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Figure 11 in Bone surface texture as an ontogenetic indicator in long bones of the Canada goose Branta canadensis (Anseriformes: Anatidae)

Figure 11. Transverse sections of immature long bones. A, single-layered fibrolamellar cortex (DMNH 83586, femur section c). B, active incorporation of channels at the surface of the fibrolamellar cortex (DMNH 83586, tibiotarsus section c). C, stratified fibrolamellar cortex (DMNH 83586, tibiotarsus section c). D, circularly orientated oblique channels in outer regions of fibrolamellar cortex (DMNH 83589, femur section d). B, blood vessel with erythrocytes; L, lymphatic vessel; M, medullary cavity; P, osteogenic layer of periosteum. The space within P is a preparation artefact. Scale bars: A, D = 230 µm; B = 50 µm; C = 92 µm.

Figure 4 in Bone surface texture as an ontogenetic indicator in long bones of the Canada goose Branta canadensis (Anseriformes: Anatidae)

Figure 4. Relationships between the percentage adult size based on element length and the percentage maturity based on parsimony and cluster analyses.

Figure 9 in Bone surface texture as an ontogenetic indicator in long bones of the Canada goose Branta canadensis (Anseriformes: Anatidae)

Figure 9. Relationships between texture type and parsimony-based and cluster-based percentage maturity indices. The circle diameter is proportional to the number of specimens.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2005View details →

Fig. 14 in The first dsungaripterid pterosaur from the Kimmeridgian of Germany and the biomechanics of pterosaur long bones

Fig. 14. Mechanical properties in bending by variation of R/t. Solid bone with R/t−value of 1 is defined as 1. Level of dsungaripterid R/t−value dashed. After Currey (1984).

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2005View details →

Fig. 3 in The first dsungaripterid pterosaur from the Kimmeridgian of Germany and the biomechanics of pterosaur long bones

Fig. 3. Dsungaripteridae gen. et sp. indet., DFMMh/FV 500. A. Left lateral view of pelvis. B. Interpretative drawing. Scale bar 10 mm.

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Data and analysis scripts: Evidence supporting an evolutionary trade-off between material properties and architectural design in Anolis lizard long bones

In biology, 'many-to-one mapping' occurs when multiple morphological forms can meet a particular functional demand. Knowledge of this mapping is crucial for understanding how selection on performance shapes the evolution of morphological diversity. Past research has focused primarily on the potential for geometrically alternative morphological designs to produce equivalent performance outcomes. Here we ask whether the material properties of biological tissues hold similar potential. Through phylogenetic comparative study of Anolis lizards, we show that the architectural design and mineral density of the femur trade off in a many-to-one functional system, yielding a morphospace featuring parallel isolines in size-relative bending strength. Anole femur evolution has largely tracked a narrow band of strength isolines over phylogenetic timescales, suggesting that geometry and mineral content shape the course of macroevolution through compensatory effects on performance. Despite this conserved evolutionary relationship, insular and continental species evolve strong bones differently, likely reflecting underlying ecological differences. Mainland anoles, which exhibit fast-paced life histories, typically have femora with lower mineralization and thinner walls than island species, which exhibit the opposite strategy. Together, our results reveal an overlooked dimension in the relationship between form and function, expanding our understanding of how many-to-one mapping can shape patterns of phenotypic diversity.

opencc-zeroNov 2023View details →

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2022View details →

Taxonomic classification of seabird long bones using 3D shape: A method with wider potential in zooarchaeology

Dataset of manually-placed landmark (.pts) files.  Fixed landmarks and semilandmarks were placed on 3D digitised (.ply) models and exported in .pts file format from Landmark Editor 3.0 (Institute of Data Analysis and Visualization IDAV, University California Davis, USA) (Wiley et al., 2005). The .pts files can be read into R (R Core Team., 2021) using the Morpho::read.pts function (Schlager, 2017).     R Core Team. (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. (Version 4.0.2). R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. <a href="https://www.r-project.org/">https://www.r-project.org/.</a> Schlager, S. (2017). Morpho and Rvcg–Shape Analysis in R: R-Packages for geometric morphometrics, shape analysis and surface manipulations. In Statistical shape and deformation analysis (pp. 217-256). Elsevier. Wiley, D. F., Amenta, N., Alcantara, D. A., Ghosh, D., Kil, Y. J., Delson, E., Harcourt-Smith, W., Rohlf, F. J., St. John, K., & Hamann, B. (2005). Evolutionary morphing. IEEE Visualization 2005 - (VIS'05), pp.55.

opencc-by-nc-nd-4.0Oct 2018View details →

Testing dataset for the "long-bone-diaphyseal-CSG-Toolkit"

The present dataset has been used for the validation study of correct operation for the "long-bone-diaphyseal-CSG-Toolkit". It consists of three 3D mesh bone models (a humerus, a femur and a tibia, which are part of the Athens modern reference skeletal collection) used for comparison to alternative methods for calculating CSG properties of long bones and one 3D mesh ground model (with known geometric properties) used as a gold standard reference. Additionally, the dataset includes all the results (stored in the respective csv files) from analyzing each of these models with the GNU Octave CSG Toolkit v1.0.1. The present dataset acts both as supplementary material to the validation study and as a sample dataset for user testing of the operation of the GNU Octave CSG Toolkit.

Figure 10 in Bone surface texture as an ontogenetic indicator in long bones of the Canada goose Branta canadensis (Anseriformes: Anatidae)

Figure 10. The relationship between texture type and date of death.

Figure 8 in Bone surface texture as an ontogenetic indicator in long bones of the Canada goose Branta canadensis (Anseriformes: Anatidae)

Figure 8. Relationships between texture type and bone length and percentage adult size.

publicNov 2023View details →

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Data and analysis scripts: Evidence supporting an evolutionary trade-off between material properties and architectural design in Anolis lizard long bones

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Data from: Palaeobiology of the early sauropodomorph Mussaurus patagonicus inferred from its long bone histology

We present here a detailed histological study of long bones from an ontogenetic series of Mussaurus patagonicus, an early sauropodomorph from the Early Jurassic of Argentina. Twenty long bones, including humeri, femora and fibulae, obtained from thirteen individuals of different body sizes were sampled for histological analysis. In general terms, the cortical bone is formed by a well vascularized fibrolamellar and parallel fibred bone. Except for the smaller individuals, cyclical growth marks (CGMs) are well recorded in all the specimens, but their number and relative position is highly variable. Mussaurus exhibits marked variation regarding relative growth rates, with some individuals growing much faster than others. Such variation affects the size of the adult individuals, which results in a poor correlation between the body size and the age/ontogenetic stage for this taxon. These discrepancies may be related to sexual dimorphism and/or developmental plasticity. Intraspecific variation is also recorded with regard to the growth strategies, which can vary from cyclical, as in other early sauropodomorphs, to continuous, as reported in sauropods. Sexual maturity appears to be reached between 23 and 31 years, which is delayed in comparison to other early sauropodomorphs, but more compatible to derived sauropods. The attainment of somatic maturity appears to be reached about 14 years after the onset of sexual maturity. Mussaurus is a sauropodiform, phylogenetically closer to sauropods than most other sauropodomorphs, and therefore provides critical information for understanding paleobiological aspects relevant to the origin of sauropods and the onset of gigantism in this lineage.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Figure 7 in Adaptation to graviportality in Rhinocerotoidea? An investigation through the long bone shape variation in their hindlimb

Figure 7. Significant PGLS regression plots for proximal partial femur performed on shape data and log-transformed centroid size (CS) (A), log-transformed cubic root of mean body mass (BM) (B), log-transformed mean gracility index (GIMT3) (C). Point colour code follows Figure 1. Point size is proportional to mean log CS of each species. On the right, shapes associated with minimum and maximum fitted values (top row) and colour maps of the location and intensity of the shape deformation (bottom row). Blue: minimum value of the regression. Orange: maximum value of the regression. For each bone, the shape associated with the minimum was coloured depending on its distance to the shape associated with the maximum (blue indicates a low deformation intensity and red indicates a high deformation intensity). Orientation from left to right in each case: caudal, lateral, cranial and medial.

Figure 4 in Adaptation to graviportality in Rhinocerotoidea? An investigation through the long bone shape variation in their hindlimb

Figure 4. Results of the PCA performed on morphometric data of the complete femur and shape variation associated with the first axis of the PCA (cranial view). Blue: negative side of the axis. Orange: positive side of the axis. Phylogenetic relationships are plotted in the morphospace. Colour codes follow Figure 1 and abbreviations follow Table 1. Point size is proportional to the mean log centroid size of each species.

Figure 10 in Adaptation to graviportality in Rhinocerotoidea? An investigation through the long bone shape variation in their hindlimb

Figure 10. Significant PGLS regression plots for tibia performed on shape data and log-transformed cubic root of mean body mass (BM) (A), log-transformed mean gracility index (GI-MT3) (B), and fibula performed on shape data and logtransformed mean gracility index (GI-MT3) (C). Point colour code follows Figure 1. Point size is proportional to mean log CS of each species. On the right, shapes associated with minimum and maximum fitted values (top row) and colour maps of the location and intensity of the shape deformation (bottom row). Blue: minimum value of the regression. Orange: maximum value of the regression. For each bone, the shape associated with the minimum was coloured depending on its distance to the shape associated with the maximum (blue indicates a low deformation intensity and red indicates a high deformation intensity). Orientation from left to right in each case: caudal, lateral, cranial and medial.

Figure 3 in Adaptation to graviportality in Rhinocerotoidea? An investigation through the long bone shape variation in their hindlimb

Figure 3. Neighbour Joining trees computed on all PC scores obtained from the PCAs performed on shape data. Colour codes follow Figure 1 and abbreviations follow Table 1. Point size is proportional to the mean log centroid size of each species. A, complete femur; B, proximal partial femur; C, distal partial femur; D, tibia; E, fibula.

Figure 6 in Adaptation to graviportality in Rhinocerotoidea? An investigation through the long bone shape variation in their hindlimb

Figure 6. Results of the PCA performed on morphometric data of proximal partial femur (A) and distal partial femur (B) and shape variation associated with the first two axes of the PCA (caudal view). Blue: negative side of the axis. Orange: positive side of the axis. Phylogenetic relationships are plotted in the morphospace. Colour codes follow Figure 1 and abbreviations follow Table 1. Point size is proportional to the mean log centroid size of each species.

Figure 2 in Adaptation to graviportality in Rhinocerotoidea? An investigation through the long bone shape variation in their hindlimb

Figure 2. Evolution of BM and GI-MT3 along the phylogeny for the studied species. Left: mean BM. Right: mean GI-MT3. Computations were made on the log-transformed cubic root of mean BM and the log-transformed GI-MT3. Values at nodes and along branches were reconstructed based on a Brownian Motion model of evolution (Revell, 2012). Colour codes for taxa follow Figure 1. Evolution of the third metatarsal shape depending on the GI-MT3 value is illustrated by specimens Hyrachyus eximius AMNH FM 12675 (minimum) and Teleoceras fossiger YPM VP 039358 (maximum).

Figure 9 in Adaptation to graviportality in Rhinocerotoidea? An investigation through the long bone shape variation in their hindlimb

Figure 9. Results of the PCA performed on morphometric data of tibia (A) and fibula (B) and shape variation associated with the first two axes of the PCA (caudal view). Blue: negative side of the axis. Orange: positive side of the axis. Phylogenetic relationships are plotted in the morphospace. Colour codes follow Figure 1 and abbreviations follow Table 1. Point size is proportional to the mean log centroid size of each species.

Figure 8 in Adaptation to graviportality in Rhinocerotoidea? An investigation through the long bone shape variation in their hindlimb

Figure 8. Significant PGLS regression plot for distal partial femur performed on shape data and log-transformed mean gracility index (GI-MT3). Point colour code follows Figure 1. Point size is proportional to mean log CS of each species. On the right, shapes associated with minimum and maximum fitted values (top row) and colour maps of the location and intensity of the shape deformation (bottom row). Blue: minimum value of the regression. Orange: maximum value of the regression. For each bone, the shape associated with the minimum was coloured depending on its distance to the shape associated with the maximum (blue indicates a low deformation intensity and red indicates a high deformation intensity). Orientation from left to right: caudal, lateral, cranial and medial.