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Distribution. Turkey, S Russia (Daghestan and Chechnya), NE Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, N Iraq, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and SW Pakistan. A free-roaming population introduced in 1970 in SC New Mexico, USA, increased to 2000 animals, but the population is actually maintained at 500-1000 by legalized sport hunting. in Bovidae
Distribution. Turkey, S Russia (Daghestan and Chechnya), NE Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, N Iraq, Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and SW Pakistan. A free-roaming population introduced in 1970 in SC New Mexico, USA, increased to 2000 animals, but the population is actually maintained at 500-1000 by legalized sport hunting.
Subspecies and Distribution. A.l.lerviaPallas,1777—Morocco,NA.l.,andNTunisia. A.l.angusiRothschild,1921—NWNiger(Air&TermitMassifs). A.l.blaineiRothschild,1913—SELybia,NEChad,andNW&NESudan(probablynowrestrictedtoRedSeahills). A.l.fassiniLepri,1930—NWLibya,extremeSTunisia. A.l.ornatus1.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1827—SE&SWEgypt. A. l. sahariensis Rothschild, 1913 — S Morocco, Western Sahara, NW Mauritania, S A.l ria, extreme S Libya, NE Mali, SE Niger, and NW Chad. Introduced, free-ranging populations occur in S Spain, the Canary Is, USA (California, New Mexico, and Texas), and NE Mexico. Subspecies of free-ranging introduced populations are unknown because they originate from zoo animals of uncertain origin or from hybrids. Most introduced populations are probably from subspecies lervia, derived from European zoos. The Aoudad has become a widespread invasive species. in Bovidae
Subspecies and Distribution. A.l.lerviaPallas,1777—Morocco,NA.l.,andNTunisia. A.l.angusiRothschild,1921—NWNiger(Air&TermitMassifs). A.l.blaineiRothschild,1913—SELybia,NEChad,andNW&NESudan(probablynowrestrictedtoRedSeahills). A.l.fassiniLepri,1930—NWLibya,extremeSTunisia. A.l.ornatus1.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1827—SE&SWEgypt. A. l. sahariensis Rothschild, 1913 — S Morocco, Western Sahara, NW Mauritania, S A.l ria, extreme S Libya, NE Mali, SE Niger, and NW Chad. Introduced, free-ranging populations occur in S Spain, the Canary Is, USA (California, New Mexico, and Texas), and NE Mexico. Subspecies of free-ranging introduced populations are unknown because they originate from zoo animals of uncertain origin or from hybrids. Most introduced populations are probably from subspecies lervia, derived from European zoos. The Aoudad has become a widespread invasive species.
Subspecies and Distribution. R.t.tarandusLinnaeus,1758—Norway. R.t.caribouGmelin,1788—SCanada(fromSYukontoLabradorandNewfoundland)andNWUSA(NEWashington,NIdaho&WMontana). R.t.fennicusLonnberg,1909—FinlandandNWRussia(Karelia). R.t.groenlandicusLinnaeus,1767—Alaska,NCanada,WGreenland. R.t.pearsoniLydekker,1903—NovayaZemlya(Russia). R.t.pearyiJ.A.Allen,1902—CanadianArcticIs. R. t. phylarchus Hollister, 1912 — Russian Far East (Amur region, Okhotsk area, Sakhalin, Kamchatka). R.t.platyrhynchusVrolik,1829—Svalbard(Norway). R.t.sibiricusMurray,1866—NSiberiantundra,RussianArcticIs. R. t. valentinae Flerov, 1933 — Ural Mts (Russia), Altai Mts, Mongolia. Feral Icelandic population originated from animals introduced from Norway in 1771; they have been introduced also into South Georgia Is (in 1911-1912 and 1925) and Kerguelen Is (in 1955). in Cervidae
Subspecies and Distribution. R.t.tarandusLinnaeus,1758—Norway. R.t.caribouGmelin,1788—SCanada(fromSYukontoLabradorandNewfoundland)andNWUSA(NEWashington,NIdaho&WMontana). R.t.fennicusLonnberg,1909—FinlandandNWRussia(Karelia). R.t.groenlandicusLinnaeus,1767—Alaska,NCanada,WGreenland. R.t.pearsoniLydekker,1903—NovayaZemlya(Russia). R.t.pearyiJ.A.Allen,1902—CanadianArcticIs. R. t. phylarchus Hollister, 1912 — Russian Far East (Amur region, Okhotsk area, Sakhalin, Kamchatka). R.t.platyrhynchusVrolik,1829—Svalbard(Norway). R.t.sibiricusMurray,1866—NSiberiantundra,RussianArcticIs. R. t. valentinae Flerov, 1933 — Ural Mts (Russia), Altai Mts, Mongolia. Feral Icelandic population originated from animals introduced from Norway in 1771; they have been introduced also into South Georgia Is (in 1911-1912 and 1925) and Kerguelen Is (in 1955).
Subspecies and Distribution. R.m.mariannaDesmarest,1822—Luzon|andassociatedsmallerIs. R.m.barandanaHeude,1888—MindoroI. R. m. nigella Hollister, 1813 — Mindanao, Basilan, Samar, and Leyte Is. In addition to its native range, introduced populations of this species are found on the islands of Guam, Saipan and Rota in the Mariana Is and Pohnpei in the Caroline Is. The Philippine Brown Deer was also introduced to the Japanese Bonin Islands, where it later became extinct. in Cervidae
Subspecies and Distribution. R.m.mariannaDesmarest,1822—Luzon|andassociatedsmallerIs. R.m.barandanaHeude,1888—MindoroI. R. m. nigella Hollister, 1813 — Mindanao, Basilan, Samar, and Leyte Is. In addition to its native range, introduced populations of this species are found on the islands of Guam, Saipan and Rota in the Mariana Is and Pohnpei in the Caroline Is. The Philippine Brown Deer was also introduced to the Japanese Bonin Islands, where it later became extinct.
Subspecies and Distribution. L.g.granatensisRosenhauer,1856—IberianPeninsulaexceptN&NE. L.g.gallaeciusMiller,1907—Galicia,andWAsturias(NWSpain). L. g. solisi Palacios & Fernandez, 1992 — Mallorca (Balearic Is), but this population may have been introduced by early settlers on the islands. in Leporidae
Subspecies and Distribution. L.g.granatensisRosenhauer,1856—IberianPeninsulaexceptN&NE. L.g.gallaeciusMiller,1907—Galicia,andWAsturias(NWSpain). L. g. solisi Palacios & Fernandez, 1992 — Mallorca (Balearic Is), but this population may have been introduced by early settlers on the islands.
Subspecies and Distribution. L. c. californicus Gray, 1837 — SW Oregon, and NW California (W USA). L. c. altamirae Nelson, 1904 — SE Tamaulipas (NE Mexico). L. c. asellus Miller, 1899 — SE Coahuila, NE, S Nuevo Leon, E & SE Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, Aguascalientes, NE tip ofJalisco, N Guanajuato, and NW Querétaro (NC Mexico). L. c. bennettiz Gray, 1843 — SW California (SW USA), and NW Baja California (NW Mexico). L. c. curts Hall, 1951 — Is along the coast of Tamaulipas (NE Mexico). L. c. deserticola Mearns, 1896 — SE Oregon, S Idaho, SW Montana, NE & E California, Nevada, Utah except SE, and NW, W & SW Arizona (W & SW USA), and NW Sonora and NE Baja California (NW Mexico). The population in SW Montanais isolated. L. c. eremicus J. A. Allen, 1894 — S Arizona (SW USA), N Sonora except extreme NW, NW Chihuahua (N Mexico). L. c. festinus Nelson, 1904 — S Querétaro, Hidalgo, and N State of Mexico (C Mexico). L. c. magdalenae Nelson, 1907 — Magdalena I, Baja California Sur (NW Mexico). L. c. martirensis Stowell, 1895 —Baja California except NW & NE and NE Baja California Sur (NW Mexico). L. c. melanotis Mearns, 1890 — S South Dakota, SE Wyoming, Nebraska, E Colorado, Kansas, W Missouri, NE New Mexico, Oklahoma, W Arkansas, and N Texas (C USA). An isolated population exists in E Oklahoma. L. c. merriami Mearns, 1896 — S Texas (S USA), and NE Coahuila, N Tamaulipas, and N Nuevo Leon (NE Mexico). L. c. richardsonii Bachman, 1839 — C California (SW USA). L. c. sheldoni Burt, 1933 — Isla del Carmen, Baja California Sur (NW Mexico). L. c. texianus Waterhouse, 1848 — SE Utah, SW Colorado, NE Arizona, New Mexico except the NE, and W Texas (C USA), Chihuahua except the NW, W, & SW extremes, W Coahuila, E Durango, and NW Zacatecas (NC Mexico). L. c. wallawalla Merriam, 1904 — S Washington, C & W Oregon, NE California, and NW Nevada (NW USA). L. ¢. xanti Thomas, 1898 — Baja California Sur except the NE (NW Mexico). The Black-tailed Jackrabbit has been introduced into Massachusetts, NewJersey, Maryland, Virginia, and S Florida. in Leporidae
Subspecies and Distribution. L. c. californicus Gray, 1837 — SW Oregon, and NW California (W USA). L. c. altamirae Nelson, 1904 — SE Tamaulipas (NE Mexico). L. c. asellus Miller, 1899 — SE Coahuila, NE, S Nuevo Leon, E & SE Zacatecas, San Luis Potosi, Aguascalientes, NE tip ofJalisco, N Guanajuato, and NW Querétaro (NC Mexico). L. c. bennettiz Gray, 1843 — SW California (SW USA), and NW Baja California (NW Mexico). L. c. curts Hall, 1951 — Is along the coast of Tamaulipas (NE Mexico). L. c. deserticola Mearns, 1896 — SE Oregon, S Idaho, SW Montana, NE & E California, Nevada, Utah except SE, and NW, W & SW Arizona (W & SW USA), and NW Sonora and NE Baja California (NW Mexico). The population in SW Montanais isolated. L. c. eremicus J. A. Allen, 1894 — S Arizona (SW USA), N Sonora except extreme NW, NW Chihuahua (N Mexico). L. c. festinus Nelson, 1904 — S Querétaro, Hidalgo, and N State of Mexico (C Mexico). L. c. magdalenae Nelson, 1907 — Magdalena I, Baja California Sur (NW Mexico). L. c. martirensis Stowell, 1895 —Baja California except NW & NE and NE Baja California Sur (NW Mexico). L. c. melanotis Mearns, 1890 — S South Dakota, SE Wyoming, Nebraska, E Colorado, Kansas, W Missouri, NE New Mexico, Oklahoma, W Arkansas, and N Texas (C USA). An isolated population exists in E Oklahoma. L. c. merriami Mearns, 1896 — S Texas (S USA), and NE Coahuila, N Tamaulipas, and N Nuevo Leon (NE Mexico). L. c. richardsonii Bachman, 1839 — C California (SW USA). L. c. sheldoni Burt, 1933 — Isla del Carmen, Baja California Sur (NW Mexico). L. c. texianus Waterhouse, 1848 — SE Utah, SW Colorado, NE Arizona, New Mexico except the NE, and W Texas (C USA), Chihuahua except the NW, W, & SW extremes, W Coahuila, E Durango, and NW Zacatecas (NC Mexico). L. c. wallawalla Merriam, 1904 — S Washington, C & W Oregon, NE California, and NW Nevada (NW USA). L. ¢. xanti Thomas, 1898 — Baja California Sur except the NE (NW Mexico). The Black-tailed Jackrabbit has been introduced into Massachusetts, NewJersey, Maryland, Virginia, and S Florida.
Distribution. NW Madagascar from the Mahavavy River S to the Andranomalaza River, the E limit is poorly defined, butlikely occurs at the Tsaratanana Massif, and there are additional populations in forests of the Ampasindava Peninsula, on the inshore islands of Nosy Be and Nosy Komba, and in the coastal forests NE of Ambanja (including the peninsula leading to Nosy Faly). Introduced into the small islet of Nosy Tanikely. in Lemuridae
Distribution. NW Madagascar from the Mahavavy River S to the Andranomalaza River, the E limit is poorly defined, butlikely occurs at the Tsaratanana Massif, and there are additional populations in forests of the Ampasindava Peninsula, on the inshore islands of Nosy Be and Nosy Komba, and in the coastal forests NE of Ambanja (including the peninsula leading to Nosy Faly). Introduced into the small islet of Nosy Tanikely.
Distribution. NE Madagascar from the Bemarivo River, near Sambava, S to the region of Mananara-Nord, including the Masoala Peninsula and possibly extending from Marojejy W into Tsaratanana; there are additional isolated and most likely introduced populations in the Betampona Strict Nature Reserve and on Nosy Mangabe and on Ile Roger (also called Aye-aye I) near the town of Mananara-Nord. The distribution S of Mananara needs to be clarified because significant hybridization with the Brown Lemur (FE. fulvus) occurs over a wide area. in Lemuridae
Distribution. NE Madagascar from the Bemarivo River, near Sambava, S to the region of Mananara-Nord, including the Masoala Peninsula and possibly extending from Marojejy W into Tsaratanana; there are additional isolated and most likely introduced populations in the Betampona Strict Nature Reserve and on Nosy Mangabe and on Ile Roger (also called Aye-aye I) near the town of Mananara-Nord. The distribution S of Mananara needs to be clarified because significant hybridization with the Brown Lemur (FE. fulvus) occurs over a wide area.
Distribution. Notably disjunct distribution in Madagascar with separate populations in the N (moister forests of the Sambirano region and in scattered forest fragments on the slopes of the Tsaratanana Massif), the NW (two areas, one ranging from the Manongarivo Special Reserve to the Mahavavy du Nord River, and a more S extension from the Betsiboka River and Ankarafantsika National Park N to the Maevarano River), and the CE (NE of Antananarivo, N of the Mangoro River as far as the Ambatovaky Special Reserve); the distribution in the N part of its range and its relation to the White-fronted Brown Lemur (FE. albifrons) remain unclear; generally speaking, it occurs inland of the range of the White-fronted Brown Lemur, but additional surveys are needed. Introduced on the Comoros Is. in Lemuridae
Distribution. Notably disjunct distribution in Madagascar with separate populations in the N (moister forests of the Sambirano region and in scattered forest fragments on the slopes of the Tsaratanana Massif), the NW (two areas, one ranging from the Manongarivo Special Reserve to the Mahavavy du Nord River, and a more S extension from the Betsiboka River and Ankarafantsika National Park N to the Maevarano River), and the CE (NE of Antananarivo, N of the Mangoro River as far as the Ambatovaky Special Reserve); the distribution in the N part of its range and its relation to the White-fronted Brown Lemur (FE. albifrons) remain unclear; generally speaking, it occurs inland of the range of the White-fronted Brown Lemur, but additional surveys are needed. Introduced on the Comoros Is.
Distribution. Confined to a single population in Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve (Mt Gardner), near Albany, in coastal far SW Western Australia. Successfully introduced to nearby Bald I. in Potoroidae
Distribution. Confined to a single population in Two Peoples Bay Nature Reserve (Mt Gardner), near Albany, in coastal far SW Western Australia. Successfully introduced to nearby Bald I.
Distribution. New Guinea, including Yapen, Mios Num, and Roon Is in Cenderawasih (= Geelvink) Bay, Karkar and Walis Is off the N coast, Raja Ampat Is of Salawati, Sorong, and Misool, SE Papua New Guinea Is of Samarai (= Dinner) and Dufaure (= Dufour), and Aru Is. It is present on many islands of C & S Moluccas (Seram, Ambon, Pulau Pandjang, Buru, and the Tayandu and Kai archipelagos). It has been introduced to Selayar I between Sulawesi and Flores (W occurrence of the species), and there are vague records from Flores and Sulawesi, which may also refer to the Selayar population. This species was also apparently introduced to Mussau (St. Matthias Group, NE Bismarck Archipelago) in prehistoric times and to New Ireland I (Bismarck Archipelago) in the 20™ century. in Phalangeridae
Distribution. New Guinea, including Yapen, Mios Num, and Roon Is in Cenderawasih (= Geelvink) Bay, Karkar and Walis Is off the N coast, Raja Ampat Is of Salawati, Sorong, and Misool, SE Papua New Guinea Is of Samarai (= Dinner) and Dufaure (= Dufour), and Aru Is. It is present on many islands of C & S Moluccas (Seram, Ambon, Pulau Pandjang, Buru, and the Tayandu and Kai archipelagos). It has been introduced to Selayar I between Sulawesi and Flores (W occurrence of the species), and there are vague records from Flores and Sulawesi, which may also refer to the Selayar population. This species was also apparently introduced to Mussau (St. Matthias Group, NE Bismarck Archipelago) in prehistoric times and to New Ireland I (Bismarck Archipelago) in the 20™ century.
Subspecies and Distribution. T.v. vulpecula Kerr, 1792 — E & S mainland Australia, from C Queensland to Victoria and South Australia and scattered populations in the arid C Australia, including Magnetic and Prudhoe Is in Queensland and Thistle and Kangaroo Is in South Australia. T.v. arnhemensis Collett, 1897 — NE Western Australian and the Northern Territory, including Barrow, Melville, and Bathurst Is. T. v. eburacensis Lonnberg, 1916 — Cape York Peninsula of N Queensland. T.v. fuliginosus Ogilby, 1831 — Tasmania and Bass Strait Is. T.v. hypoleucus Wagner, 1855 — SW Western Australia. Introduced into New Zealand. in Phalangeridae
Subspecies and Distribution. T.v. vulpecula Kerr, 1792 — E & S mainland Australia, from C Queensland to Victoria and South Australia and scattered populations in the arid C Australia, including Magnetic and Prudhoe Is in Queensland and Thistle and Kangaroo Is in South Australia. T.v. arnhemensis Collett, 1897 — NE Western Australian and the Northern Territory, including Barrow, Melville, and Bathurst Is. T. v. eburacensis Lonnberg, 1916 — Cape York Peninsula of N Queensland. T.v. fuliginosus Ogilby, 1831 — Tasmania and Bass Strait Is. T.v. hypoleucus Wagner, 1855 — SW Western Australia. Introduced into New Zealand.
Subspecies and Distribution. D.g.goodfellowiThomas,1908—SEPapuaNewGuinea. D.g.buergersiMatschie,1912—CentralRangeofPapuaNewGuinea. D. g. pulcherrimus Flannery, 1993 — Torricelli Mts and Foja Mts, N New Guinea. An introduced population is present in W New Britain, Bismarck Archipelago. in Macropodidae
Subspecies and Distribution. D.g.goodfellowiThomas,1908—SEPapuaNewGuinea. D.g.buergersiMatschie,1912—CentralRangeofPapuaNewGuinea. D. g. pulcherrimus Flannery, 1993 — Torricelli Mts and Foja Mts, N New Guinea. An introduced population is present in W New Britain, Bismarck Archipelago.
Distribution. India, the species' range extends 1900 km W to E, and includes all populations with the northern-type tail carriage between the Tapti River in Gujarat State and Krishna River in Andhra Pradesh State to the foothills of the Himalaya. Introduced into SW Bangladesh, where the population may have arisen from descendents of a pair introduced by Hindu pilgrims on the banks of the Jalangi River. in Cercopithecidae
Distribution. India, the species' range extends 1900 km W to E, and includes all populations with the northern-type tail carriage between the Tapti River in Gujarat State and Krishna River in Andhra Pradesh State to the foothills of the Himalaya. Introduced into SW Bangladesh, where the population may have arisen from descendents of a pair introduced by Hindu pilgrims on the banks of the Jalangi River.
Distribution. Mountainous areas in Morocco (Rif, High and Middle Atlas) and Algeria (Grande and Petite Kabylie); historically it also occurred in W Tunisia but is now extinct there. A free-ranging population occurs in Gibraltar introduced there by the British in 1740. in Cercopithecidae
Distribution. Mountainous areas in Morocco (Rif, High and Middle Atlas) and Algeria (Grande and Petite Kabylie); historically it also occurred in W Tunisia but is now extinct there. A free-ranging population occurs in Gibraltar introduced there by the British in 1740.
Distribution. Now restricted to the Channel Country of SW Queensland and the Lake Eyre Basin in NE South Australia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 95-120 mm, tail 105-160 mm, ear 23-29 mm, hindfoot 32-37 mm; weight 30-50 g. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has body form typical of hopping mice, with very long hindfeet, long tail with distal brush of longer hairs, very long ears, and large protruberant eyes. Dorsal fur is of variable color, from pale pinkish fawn to gray; ventral fur white. Unlike most other hopping mice, it has no throat pouch, but males have a glandular area of naked skin on the chest. Habitat. Occurs in low shrublands and tussock grasslands on stony ("gibber") plains and claypans. Shows marked habitat segregation from the Dusky Hopping Mouse (N. fuscus), which is closely associated with sandy substrates. Food and Feeding. The Fawn Hopping Mouse is mostly granivorous, but also eats other plant material (stems, leaves) and occasionally invertebrates. It uses succulent, salt-adapted plants around edges of claypans as a source of water. Breeding. Reproduction is probably largely opportunistic and aseasonal, with high reproductive output from near-continuous breeding after periods of high rainfall; reported littersize is 1-5, most commonly three; gestation period 38-43 days for nonlactating females. Females may mature later than other hopping mice, with reproductive maturity reached at about six months. Activity patterns. Terrestrial and nocturnal. Fawn Hopping Mice shelter during day in burrow systems that are typically simpler and shallower than those of other hopping mice. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Fawn Hopping Mice generally live singly or in small groups; typically uncommon within range, but population density may increase by an order of magnitude following periods of high rainfall. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has shown marked decline in range (estimated at greater than 50%), and presumably population size, since European settlement of Australia. This is mostlikely due to predation by the introduced house cat and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), and to habitat degradation associated with pastoralism. Bibliography. Brazenor (1934), Burbidge et al. (2008), Finlayson (1939), Gould (1853), Jackson & Groves (2015), Murray et al. (1999), Ogilby (1892), Thomas (1921h), Van Dyck & Strahan (2008), Waite (1898), Watts & Aslin (1981), Woinarski et al. (2014), Wood Jones (1925). in Muridae
Distribution. Now restricted to the Channel Country of SW Queensland and the Lake Eyre Basin in NE South Australia. Descriptive notes. Head-body 95-120 mm, tail 105-160 mm, ear 23-29 mm, hindfoot 32-37 mm; weight 30-50 g. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has body form typical of hopping mice, with very long hindfeet, long tail with distal brush of longer hairs, very long ears, and large protruberant eyes. Dorsal fur is of variable color, from pale pinkish fawn to gray; ventral fur white. Unlike most other hopping mice, it has no throat pouch, but males have a glandular area of naked skin on the chest. Habitat. Occurs in low shrublands and tussock grasslands on stony ("gibber") plains and claypans. Shows marked habitat segregation from the Dusky Hopping Mouse (N. fuscus), which is closely associated with sandy substrates. Food and Feeding. The Fawn Hopping Mouse is mostly granivorous, but also eats other plant material (stems, leaves) and occasionally invertebrates. It uses succulent, salt-adapted plants around edges of claypans as a source of water. Breeding. Reproduction is probably largely opportunistic and aseasonal, with high reproductive output from near-continuous breeding after periods of high rainfall; reported littersize is 1-5, most commonly three; gestation period 38-43 days for nonlactating females. Females may mature later than other hopping mice, with reproductive maturity reached at about six months. Activity patterns. Terrestrial and nocturnal. Fawn Hopping Mice shelter during day in burrow systems that are typically simpler and shallower than those of other hopping mice. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Fawn Hopping Mice generally live singly or in small groups; typically uncommon within range, but population density may increase by an order of magnitude following periods of high rainfall. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Fawn Hopping Mouse has shown marked decline in range (estimated at greater than 50%), and presumably population size, since European settlement of Australia. This is mostlikely due to predation by the introduced house cat and Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes), and to habitat degradation associated with pastoralism. Bibliography. Brazenor (1934), Burbidge et al. (2008), Finlayson (1939), Gould (1853), Jackson & Groves (2015), Murray et al. (1999), Ogilby (1892), Thomas (1921h), Van Dyck & Strahan (2008), Waite (1898), Watts & Aslin (1981), Woinarski et al. (2014), Wood Jones (1925).
Neutral and adaptive drivers of genomic change in introduced brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) populations revealed by pooled sequencing
<p>Understanding the drivers of successful species invasions is important for conserving native biodiversity and for mitigating the economic impacts of introduced species. However, whole-genome resolution investigations of the underlying contributions of neutral and adaptive genetic variation in successful introductions are rare. Increased propagule pressure should result in greater neutral genetic variation, while environmental differences should elicit selective pressures on introduced populations, leading to adaptive differentiation. We investigated neutral and adaptive variation among nine introduced brook trout (<em>Salvelinus fontinalis</em>) populations using whole-genome pooled sequencing. The populations inhabit isolated alpine lakes in western Canada and descend from a common source, with an average of ~19 (range of 7-41) generations since introduction. We found some evidence of bottlenecks without recovery, no strong evidence of purifying selection, and little support that varying propagule pressure or differences in local environments shaped observed neutral genetic variation differences. Putative adaptive loci analysis revealed non-convergent patterns of adaptive differentiation among lakes with minimal putatively adaptive loci (0.001%-0.15%) that did not correspond with tested environmental variables. Our results suggest that (i) introduction success is not always strongly influenced by genetic load, (ii) observed differentiation among introduced populations can be idiosyncratic, population-specific, or stochastic, and (iii) conservatively, in some introduced species, colonization barriers may be overcome by support through one aspect of propagule pressure or benign environmental conditions.</p>
Figure 4 in An extended mtDNA phylogeography for the alpine newt illuminates the provenance of introduced populations
Figure 4. Nucleotide diversity (π) across the natural distribution range of the alpine newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris) for the main mtDNA clades and at country-level, based on 651 bp of the mtDNA gene ND4. N/a means π could not be established because only a single individual was available. Background colour reflects the rough natural distribution of the mtDNA clades. Further details can be found in supplementary table S3.
Figure 3 in An extended mtDNA phylogeography for the alpine newt illuminates the provenance of introduced populations
Figure 3. Haplotype network for the alpine newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris) based on 651 bp of the mtDNA gene ND4. Pie
Figure 1 in An extended mtDNA phylogeography for the alpine newt illuminates the provenance of introduced populations
Figure 1. Distribution map for the alpine newt (Ichthyosaura alpestris). Background colour reflects the rough natural distribution of the mtDNA clades and symbols reflect sampled localities. The inset shows the Netherlands in more detail (lighter shading reflects uncertainty about the status of populations in the northeast of the country). Numbers refer to localities/regions mentioned in the text: 1 = Oudeland, 2 = Veluwe and 3 = Holterberg. Sampling information in supplementary table S1.
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