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154 results for “local structure”
Data from: multidimensional beta-diversity across local and regional scales in a Chinese subtropical forest: the role of forest structure
<p>Beta-diversity, or the spatio-temporal variation in community composition, can be partitioned into turnover and nestedness components in a multidimensional framework. Forest structure, including comprehensive characteristics of vertical and horizontal complexity, strongly affects species composition and its spatial variation. However, the effects of forest structure on beta-diversity patterns in multidimensional and multiple-scale contexts are poorly understood. Here, we assessed beta-diversity at local (a 20-ha forest dynamics plot) and regional (a plot network composed of 19 1-ha plots) scales in a Chinese subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. We then evaluated the relative importance of forest structure, topography, and spatial structure on beta-diversity and its turnover and nestedness components in taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic dimensions at local and regional scales. We derived forest structural parameters from both unmanned aerial vehicle light detection and ranging (UAV LiDAR) data and plot inventory data. Turnover component dominated total beta-diversity for all dimensions at the two scales. With the exception of some components (taxonomic and functional turnover at the local scale; functional nestedness at the regional scale), environmental factors (i.e., topography and forest structure) contributed more than pure spatial variation. Explanations of forest structure for beta-diversity and its component patterns at the local scale were higher than those at the regional scale. The joint effects of spatial structure and forest structure influenced component patterns in all dimensions (except for functional turnover) to some extent at the local scale, while pure forest structure influenced taxonomic and phylogenetic nestedness patterns to some extent at the regional scale. Our results highlight the importance and scale dependence of forest structure in shaping multidimensional beta-diversity and its component patterns. Clearly, further studies need to link forest structure directly to ecological processes (e.g., asymmetric light competition and disturbance dynamics) and explore its roles in biodiversity maintenance.</p>
Divergence in Heliconius flight behaviour is associated with local adaptation to different forest structures
<p>Micro-habitat choice plays a major role in shaping local patterns of biodiversity. In butterflies, stratification in flight height has an important role in maintaining community diversity. The speciation in <em>Heliconius</em> butterflies is often associated with strong assortative mating, but ecological isolation and local adaptation is also considered essential. Despite its presumed importance, the role of behavioural shifts in early stages of speciation in response to differences in habitat structure is yet to be established. Here, we investigated variation in flight height behaviour in two closely related species, <em>H. erato cyrbia</em> and <em>H. himera</em>, which produce viable hybrids but are isolated across an environmental gradient, spanning lowland wet forest to high altitude scrub forest. We show that the two species fly at different heights in the wild, and demonstrate that this can be explained by differences in the vertical distribution of plant resources. We subsequently explored whether this divergence in flight height has a genetic component using common garden experiments. In both the wild and captivity, <em>H. himera</em> choose to fly lower and feed at lower positions, mirroring differences in resource availability in the wild. We suggest that this shift in foraging behaviour may reflect local adaptation to divergent forest structures highlighting the role of behaviour during early stages of speciation.</p>
Population structure and genetic variance among local populations of an non-native earthworm species in Minnesota, USA
<p>A variety of human activities have been identified as driving factors for the release and spread of invasive earthworm species in North America. Population genetic markers can help to identify locally relevant anthropogenic vectors and provide insights into the processes of population dispersal and establishment. We sampled the invasive European earthworm species <em>Lumbricus terrestris</em> at nine sites and several bait shops within the metropolitan area of Minneapolis-St. Paul in Minnesota, USA. We used microsatellite markers to infer genetic diversity and population structure, and 16S rDNA to address multiple introduction events, including bait dumping, which is a common source of <em>L. terrestris</em> introductions into the wild. Our results indicate multiple introductions but not from current bait dumping. Overall, genetic structure was low and earthworms >5000 m apart were genetically differentiated, except for one sampling location, indicating jump-dispersal followed by population establishment. Further, earthworms at one location north of Minneapolis established from one or few founder individuals, suggesting that earthworm invasions are ongoing. We therefore encourage further monitoring of earthworm populations using molecular markers, in order to disentangle the different human-related vectors contributing to the spread of earthworms and their establishment, which is essential to develop adequate management strategies.</p>
Fine-scale spatial genetic structure in a locally abundant native bunchgrass (Achnatherum thurberianum) including distinct lineages revealed within seed transfer zones
<p>Analyses of the factors shaping genetic variation in widespread plant species are important for understanding evolutionary history and local adaptation and have applied significance for guiding conservation and restoration decisions. Thurber's needlegrass (<em>Achnatherum</em> <em>thurberianum</em>) is a widespread, locally abundant grass that inhabits heterogeneous arid environments of western North America and is of restoration significance. It is a common component of shrubland steppe communities in the Great Basin Desert, where drought, fire, and invasive grasses have degraded natural communities. Using a reduced representation sequencing approach, we generated SNP data at 5,677 loci across 246 individuals from 17 <em>A. thurberianum</em> populations spanning five previously delineated seed zones from the western Great Basin. Analyses revealed pronounced population genetic structure, with individuals forming consistent geographical clusters across a variety of population genetic analyses and spatial scales. Low levels of genetic diversity within populations, as well as high population estimates of linkage disequilibrium and relatedness, were consistent with self-fertilization as a contributor to population differentiation. Variance partitioning and partial redundancy analysis (pRDA) indicated local adaptation to environment as additionally influencing the spatial distribution of genetic variation. The environmental variables driving these results were similar to those implicated in recent genecological work which inferred local adaptation for seed zone delineation. Our analyses also revealed a complex evolutionary history of <em>A. thurberianum</em> in the Great Basin, where previously delineated seed zones contain distantly related populations. Our results indicate evolutionary history, mating system, and differentiation across distinct geographic and environmental scales have shaped genetic variation in <em>A. thurberianum</em> and illustrate how numerous aspects of population genetic variation might require consideration for restoration planning.</p>
Overcoming contrast reversals in focused probe ptychography of thick materials: an optimal pipeline for efficiently determining local atomic structure in materials science
<p>Files concerning the publication "Overcoming contrast reversals in focused probe ptychography of thick materials: an optimal pipeline for efficiently determining local atomic structure in materials science"(arxiv:2205.13308 )</p>
Data, code, models for "Weakly Supervised Semantic Segmentation for Joint Key Local Structure Localization and Classification of Aurora Image"
<p>Data, code and models for https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8410588/</p>
Code for 'Revealing the Local Time Structure of the Alfven Radius and travel times in Jupiter's magnetosphere'
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Spatial and local environmental factors outperform geo-climatic gradients in structuring taxonomically- and traits-based β‐diversity of benthic algae
<p><b>Aim</b>: Understanding the variation in biodiversity and its underlying drivers and mechanisms is a core task in biogeography and ecology. In this study, we examined: i) the relative contributions of species replacement (i.e. turnover) and richness difference (i.e. nestedness) to taxonomically- and traits-based β-diversity of stream benthic algae; ii) whether these two facets of β-diversity are correlated with each other; and iii) the relative contributions of local environmental (e.g. water chemistry, flow velocity, habitat quality), geo-climatic (e.g. land use types, elevation, precipitation), and spatial factors (e.g. using principal coordinates of neighborhood matrices) to the two facets of β-diversity and their components (i.e. total β-diversity, turnover, and nestedness).</p> <p><b>Location</b>: Hun-Tai River Basin, northeastern China</p> <p><b>Taxon</b>: Stream benthic algae</p> <p><b>Methods</b>: A total of 157 sites were sampled. Mantel tests were used to examine the complementarities between the two facets of β-diversity and their components. Distance-based redundancy analysis and variation partitioning were utilized to investigate the relative contributions of local environmental, geo-climatic, and spatial factors to each facet of β-diversity and their components.</p> <p><b>Results</b>: Weak correlations between taxonomically- and traits-based β‐diversity and their components were detected, which indicated complementarity of ecological information. Taxonomically-based total β‐diversity was largely driven by turnover, whereas traits-based total β-diversity was more driven by nestedness. Variation partitioning results indicated that local environmental and spatial factors contributed more than geo-climatic variables to the total explained variation in taxonomically- and traits-based β‐diversity.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions</b>: Our findings highlighted the importance of the different facets of β‐diversity and their decomposition for understanding diversity patterns of benthic algae relative to abiotic factors. A high level of traits-based convergence among benthic algae communities, despite high taxonomic divergence, demonstrated turnover of species with similar biological traits across our study region. Our study provides a traits-based insight into stream benthic algae communities, which was less documented by previous freshwater studies that focused on regions undergoing recovery following human disturbances.</p>
FTD-tau S320F mutation stabilizes local structure and allosterically promotes amyloid motif-dependent aggregation
<p>Amyloid deposition of the microtubule-associated protein tau is a unifying theme in a multitude of neurodegenerative diseases. Disease-associated missense mutations in tau are associated with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and enhance tau aggregation propensity. However, the molecular mechanism of how mutations in tau promote tau assembly into amyloids remains obscure. There is a need to understand how tau folds into pathogenic conformations to cause disease. Here we describe the structural mechanism for how an FTD-tau S320F mutation drives spontaneous aggregation. We use recombinant protein and synthetic peptide systems, computational modeling, cross-linking mass spectrometry, and cell models to investigate the mechanism of spontaneous aggregation of the S320F FTD-tau mutant. We discover that the S320F mutation drives the stabilization of a local hydrophobic cluster which allosterically exposes the <sup>306</sup>VQIVYK<sup>311</sup> amyloid motif. We identify a suppressor mutation that reverses the S320F aggregation phenotype through the reduction of S320F-based hydrophobic clustering <em>in vitro</em> and in cells. Finally, we use structure-based computational design to engineer rapidly aggregating tau sequences by optimizing nonpolar clusters in proximity to the S320 site revealing a new principle governing the regulation of tau aggregation. We uncover a mechanism for regulating aggregation that balances transient nonpolar contacts within local protective structures or in longer-range interactions that sequester amyloid motifs. The introduction of a pathogenic mutation redistributes these transient interactions to drive spontaneous aggregation. We anticipate that more profound knowledge of this process will permit control of tau aggregation into discrete structural polymorphs to aid the design of reagents that can detect disease-specific tau conformations.</p>
Local and landscape environmental heterogeneity drive ant community structure in temperate semi-natural upland grasslands
<p>Environmental heterogeneity is an important driver of ecological communities. Here, we assessed the effects of local and landscape spatial environmental heterogeneity on ant community structure in temperate semi-natural upland grasslands of Central Germany. We surveyed 33 grassland sites representing a gradient in elevation and landscape composition. Local environmental heterogeneity was measured in terms of variability of temperature and moisture within and between grassland sites. Grassland management type (pasture vs. meadows) was additionally included as a local environmental heterogeneity measure. The complexity of habitat types in the surroundings of grassland sites was used as a measure of landscape environmental heterogeneity. As descriptors of ant community structure, we considered species composition, community evenness, and functional response traits. We found that extensively grazed pastures and within-site heterogeneity in soil moisture at local scale, and a high diversity of land cover types at the landscape scale affected ant species composition by promoting nest densities. Ant community evenness was high in wetter grasslands with low within-site variability in soil moisture and surrounded by a less diverse landscape. Fourth-corner models revealed that ant community structure response to environmental heterogeneity was mediated mainly by worker size, colony size, and life history traits related with colony reproduction and foundation. We discuss how withinsite local variability in soil moisture and low-intensity grazing promote ant species densities, and highlight the role of habitat temperature and humidity in affecting community evenness. We hypothesize that a higher diversity of land cover types in a forest-dominated landscape buffers less favorable environmental conditions for ant species establishment and dispersal between grasslands. We conclude that spatial environmental heterogeneity at local and landscape scales plays an important role as a deterministic force in filtering ant species and, along with neutral processes (e.g. stochastic colonization), in shaping ant community structure in temperate semi-natural upland grasslands.</p>
Data from: Clonality, local population structure, and gametophyte sex ratios in cryptic species of the Sphagnum magellanicum complex
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Data from: multidimensional beta-diversity across local and regional scales in a Chinese subtropical forest: the role of forest structure
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Local and landscape environmental heterogeneity drive ant community structure in temperate semi-natural upland grasslands
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Spatial and local environmental factors outweigh geo-climatic gradients in structuring taxonomically and trait-based β-diversity of benthic algae
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Data from: Fine-scale genetic structure in the orchid Gymnadenia conopsea is not associated with local density of flowering plants
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Sequence-structure-function relationships in class I MHC: a local frustration perspective
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Hydrological connectivity and local environment alternately drive spatial structure of floodplain aquatic community across season
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Divergence in Heliconius flight behaviour is associated with local adaptation to different forest structures
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Fine-scale spatial genetic structure in a locally abundant native bunchgrass (Achnatherum thurberianum) including distinct lineages revealed within seed transfer zones
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Data and code from "A dimmer shade of pale: revealing the faint signature of local assembly processes on the structure of strongly filtered plant communities"
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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