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Text-fig. 3. Mastixia parva E.REID et M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 22972. a: Ventral view (original illustration from pl. 25, fig. 13 of Reid and Chandler 1933), reflected light. b–g: from micro-CT data. b: Dorsal view of specimen in (a) now suffering from encrustation due to pyrite decay; isosurface rendering. c: Translucent volume rendering, dorsal view showing two limbs of the locule and longitudinal groove. d–g: Digital transverse sections at various positions showing c-shaped locule, longitudinal dorsal infold, endocarp wall, and degradational cracks. h, i: V. 22983(1). h: Dorsal view showing longitudinal infold. i: Physical transverse section showing c-shaped locule and longitudinal dorsal infold. Scale bars 5 mm in (a–h), applies also to (b–g), 2 mm in (i). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision
Text-fig. 3. Mastixia parva E.REID et M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 22972. a: Ventral view (original illustration from pl. 25, fig. 13 of Reid and Chandler 1933), reflected light. b–g: from micro-CT data. b: Dorsal view of specimen in (a) now suffering from encrustation due to pyrite decay; isosurface rendering. c: Translucent volume rendering, dorsal view showing two limbs of the locule and longitudinal groove. d–g: Digital transverse sections at various positions showing c-shaped locule, longitudinal dorsal infold, endocarp wall, and degradational cracks. h, i: V. 22983(1). h: Dorsal view showing longitudinal infold. i: Physical transverse section showing c-shaped locule and longitudinal dorsal infold. Scale bars 5 mm in (a–h), applies also to (b–g), 2 mm in (i).
Upper limb movements can be decoded from the time-domain of low-frequency EEG
<p>How neural correlates of movements are represented in the human brain is of ongoing interest and has been researched with invasive and non-invasive methods. In this study, we analyzed the encoding of single upper limb movements in the time-domain of low-frequency electroencephalography (EEG) signals. Fifteen healthy subjects executed and imagined six different sustained upper limb movements. We classified these six movements and a rest class and obtained significant average classification accuracies of 55% (movement vs movement) and 87% (movement vs rest) for executed movements, and 27% and 73%, respectively, for imagined movements. Furthermore, we analyzed the classifier patterns in the source space and located the brain areas conveying discriminative movement information. The classifier patterns indicate that mainly premotor areas, primary motor cortex, somatosensory cortex and posterior parietal cortex convey discriminative movement information. The decoding of single upper limb movements is specially interesting in the context of a more natural non-invasive control of e.g., a motor neuroprosthesis or a robotic arm in highly motor disabled persons.</p>
Figure 1. Bipolar limb derivations-EKG Through Sound-Card
<p>Since the human body is a conductive mass, an electrode attached to the arm is the electric<br> equivalent of a connection to the shoulder and an electrode attached to the foot is the equivalent of a<br> connection to the abdomen. Using this principle, we obtain the following three standard bipolar<br> limb derivations (Figure1):<br> • Derivation I: negative electrode to the right hand and positive electrode to the left hand<br> • Derivation II: positive electrode to the left foot, negative to the right hand<br> • Derivation III: positive electrode to the left foot, negative to the left hand.</p>
Fig. 4 in Body mass estimation in Triassic cynodonts from Argentina based on limb variables
Fig. 4. Logarithmic scale representation of the body mass ranges of adult forms of amniotes Chañares and Ischigualasto formations, Triassic of Argentina. Body masses for Cynognathia obtained in this work (black silhouettes) compared with other amniotes known from these formations (white silhouettes). Cynodonts Chiniquodon sanjuanensis Martínez and Forster, 1996, and Probainognathus jenseni Romer, 1970; the dicynodont Dinodontosaurus brevirostris Cox, 1968; and archosauriforms Lagerpeton chanarensis Romer, 1971a, Chanaresuchus sp. (includes C. bonapartei Romer, 1971b, and C. ischigualastensis Trotteyn, Martínez and Alcober, 2012), paracrocodylomorphs and the dinosaur Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis Reig, 1963. The horizontal length of the rectangles represents the body mass range for the genus. The silhouettes are not to scale.
Fig. 2 in Body mass estimation in Triassic cynodonts from Argentina based on limb variables
Fig. 2. Measurements used in this work based on Toledo et al. (2014), as illustrated using the 3D model of the left humerus and femur of Andescynodon mendozensis Bonaparte, 1969 (PVL 3894-1) from the Cerro de las Cabras Formation (upper Anisian), Villa de Potrerillos, Mendoza province, Argentina. A. Humerus in anterior (A1) and distal (A2) views. B. Femur in anterior (B1) and distal (B2) views. Scale bars 10 mm.
Fig. 1. Cynognathia phylogeny plotted onto a in Body mass estimation in Triassic cynodonts from Argentina based on limb variables
Fig. 1. Cynognathia phylogeny plotted onto a stratigraphic scale showing the known observed temporal ranges of taxa. Taxa studied in this contribution are in bold. Modified from Hendrickx et al. (2020). Thick dashed lines indicate separation between periods; thin dotted lines indicate separation between ages.
Fig. 5 in Body mass estimation in Triassic cynodonts from Argentina based on limb variables
Fig. 5. Stacked area chart of animal size (after values of the skull length for Therapsida and skull or limb bone lengths, when skull is not preserved, for Archosauromorpha) from the Argentinean Triassic units: Cerro de La Cabras, Río Seco de la Quebrada, Chañares, and Ischigualasto formations. A. Therapsida (Cynodontia plus Dicynodontia). B. Amniota (Therapsida plus Archosauromorpha). Small, maximum skull length below 150 mm; medium, skull length 150–250 mm; large, maximum skull length greater than 250 mm. Fm., Formation.
Fig. 3 in Body mass estimation in Triassic cynodonts from Argentina based on limb variables
Fig. 3. Cynognathians studied in this work (all in anterior views). A. Left humerus of Exaeretodon argentinus Cabrera, 1943 (PVL 2554) from the Ischigualasto Formation (upper Carnian), Hoyada de Ischigualasto, San Juan, Argentina. B. Right humerus (mirrored) of Cynognathus crateronotus Seeley, 1895 (PVL 3859) from the Río Seco de la Quebrada Formation (lower Carnian), Puesto Viejo, Mendoza province, Argentina. C. Left humerus of Andescynodon mendozensis Bonaparte, 1969 (PVL 3894-1) from the Cerro de las Cabras Formation (upper Anisian), Villa de Potrerillos, Mendoza province, Argentina. D. Left humerus of Massetognathus pascuali Romer, 1967 (PVL 5444) from the Chañares Formation (lower Carnian), Campo de Talampaya, La Rioja province, Argentina. E. Right humerus (mirrored) from Pascualgnathus polanskii Bonaparte, 1966 (MLP 65-VI-18-1) from the Río Seco de la Quebrada Formation (lower Carnian), Puesto Viejo, Mendoza province, Argentina. Scale bars 10 mm.
FIGURE 2 in A new euarthropod with 'great appendage'-like frontal head limbs from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte, Southwest China
FIGURE 2. Bushizheia yangi gen. et sp. nov. (YKLP 11421). A, C, tungsten photography lighting of left frontal head limb and dorsal view of head shield, respectively; B, D, fluorescent photography lighting of the same. All scale bars are 2 mm. Abbreviation: cw, compression wrinkles; ds, dorsal spines; hl, frontal head limb.
FIGURE 1 in A new euarthropod with 'great appendage'-like frontal head limbs from the Chengjiang Lagerstätte, Southwest China
FIGURE 1. Bushizheia yangi gen. et sp. nov. (YKLP 11421). A, photograph of dorsal view; B, composite line drawing of dorsal view. Both scale bars are 10 mm. Abbreviation: app?ex, exopod of a post-frontal head limb appendage; cw, compression wrinkle; en, endopod; gr, groove; hl, frontal head limbs; hs, head shield; ps; pygidial segment; pyg, pygidium; tg1-8, tergites 1 through 8; ts, tailspine.
Multimodal optical measurement for study of lower limb tissue viability in patients with diabetes mellitus
<p>According to the International Diabetes Federation, the challenges of early stage diagnosis and treatment effectiveness monitoring in diabetes is currently one of the highest priorities in modern healthcare. In this experimental study, the potential of combined measurements of skin fluorescence and blood perfusion by the laser Doppler flowmetry method in diagnostics of low limb diabetes complications was evaluated. With the use of Monte Carlo probabilistic modelling, the diagnostic volume and depth of the diagnosis were evaluated. The experimental study involved 76 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. These patients were divided into two groups depending on the degree of complications. The control group consisted of 48 healthy volunteers. The local thermal stimulation was selected as a stimulus on the blood microcirculation system. Experimental studies have shown that diabetic patients have elevated values of normalised fluorescence amplitudes, as well as a lower perfusion response to local heating. In the group of people with diabetes with trophic ulcers, these parameters also significantly differ from the control and diabetes only groups. Thus, the intensity of skin fluorescence and level of tissue blood perfusion can act as markers for various degrees of complications from the beginning of diabetes to the formation of trophic ulcers.</p>
Planetary body limb and plume labels for NASA images
<p>This data set was compiled to aid in evaluating methods for automated analysis of images to detect planetary bodies and limbs. It contains manually generated labels for 308 NASA images of planets and moons. The labels annotate the location of the limb (edge) of the body and plumes emitted by the body, if any. "Plume" in this context refers to any bright material emitted from the body, such as icy plumes from Enceladus or volcanic plumes from Io. 112 of the labeled images contain plumes.</p> <p><strong>Contents:</strong></p> <p>This data set covers images collected by the following instruments:</p> <ol> <li>Cassini Imaging Science Subsystem (ISS)</li> <li>Galileo Solid-State Imaging (SSI)</li> <li>MESSENGER Mercury Dual Imaging System (MDIS)</li> <li>New Horizons Long Rang Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) </li> </ol> <p>The target bodies include the planet Mercury; Jupiter's moons Callisto, Europa, Ganymede, and Io; and Saturn's moon Enceladus. </p> <p>There is a directory for each instrument_target combination:</p> <ul> <li>cassini_iss_enceladus/: Cassini ISS narrow-angle camera observations of Saturn's moon Enceladus</li> <li>galileo_ssi_callisto/: Galileo SSI observations of Jupiter's moon Callisto</li> <li>galileo_ssi_europa/: Galileo SSI observations of Jupiter's moon Europa</li> <li>galileo_ssi_ganymede/: Galileo SSI observations of Jupiter's moon Ganymede</li> <li>galileo_ssi_io/: Galileo SSI observations of Jupiter's moon Io</li> <li>messenger_mdis_mercury/: MESSENGER MDIS narrow-angle and wide-angle observations of Mercury </li> <li>new_horizons_lorri_io/: New Horizons LORRI observations of Jupiter's moon Io</li> </ul> <p>Source images: The images that are associated with each label file can be obtained from the Planetary Data System (PDS) at <a href="https://pds-imaging.jpl.nasa.gov/search">https://pds-imaging.jpl.nasa.gov/search</a> . For Cassini ISS, MESSENGER MDIS, and New Horizons LORRI images, search on the product id from the label filename. For example, the product id for </p> <pre><code class="language-bash">lor_0035092814_0x630_sci_label.yml </code></pre> <p>is</p> <pre><code class="language-bash">lor_0035092814_0x630_sci</code></pre> <p>For Galileo SSI images, the filename does not include the product id. A list of the source product ids is included in the file named </p> <pre><code class="language-bash">galileo_image_ids.txt</code></pre> <p><strong>Label format:</strong></p> <p>Labels are stored in YAML format. The limb is annotated as a series of points marked along the limb such that a least-squares circle fit of those points provides a model of the body's limb ("points" field). Plumes, when present, are indicated as one or more angular ranges (in radians) around the limb within which plume activity is present ("plumes"->"intervals" field). Angles are specified starting with 0 radians (up) and proceeding clockwise. The user who generated the labels is recorded in the "user" field. </p> <p>Example (galileo_ssi_io/0085r_label.yml):</p> <p>Six points define the limb of the body, and there are two areas of plume activity. </p> <pre><code class="language-bash">comment: Points are in (x, y), i.e. (col, row), order. plumes: comment: Intervals in radians intervals: - [2.8540078295092326, 3.020573420947303] - [3.219430581132992, 3.352047930386058] user: mcameron points: - [123.09103311855094, 322.15933747194225] - [143.78220150957688, 79.06162214909591] - [89.23475042871942, 219.0261628709045] - [256.9650789538681, 407.0275241755675] - [176.84241267100913, 375.9514805780413] - [113.07652569773596, 121.72097703075002] user: mcameron</code></pre> <p><strong>Attribution: </strong></p> <p>If you use this data set in your own work, please cite this DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.2556063 . </p>
Qualitative Interview Data: Users and therapists perceptions of myoelectric multi-function upper limb prostheses with direct and pattern recognition control
<p>The data uploaded here were collected in 2016/2017 through semi-structured interviews with prosthesis users and hand therapists. Participants were mainly asked about satisfaction with their prosthetic device and about activities which they perform with the prosthesis. Interviews were conducted in Dutch and German language.</p> <p>All interview data are made publicly available, except for data of prosthesis users who were experienced with pattern recognition control (n=4). Due to the small number of these participants, their interview data is only available upon reasonable request to not compromise participant privacy. </p> <p> </p>
Figure. The adult male of Podarcis lilfordi from Sa Dragonera, Mallorca (Balearic Islands), presenting a tail-like appendage in the left hind limb. in A case of limb regeneration in a wild adult Podarcis lilfordi lizard
Figure. The adult male of Podarcis lilfordi from Sa Dragonera, Mallorca (Balearic Islands), presenting a tail-like appendage in the left hind limb.
Fig. 4 in Taxonomic implications of morphometric analysis of earless seal limb bones
Fig. 4. Results of PCA for the femur measurement data, including extant and fossil earless seal taxa. A. PC1 vs. PC2. B. PC3 vs. PC4.
Fig. 3 in Taxonomic implications of morphometric analysis of earless seal limb bones
Fig. 3. Results of PCA for the humerus measurement data, including extant and fossil earless seal taxa. A. PC1 vs. PC2. B. PC3 vs. PC4.
Fig. 1 in Taxonomic implications of morphometric analysis of earless seal limb bones
Fig. 1. Measurements of the earless seal humerus (A) and femur (B) used in morphometric analysis exemplified by Erignathus barbatus (USNM 16116). In anterior (A1, B2), posterior (A2, B1), medial (A3), and proximal (A4) views. Abbreviations: DCF, distance between condyles; DDDC, diameter of diaphysis at deltopectoral crest; DN, diameter of the neck of the femur; GAP, distance between head of humerus and deltopectoral crest; HHF, height of the head of the femur; HHH, height of head of humerus; HPS, height of the patellar surface; HTL, height of capitulum; HTS, height of trochlea; ITW, intertrochlear width of the femur; LDC, length of deltopectoral crest; LGTF, length of the greater trochanter; LLF, length of the lateral side of the femur; LLCF, length of the lateral condyle; LMCF, length of the medial condyle; MLF, length of the femur on the medial side; PIT, depth of coronoid fossa; SUP, length of supinator ridge; TLH, total length of humerus; WCF, width across condyles; WDC, width of deltopectoral crest; WDEF, maximum width of distal diaphysis; WDEH, maximum width of distal epiphysis; WDF, minimum width of diaphysis; WDH, minimum width of diaphysis; WHH, width of humeral head; WLCF, width of lateral condyle; WMCF, width of medial condyle; WPDH, width of proximal epiphysis, humeral head to lesser tubercle; WPEF, maximum width of proximal diaphysis; WTA, width of trochlea in anterior view; WTD, width of trochlea and capitulum in posterior view.
Fig. 2 in Taxonomic implications of morphometric analysis of earless seal limb bones
Fig. 2. Results of PCA for the combined dataset of both humeral and femoral measurement data, for extant earless seal taxa. A. PC1 vs. PC2. B. PC3 vs. PC4.
Fig. 8 in The digital Plateosaurus II: An assessment of the range of motion of the limbs and vertebral column and of previous reconstructions using a digital skeletal mount
Fig. 8. Digital skeleton mount of prosauropod Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837 GPIT1, from Trossingen, Germany, posed to conform to drawings by Paul (1987, 2000; Fig. 2A). A. Left antepodium and manus in lateral and dorsal view. B. Right antepodium and manus in medial and dorsal view. C. Right crus and pes in medial view. Note intersection of tarsals and metatarsals with crus. D. Pelvis and femora in lateral view. E. Anteroventral view, parallel with the long axis of the dorsal column, of the pelvis and femora and the last five dorsal ribs. F. Lateral view of "gallop" position. Note gaps in knees and neck. Length of ulna 239 mm, length of fibula 463 mm, length of femur 595 mm.
Fig. 7 in The digital Plateosaurus II: An assessment of the range of motion of the limbs and vertebral column and of previous reconstructions using a digital skeletal mount
Fig. 7. Digital skeleton mount of prosauropod Plateosaurus engelhardti Meyer, 1837 GPIT1, from Trossingen, Germany, posed: head at ground level (A), hands at ground level (B), resting pose in lateral (C) and dorsal (D) views. Length of femur 595 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.