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112 results for “life forms”
Data from: Trait patterns of epiphytes compared to other plant life forms along a tropical elevation gradient
Compared to other plant life forms, epiphytes remain understudied. Understanding the responses of epiphytes to changing environmental conditions is necessary to predict changes in ecosystem functioning especially in subtropical and tropical regions. We investigated the functional traits of epiphytes along a large elevation gradient on Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. We measured traits of co-occurring trees and terrestrial non-tree life forms, and compared changes in community-weighted means of traits (CWM) and trait spread, the range of observed trait values. We chose traits linked to growth and persistence: leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, stem specific density, plant height, leaf carbon, leaf nitrogen, and leaf phosphorus. For most traits, differences in community-weighted means between life forms exceeded differences within life forms along the elevation gradient. Many CWM showed linear changes with elevation, but no response and unimodal patterns were also frequent. This was best explained by temperature, or a combination of temperature with precipitation or humidity, indicating effects of these factors on the distribution of epiphytic and non-epiphytic species. Trait spread did not change with elevation in nearly half of the traits, but hump-shaped patterns were also common, probably a result of weaker environmental filtering in the gradient center. The magnitude of trait spread, i.e. the variability between species of the same life form within communities, was highest for terrestrial non-trees. Excluding ferns from the analyses lead to marked differences in trait patterns for epiphytes, as ferns made up 59 % of the epiphytic species, while playing a minor role in the other groups. The observed differences can be explained by a dichotomy in epiphytic life strategies, with tough-leaved xero-tolerant species on one side and succulent soft-leaved species on the other. However, the influence of phylogeny was lower than expected from the taxonomic composition of the three life form groups. Our results emphasize that environmental constraints act upon functional traits of epiphytes, trees and terrestrial non-trees. The differences in trait expressions, arguably adaptations of the different life forms, need to be taken into account in conservation contexts as well as when modeling the effects of global change on ecosystems.
Data from: Evolution of woody life form on tropical mountains in the tribe Spermacoceae (Rubiaceae)
Spermacoceae are mainly an herbaceous group in the Rubiaceae. However, a few lineages are woody, and are found in a diverse range of habitat types. Three of the largest woody lineages (Arcytophyllum, Hedyotis, and Kadua) are characterized by their distribution in the moist tropical mountains, and have disjunct distribution patterns with respect to their closest relatives. In this study, we explore the cases of derived woodiness in these three lineages and their diversification dynamics in the tropical mountains of Asia, the Pacific, and the Americas. By combining phylogenetic results with wood anatomical studies, we estimated timing of origin of the three woody groups, inferred their ancestral traits and ancestral distribution ranges, analyzed their associations with the tropical upland habitat, and elucidated their diversification across tropical mountains. The three woody clades originated and diversified from herbaceous ancestors in close association with the tropical upland habitat during the Miocene. The ancestral range for Asian-Pacific Hedyotis and Pacific Kadua is Africa/Madagascar and continental Asia respectively. The complex geological history of tropical Asia allowed Hedyotis to diversify faster and create narrow endemics near oceans in the highlands of Western Ghats (India), Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia including southeastern China, and New Guinea. The three major woody clades in Spermacoceae have gained their woodiness independently from one another, subsequent to colonization by their ancestors from a different geographic environment. The evolution and diversification along the tropical mountain orogeny is strongly linked with the formation of woody habit and many narrow endemic species.
FIGURE. Distribution in percentages of the vascular flora of Sierra de las Nieves National Park and its surroundings according to the life forms of Raunkiaer (1934). in Vascular flora of the Sierra de las Nieves National Park and its surroundings (Andalusia, Spain)
FIGURE. Distribution in percentages of the vascular flora of Sierra de las Nieves National Park and its surroundings according to the life forms of Raunkiaer (1934).
Data from: Trophic niches of Collembola communities change with elevation but also with body size and life form
<p>Climate change increases habitat loss of endemic tree species and drives forest conversion in mountainous forests. Elevational gradients provide the opportunity to predict possible consequences of such changes. While species compositions of various taxa have been investigated along elevational gradients, data on trophic changes in soil-dwelling organisms is scarce. Here, we analyze trophic changes of the Collembola community along the northern slope of Changbai Mountain, China. We sampled seven elevations (800-1700 m asl) with 150 m elevational difference along a primary forest gradient. At eight subplots per elevation, we categorized Collembola species into life forms, measured individual body lengths and bulk stable isotopes. Mean and minimum <span>Δ<sup>15</sup>N and mean Δ<sup>13</sup>C increased with increasing elevation, while the range of Δ<sup>15</sup>N decreased. Maximum and minimum of Δ<sup>13</sup>C differed between elevations but showed no linear response. Isotopic uniqueness increased with elevation. Δ<sup>15</sup>N values of Collembola species occurring across all elevations increased with elevation. Changes in Δ<sup>15</sup>N with elevation were most pronounced in hemiedaphic species. Δ<sup>15</sup>N </span>values <span>increased with decreasing body size in hemiedaphic and euedaphic species. </span>Δ<sup>13</sup>C increased strongest with elevation in euedaphic species. <span>Overall, the</span> results suggest that<span> Collembola species functioning as primary decomposers shift towards functioning as secondary decomposers at higher elevations. Further</span>, access to alternative food resources may depend on Collembola life form and body size, this relationship, however, likely varies between ecosystems. Collembola functioning as secondary decomposers in coniferous forests may function as primary decomposers under climate driven forest conversion as species boundaries of tree species of lower elevations expand.</p>
FIGURE 5. Macroptilium atropurpureum floral and vegetative parts. A. Life form. B in Contribution to Egypt's Flora: new records from Nile Islands, South Valley, Egypt
FIGURE 5. Macroptilium atropurpureum floral and vegetative parts. A. Life form. B. Petals of flower. C. 3-foliolate leaves. D. Seed under Olympus SZ61 microscope with Toup camera (Scale bar = 500 μm). E. Herbarium specimen [Fatma A.A. Ayed 11821 (ASW, TANE, CAI)].
FIGURE 10 in Floristic composition, life forms and phytogeography of the mountains between Damghan and Shahrud, Eastern Alborz (Iran)
FIGURE 10 (continued). Therophytes. G: Chrozophora tinctoria, H: Euphorbia szovitsii, I: Glaucium elegans, J: Hyoscyamus pusillus, K: Lamium amplexicaule, L: Trigonella monantha.
FIGURE 10. Therophytes. A in Floristic composition, life forms and phytogeography of the mountains between Damghan and Shahrud, Eastern Alborz (Iran)
FIGURE 10. Therophytes. A: Adonis aestivalis, B: Alyssum turkestanicum, C: Arnebia fimbriopetala, D: Asperula arvensis, E: Astragalus stalinskyi, F: Ceratocephala falcata.
FIGURE 8. Chamaephytes. A in Floristic composition, life forms and phytogeography of the mountains between Damghan and Shahrud, Eastern Alborz (Iran)
FIGURE 8. Chamaephytes. A: Acantholimon erinaceum, B: Acanthophyllum brevibracteatum, C: Acanthophyllum elatius, D: Acanthophyllum korshinsky, E: Astragalus chiwensis, F: Astragalus chrystostachys.
FIGURE 7 in Floristic composition, life forms and phytogeography of the mountains between Damghan and Shahrud, Eastern Alborz (Iran)
FIGURE 7 (continued). Hemicryptophytes. S: Ranunuculus crymophilus, T: Taraxacum brevirostre, U: Taraxacum oliganthum, V: Taraxacum serotinum, W: Trifolium pratense, X: Veronica kurdica.
FIGURE 1 in Floristic composition, life forms and phytogeography of the mountains between Damghan and Shahrud, Eastern Alborz (Iran)
FIGURE 1. The map of the studied area, mountains between Damghan and Shahrud including Gavkoshan, Karkasi, Chaloei and Shahvar Mts. The squares show the main locations of plant sampling during the 10-year fieldwork.
FIGURE 6 in Floristic composition, life forms and phytogeography of the mountains between Damghan and Shahrud, Eastern Alborz (Iran)
FIGURE 6 (continued). Examples of the Irano-Turanian Endemics. S: Ranunculus elbursensis, T: Rindera bungei, U: Silene demawendica, V: Tanacetum tenuisectum, W: Tragopogon porphyrocephalus, X: Veronica aucheri.
FIGURE 7 in Floristic composition, life forms and phytogeography of the mountains between Damghan and Shahrud, Eastern Alborz (Iran)
FIGURE 7 (continued). Hemicryptophytes. M: Gnaphalium supinum, N: Jurinella microcephala, O: Linaria pyramidalis, P: Potentilla bungei, Q: Potentilla polyschista, R: Pseudosedum multicaule.
FIGURE 6 in Floristic composition, life forms and phytogeography of the mountains between Damghan and Shahrud, Eastern Alborz (Iran)
FIGURE 6 (continued). Examples of the Irano-Turanian Endemics. M: Corydalis chionophila, N: Cousinia shahvarica, O: Jurinea boreoiranica, P: Linaria michauxii, Q: Myopordon hyrcanum, R: Onobrychis gaubae.
FIGURE 7 in Floristic composition, life forms and phytogeography of the mountains between Damghan and Shahrud, Eastern Alborz (Iran)
FIGURE 7 (continued). Hemicryptophytes. G: Dianthus crossopetalus, H: Didymophysa aucheri, I: Dielsiocharis kotschyi, J: Dracocephalum aucheri, K: Echinops chorassanicus, L: Erysimum caespitosum.
FIGURE 7. Hemicryptophytes. A in Floristic composition, life forms and phytogeography of the mountains between Damghan and Shahrud, Eastern Alborz (Iran)
FIGURE 7. Hemicryptophytes. A: Androsace villosa, B: Astragalus dactylocarpus, C: Astragalus masenderanus, D: Cerastium purpurascens, E: Corydalis rupestris, F: Cousinia smirnowii.
FIGURE 9. Geophytes. A in Floristic composition, life forms and phytogeography of the mountains between Damghan and Shahrud, Eastern Alborz (Iran)
FIGURE 9. Geophytes. A: Allium barsczewskii, B: Allium cristophii, C: Allium scabriscapum, D: Asparagus breslerianus, E: Berula erecta, F: Gagea alexeenkoana.
FIGURE 6 in Floristic composition, life forms and phytogeography of the mountains between Damghan and Shahrud, Eastern Alborz (Iran)
FIGURE 6 (continued). Examples of the Irano-Turanian Endemics. G: Astragalus gueldenstaedtiae, H: Astragalus perdurans, I: Astragalus plagiophacos, J: Astragalus subalpinus, K: Astragalus touranicus, L: Colutea porphyrogramma.
FIGURE 9 in Floristic composition, life forms and phytogeography of the mountains between Damghan and Shahrud, Eastern Alborz (Iran)
FIGURE 9 (continued). Geophytes. G: Gagea chomutovae, H: Gagea confusa, I: Gagea tenuifolia, J: Geranium kotschyi, K: Iris kopetdagensis, L: Tulipa micheliana.
FIGURE 8 in Floristic composition, life forms and phytogeography of the mountains between Damghan and Shahrud, Eastern Alborz (Iran)
FIGURE 8 (continued). Chamaephytes. G: Capparis spinosa, H: Convolvulus fruticosus, I: Hymenocrater calycinus, J: Onobrychis cornuta, K: Ononis spinosa, L: Salsola arbusculiformis.
Data from: Reconstructing the origins of high-alpine niches and cushion life form in the genus Androsace s.l. (Primulaceae)
Relatively few species have been able to colonize extremely cold alpine environments. We investigate the role played by the cushion life form in the evolution of climatic niches in the plant genus Androsace s.l., which spreads across the mountain ranges of the Northern Hemisphere. Using robust methods that account for phylogenetic uncertainty, intraspecific variability of climatic requirements and different life history evolution scenarios, we show that climatic niches of Androsace s.l. exhibit low phylogenetic signal and that they evolved relatively recently and punctually. Models of niche evolution fitted onto phylogenies show that the cushion life form has been a key innovation providing the opportunity to occupy extremely cold environments, thus contributing to rapid climatic niche diversification in the genus Androsace. We then propose a plausible scenario for the adaptation of plants to alpine habitats.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
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