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102 results for “insect pests”
DATASET: Temperature Differentially Influences the Capacity of Trichoderma Species to Induce Plant Defense Responses in Tomato Against Insect Pests
<p>Species of the ecological opportunistic, avirulent fungus, <em>Trichoderma</em> are widely used in agriculture for their ability to protect crops from the attack of pathogenic fungi and for plant growth promotion activity. Recently, it has been shown that they may also have complementary properties that enhance plant defense barriers against insects. However, the use of these fungi is somewhat undermined by their variable level of biocontrol activity, which is influenced by environmental conditions. Understanding the source of this variability is essential for its profitable and wide use in plant protection. Here, we focus on the impact of temperature on <em>Trichoderma afroharzianum</em> T22, <em>Trichoderma atroviride</em> P1, and the defense response induced in tomato by insects. The <em>in vitro</em> development of these two strains was differentially influenced by temperature, and the observed pattern was consistent with temperature-dependent levels of resistance induced by them in tomato plants against the aphid, <em>Macrosiphum euphorbiae</em>, and the noctuid moth, <em>Spodoptera littoralis</em>. Tomato plants treated with <em>T. afroharzianum</em> T22 exhibited enhanced resistance toward both insect pests at 25°C, while <em>T. atroviride</em> P1 proved to be more effective at 20°C. The comparison of plant transcriptomic profiles generated by the two <em>Trichoderma</em> species allowed the identification of specific defense genes involved in the observed response, and a selected group was used to assess, by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR), the differential gene expression in <em>Trichoderma</em>-treated tomato plants subjected to the two temperature regimens that significantly affected fungal biological performance. These results will help pave the way toward a rational selection of the most suitable <em>Trichoderma</em> isolates for field applications, in order to best face the challenges imposed by local environmental conditions and by extreme climatic shifts due to global warming.</p>
Data from: Effect of a severe cold spell on overwintering survival of an invasive forest insect pest
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Data from: Recent climate change strongly impacted the population dynamic of a North American insect pest species
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Heat-stress memory enhances acclimation of a migratory insect pest to global warming
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Microbe-induced plant resistance against insect pests depends on timing of inoculation, but is consistent across climatic conditions
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Data and code for: Terrestrial eDNA survey outperforms conventional approach for detecting an invasive pest insect within an agricultural ecosystem
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Data from: Higher avian biodiversity, increased shrub cover, and proximity to continuous forest may reduce pest insect crop loss in small-scale oil palm farming
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Management intensity affects insect pests and natural pest control on Arabica coffee in its native range
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Data from: Meteorological versus spatial drivers of the spatial synchrony of forest insect pest outbreaks in North America
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Data from: First report of Fusarium citri as an entomopathogenic fungus mediating plant resistance against insect pests and phytopathogens
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JAK/STAT signaling regulated intestinal regeneration defends insect pests against insecticidal proteins produced by Bacillus thuringiensis
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Data from: Cover crops dismantle keystone ant/aphid mutualisms to enhance insect pest suppression and weed biocontrol
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Data from: Responses of a widespread pest insect to extreme high temperatures are stage-dependent and divergent among seasonal cohorts
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Data from: Natural vegetation benefits synergistic control of the three main insect and pathogen pests of fruit crop in southern Africa
1. Most studies of the potential for natural habitat to improve agricultural productivity have been conducted in transformed, temperate regions, but little is known of the importance of agroecosystem services in biodiverse developing countries. 2. Natural vegetation may promote the density and/or diversity of natural enemies of crop pests, but the strength of the effect varies, and few studies directly measure concurrent impacts on pest density. Considering multiple pest species within the same agroecosystem may help explain why some pests are more affected than others by landscape complexity. Here, we investigated multiple pest species (three species of Tephritidae fruit fly, leaf galling flies and pathogenic fungi Fusarium spp.) and their enemies in cultivated mango Mangifera indica, in north-eastern South Africa. 3. The density of generalist Tephritidae fruit flies increased with distance from natural vegetation during harvesting months, and predation rate of pupae sharply decreased from ~50% at the edge with natural vegetation to 0% at 250 m into the crop. Parasitism rates of the cryptic, gall-forming fly increased with proximity to natural vegetation, but pest density was unrelated to distance from natural vegetation. Incidence of the fungal pathogen disease increased with distance from natural vegetation, possibly due to decreased predation of commensal mites. 4. Although the relationship with distance to natural vegetation was significant for all species considered, the strength of this relationship varied across pest species and type of natural enemy studied, suggesting the benefits of natural vegetation depend on each natural enemy species' ability to disperse into the agricultural environment. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that natural vegetation is a net source of natural enemies in a region of South Africa that still contains much of its natural biodiversity. However, the decline in natural enemies, and increase in pests, with distance from natural habitat indicates that this biocontrol is limited by natural enemy dispersal. In landscapes like these that are still dominated by natural habitat, conservation biocontrol can still be improved by management aimed at providing corridors of key plants and habitat elements into the crops, to facilitate natural enemy dispersal.
Data from: Going undercover: increasing canopy cover around a host tree drives associational resistance to an insect pest
Neighbouring heterospecific plants are often observed to reduce the probability of herbivore attack on a given focal plant. While this pattern of associational resistance is frequently reported, experimental evidence for underlying mechanisms is rare particularly for potential plant species diversity effects on focal host plants and their physical environment. Here, we used an established forest diversity experiment to determine whether tree diversity effects on an important insect pest are driven by concomitant changes in host tree growth or the light environment. We examined the effects of tree species richness, canopy cover and tree growth on the probability of occurrence, the abundance, and volume of galls caused by the pineapple gall adelgid Adelges abietis on Norway spruce. Although tree diversity had no effect on gall abundance, we observed that both the probability of gall presence and gall volume (an indicator of maternal fecundity) decreased with tree species richness and canopy cover around host spruce trees. Structural equation models revealed that effects of tree species richness on gall presence and volume were mediated by concurrent increases in canopy cover rather than changes in tree growth or host tree density. As canopy cover did not influence tree or shoot growth, patterns of associational resistance appear to be driven by improved host tree quality or more favourable microclimatic conditions in monocultures compared to mixed-stands. Our study therefore demonstrates that changes in forest structure may be critical to understanding the responses of herbivores to plant diversity and may underpin associational effects in forest ecosystems.
FIGURE 3 in A newly recognised species that has been confused with the global polyphagous pest scale insect, Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae)
FIGURE 3. Adult female of Coccus praetermissus Lin & Tanaka, sp. n. ANT: antenna; AP: anal plate; DA: dorsal areolations; DMD: dorsal microduct; DS: dorsal seta; DT: dorsal tubercle; DTD: dorsal tubular duct; LG: leg; MP: multilocular pore; MS: marginal setae; PAP: preantennal pore; POP: preopercular pores; SP: spiracular pore; SSP: stigmatic spines; VMD: ventral microduct; VTD: ventral tubular duct. Scale bars: 200 µm for ANT, AP; 100 µm for DA, LG; 50 µm for SSP; 10 µm for other details.
FIGURE 2 in A newly recognised species that has been confused with the global polyphagous pest scale insect, Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae)
FIGURE 2. The Maximum Clade Credibility (MCC) tree from analysis of the concatenated dataset (2827 bp). Specimen codes of Coccus hesperidum s. s. (apices of dorsal setae pointed) are in dark blue and those of C. praetermissus sp. n. (apices of dorsal setae bluntly rounded) are in light blue. The tree was rooted using C. penangensis. Branch support is indicated on internal branches (MP bootstrap/Bayesian posterior probability). Only bootstrap values ± 70% and posterior probabilities ± 0.95 are shown. The coloured squares under branches indicate that the branch was present in analyses of that gene. Branch support from individual genes are not shown within C. formicarii (Chinese and Taiwanese populations) and C. hesperidum s. s. Abbreviations as per Table 1.
FIGURE 1. Coccus hesperidum L. A in A newly recognised species that has been confused with the global polyphagous pest scale insect, Coccus hesperidum Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae)
FIGURE 1. Coccus hesperidum L. A. Mature adult females on papaya, Carica papaya, in Colombia. B. Young adult females and nymphs tended by Camponotus ants, in Brazil. Photographs by T. Kondo.
Figure 3 in The bat Tonatia bidens (Phyllostomidae) as an insect pest predator in the Brazilian Caatinga
Figure 3: Temporal distribution of insect remains preyed upon by Tonatia bidens in the Brazilian Caatinga. (A) Richness, number of insect remains, and monthly rainfall recorded in each sampled month. (B) Richness and number of insect remains in the dry (September and October 2016, March and August 2017) and rainy (May and November 2022) seasons, considering all data gathered. Rainfall data from https://www.apac.pe.gov. br.
Figure 1 in The bat Tonatia bidens (Phyllostomidae) as an insect pest predator in the Brazilian Caatinga
Figure 1: Abundance of remains of different lepidopteran taxa sampled under feeding perches of the bat Tonatia bidens, in the Brazilian Caatinga. Data collected in September and October 2016, March and August 2017, and May and November 2022. Undet. = undetermined. Lepidopteran silhouettes were used under CC0 1.0 license (www.phylopic.org).
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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