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Figure 15 in The interrelationships of Devonian lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) as inferred from neurocranial evidence and new data from the genus Soederberghia Lehman, 1959
Figure 15. Select neurocranial characters incorporated into the phylogenetic analysis of dipnoan interrelationships. Anterior is to the left. A, 'Chirodipterus' australis (modified from Miles, 1977); B, Chirodipterus wildungensis (modified from Säve-Söderbergh, 1952). Numerals in bold type correspond to characters listed in text, while those listed in parentheses indicate the character state.
Figure 22 in The interrelationships of Devonian lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) as inferred from neurocranial evidence and new data from the genus Soederberghia Lehman, 1959
Figure 22. Hypothesis of early lungfish interrelationships based on Bayesian inference analysis of data derived from the neurocranial complex. Values associated with nodes indicate the frequency with which those bipartitions occur among sampled trees (posterior probabilities). This result is based on 7500 sampled trees (the first 2500 trees from the 'burn-in' interval have been discarded).
Figure 9 in The interrelationships of Devonian lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) as inferred from neurocranial evidence and new data from the genus Soederberghia Lehman, 1959
Figure 9. Soederberghia groenlandica, latex peel of negative preparation of an isolated left entopterygoid in ventral view (MGUH VP 28397). Anterior is to the top. A, specimen photograph; B, interpretive drawing. Dark grey shading in B indicates matrix. Scale bar represents 20 mm.
Figure 10 in The interrelationships of Devonian lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) as inferred from neurocranial evidence and new data from the genus Soederberghia Lehman, 1959
Figure 10. Soederberghia groenlandica, close-up of latex peel of negative preparation of palate (predominantly right entopterygoid) in ventral view (MGUH VP 28397). Anterior is to the top. Scale bar represents 10 mm.
Figure 21 in The interrelationships of Devonian lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) as inferred from neurocranial evidence and new data from the genus Soederberghia Lehman, 1959
Figure 21. Unambiguous character changes mapped on one possible resolution of the clade above Stomiahykus and Uranolophus found among the 72 most parsimonious cladograms (tree statistics with no character ordering implemented: L = 125, CI = 0.5760, RI = 0.8094, RCI = 0.4626) retrieved from analysis of data derived from the neurocranial complex. This topology places Melanognathus in a more apical position relative to that shown in Figure 20, as the sister taxon of the radiation comprising Orlovichthys, Chirodipterus wildungensis, 'holodontids' and 'rhynchodipterids'.
Figure 14 in The interrelationships of Devonian lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) as inferred from neurocranial evidence and new data from the genus Soederberghia Lehman, 1959
Figure 14. Reinterpretation of the neurocranium of Griphognathus minutidens. Anterior is to the top. A, photograph of NRM P6173, showing otic and occipital regions in ventral view; B, interpretive drawing (modified from Schultze, 1969). Shaded area in B indicates portions of the otic and occipital region underlain by the missing portions of the parasphenoid stalk and corpus, while diagonal hatching indicates damaged bone surface. The apparent foramina on the wall of the otic capsule have been interpreted as accommodating cranial nerves by Schultze (1969), but this specimen is badly crushed and uncertainties about these identifications are indicated by appending them with '?'. The unossified facet for the first epibranchial was initially mistaken as a foramen for a ventral branch of the acoustic (VIII) nerve (Schultze, 1969). Scale bar represents 10 mm.
Figure 23 in The interrelationships of Devonian lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) as inferred from neurocranial evidence and new data from the genus Soederberghia Lehman, 1959
Figure 23. Previous hypotheses of early lungfish interrelationships. A, Campbell & Barwick (1990); B, Schultze & Marshall (1993); C, Schultze (2001); D, Ahlberg et al. (2006; strict consensus topology of the analysis of their total data set). Cladograms have been pruned to eliminate all taxa not included in this analysis in order to facilitate comparison with Figures 18–22.
Figure 8 in The interrelationships of Devonian lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) as inferred from neurocranial evidence and new data from the genus Soederberghia Lehman, 1959
Figure 8. Soederberghia groenlandica, latex peel of negative preparation of a palate in ventral view (MGUH VP 28397; same individual as in Figs 9, 10, 12). Anterior is to the top. A, specimen photograph; B, interpretive drawing. Dark grey regions in B represent matrix, while diagonal hatching indicates damaged bone surface. Scale bar represents 20 mm.
Figure 18 in The interrelationships of Devonian lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) as inferred from neurocranial evidence and new data from the genus Soederberghia Lehman, 1959
Figure 18. Hypothesis of early lungfish interrelationships based on maximum parsimony analysis of data derived from the neurocranial complex. Strict consensus topologies of 72 most parsimonious cladograms (tree statistics with no character ordering implemented: L = 125, CI = 0.5760, RI = 0.8094, RCI = 0.4662). A, strict consensus topology; B, strict reduced consensus topology pruning Melanognathus and 'Chirodipterus' liangchengi from all constituent cladograms; C, strict reduced consensus topology pruning Melanognathus from all constituent cladograms. Numbers below nodes in A represent Bremer decay indices and bootstrap values (where the latter are greater than or equal to 50%).
Figure 12 in The interrelationships of Devonian lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) as inferred from neurocranial evidence and new data from the genus Soederberghia Lehman, 1959
Figure 12. Soederberghia groenlandica, latex peel of negative preparation of right entopterygoid in dorsal view (MGUH VP 28397). Anterior is to the right. A, specimen photograph; B, interpretive drawing. Dark grey shading in B represents matrix, while diagonal hatching indicates damaged bone surface. Shaded area in inset drawing indicates region preserved in A and B. Scale bar represents 20 mm.
Figure 17 in The interrelationships of Devonian lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) as inferred from neurocranial evidence and new data from the genus Soederberghia Lehman, 1959
Figure 17. Differences in inner ear morphology between some lungfishes and other sarcopterygians. Anterior is to the left. A, Youngolepis (modified from Chang, 1982); B, 'Griphognathus' whitei (modified from Miles, 1977). Numerals in bold type correspond to characters listed in text, while those listed in parentheses indicate the character state.
Figure 1 in The interrelationships of Devonian lungfishes (Sarcopterygii: Dipnoi) as inferred from neurocranial evidence and new data from the genus Soederberghia Lehman, 1959
Figure 1. Soederberghia groenlandica, otoccipital region of neurocranium in right lateral view (MGUH VP 28400). A, specimen photograph; B, interpretive drawing. Light grey shading in B corresponds to areas of matrix with bone impressions, while dark grey regions represent matrix. Diagonal hatching indicates damaged bone surface. Large arrow indicates view illustrated in Figure 4. Shaded regions in inset drawing indicates regions preserved in A and B. Scale bar represents 20 mm.
Figure 8 in The postcranial anatomy of two Middle Devonian lungfishes (Osteichthyes, Dipnoi) from Mt. Howitt, Victoria, Australia
Figure 8. Reconstructions of postcranial skeletons: a, Barwickia and b, Howidipterus. Paired elements such as pleural and cranial ribs are drawn in full.
Figure 5 in The postcranial anatomy of two Middle Devonian lungfishes (Osteichthyes, Dipnoi) from Mt. Howitt, Victoria, Australia
Figure 5. Barwickia downunda, features of postcranial skeleton: a, MV P181784; b, interpretive drawing of same.
Figure 2 in The postcranial anatomy of two Middle Devonian lungfishes (Osteichthyes, Dipnoi) from Mt. Howitt, Victoria, Australia
Figure 2. Howidipterus donnae: a, photograph of MV P181792; b, interpretive drawing of MV P198045; c, MV P198042, sketch interpretation of large specimen, slightly disarticulated.
Figure 7 in The postcranial anatomy of two Middle Devonian lungfishes (Osteichthyes, Dipnoi) from Mt. Howitt, Victoria, Australia
Figure 7. Barwickia downunda: a, photograph and b, interpretive drawing of MV P181868, details of anterior vertebral elements.
Morphometric analysis of lungfish endocasts elucidates early dipnoan palaeoneurological evolution
<p>Lungfish (Dipnoi) are lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii) that have persisted for over 400 million years from the Devonian Period to present day. They are the extant sister group to tetrapods and thus have the ability to provide unique insight into the condition of the earliest tetrapods as well as their own evolutionary history. The evolution of their dermal skull and dentition is relatively well understood, but this is not the case for the central nervous system. While the brain itself has very poor preservation potential and is not currently known in any fossil lungfish, substantial indirect information about it and associated structures such as the inner ears can be obtained from the cranial endocast. However, before the recent development of X-ray tomography as a palaeontological tool, these endocasts could not be studied non-destructively, and few detailed studies were undertaken. Here we describe and illustrate the endocasts of six Palaeozoic lungfish (<em>Iowad ipterus halli, Gogodipterus paddyensis, Pillararhynchus longi, Griphognathus whitei, Orlovichthys limnatis, </em>and<em> Rhinodipterus ulrichi</em>) from tomographic scans. We combine these with six previously described digital lungfish endocasts (4 fossil and 2 recent taxa) into a 12-taxon data set for multivariate morphometric analysis using 17 variables. We find that the olfactory region appears to be more highly plastic than the hindbrain, and undergoes significant elongation in several taxa. Further, while the semicircular canals covary as an integrated module, the utriculus and sacculus of the inner ear instead vary independently of each other. Functional interpretation suggests that olfaction has remained a dominant sense throughout lungfish evolution, and that changes seen in the labyrinth system may potentially reflect a change from a nektonic niche in older marine lungfish to more near-shore environments over time. Phylogenetic implications propose that endocranial form fails to support the monophyly of the 'chirodipterids'. Those with elongated crania similarly fail to form a distinct clade, suggesting that these are two paraphyletic groups that have converged either towards head elongation or truncation driven by constraints other than phylogeny.</p>
Figure 4 in The postcranial anatomy of two Middle Devonian lungfishes (Osteichthyes, Dipnoi) from Mt. Howitt, Victoria, Australia
Figure 4. Outline of postcranial body and fins: a, Barwickia downunda; b, Howidipterus donnae.
Morphometric analysis of lungfish endocasts elucidates early dipnoan palaeoneurological evolution
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Data from: The dipnoan buccal pump reconstructed in 3D and implications for air breathing in Devonian lungfishes
Lungfishes are known for, and indeed take their name from, their bimodal respiratory abilities. All three extant genera can use their lungs to extract oxygen from the atmosphere, although their reliance upon this capability differs among taxa. Lungs are considered primitive for the Osteichthyes, however the distinctive buccal pump mode of air gulping exhibited by extant lungfishes appears to be a specialization. It is associated with a number of derived skeletal characters (cranial ribs, long parasphenoid stalk, midline gap between palatal tooth plates) that first appeared during the Devonian. These have been described individually, but in no Devonian lungfish has their three-dimensional (3D) spatial relationship been reconstructed and analyzed. Here we present the 3D morphology of Rhinodipterus, a Mid-Late Devonian lungfish from Australia and Europe, based on synchrotron tomography and conventional microtomography scans. Unlike less crownward contemporaneous lungfishes such as Griphognathus and Chirodipterus, Rhinodipterus has a full set of skeletal buccal pump components that can be directly compared to those of extant lungfishes, suggesting that it made more extensive use of air breathing than other Gogo or Bergisch Gladbach genera. This is interesting in relation to the environmental context as Gogo and Bergisch Gladbach are both marine, contrasting with the frequently hypoxic tropical to subtropical fresh water environments inhabited by modern lungfishes. The evolution of buccal pump-supported lung ventilation was evidently not necessarily associated with a transition to non-marine habitats.
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