriceps (Serpentes: Elapidae) with a discussion on pupil shape in it and other Australian snakes
FIGURE 5. Suta fasciata IngestIng Ctenophorus c. caudicinctus found asleep on warm bItumen round at nIght.
C. v. vudii constricting and ingesting a fledling M. polyglottos.
<p>C. v. vudii constricting and ingesting a fledling M. polyglottos.</p>
Data from: Can body mass and skull morphology predict seed and fruit ingestion potential for mammal species? A test using extant species and its application to extinct species
<p>Larger animals are assumed to ingest larger seeds and consume larger fruits, but empirical studies reveal inconsistent trends between body mass and the average size of fruits and seeds ingested. Further, no studies have explored seed size relationships with morphological traits, such as skull dimensions. Such characteristics might provide more reliable estimates of ingestion ability and allow for accurate predictions of seed dispersal capacity in species for which we lack empirical data, especially extinct species. To determine whether (i) mammalian skull dimensions are better predictors of the maximum size of ingested seeds and fruits, compared to body mass and (ii) body mass are the better predictors of mean fruit and seed sizes, we studied these relationships across three mammalian orders: Chiroptera, Primates, and Carnivora.</p> <p>We collected novel data on skull dimensions and collated available data on body mass and maximum and mean sizes of ingested fruits and seeds for mammals (N=100) across the Neotropics, Asia, Africa, and Madagascar. We explored the relationships between anatomical traits and fruit and seed sizes of extant species and made predictions for five extinct species.</p> <p>Our results revealed that body mass and skull dimensions are essential determinants of ingested fruit and seed size in mammals. The latter traits can generate predictions for extinct species, especially coronoid height and maximum jaw gape. Nevertheless, body mass predicted larger ingested fruits and seeds than skull dimensions and explained a greater part of the variance for both maximum and mean sizes in our dataset.</p> <p>Our results show how body mass and cranial anatomy constrain seed size and reinforce the importance of maintaining functional diversity in seed dispersers to maintain tropical forest structure. We also show that scientists can use morphological characteristics to predict the seed dispersal potential of extinct mammals allowing better inferences on past and future consequences of frugivore extinctions within tropical forests.</p>
Ingestion of Simethicone After Capsule Ingestion and Its Impact on Quality of Video Capsule Endoscopy- a Pilot Study
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03166605. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 5.
Effect of Carbohydrate-protein Co-ingestion on Short-term Recovery
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04859491. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 3.
Effects Of Ingesting An Energy Bar On Performance And Recovery
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT03704337. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Cognitive Modulation of Dyspeptic Symptom During Food Ingestion in Functional Dyspepsia Patients Cognitive Modulation
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT02618070. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 1.
Residual Gastric Volume After the Ingestion of Supplements Containing Carbohydrates and Whey Protein
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05573854. IPD Sharing: YES. Countries: 1. Publications: 4.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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