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Fig. 1. Morphological characters used for the analysis. A–B. Head. C–D. Mandible. E–H. Apical maxillary palpomere. I–K in The world fauna of Synchroidae Lacordaire, 1859 (Coleoptera, Tenebrionoidea, Synchroidae)
Fig. 1. Morphological characters used for the analysis. A–B. Head. C–D. Mandible. E–H. Apical maxillary palpomere. I–K. Antenna.
Mandible morphology as a tool to investigate origin, adaptation and stress in invasive alien species. First insights into Callosciurus erythraeus in Europe
<p>When an alien species is introduced in a new area, the number of founding individuals affects the severity of the population bottleneck, hence the new population may be distinctively different, both genetically and phenotypically, from the parent population from which it is derived. In this study we investigated the variation in shape and size of the mandible among and within three populations of the invasive Pallas’s squirrel, a tree squirrel native to SE Asia and introduced in Italy, Belgium and France. Significant differences in both size and shape of the mandible were found among all population pairs, with France being the most distinct. French squirrels showed a larger and slender mandible with a broad angular process, a restricted condyle, and a backward-oriented coronoid process. The Italian and the Belgian population differ at a lesser extent, the Italian squirrels having a lower coronoid process, a broader angular apophysis, and a restricted condyle. s. Size explained 15% of the total shape variation, but the orientation of allometric trajectories did not reveal any significant difference among populations. French squirrels showed the highest fluctuating asymmetry (both size and shape) of the right versus the left mandible, the Italians the highest directional asymmetry. Results are discussed in terms of different selective pressures in the invaded areas related to functionally mastication, and possible factors affecting fluctuating and directional asymmetry. The hypothesis of the classic mandibular two-module organization of rodent mandible (alveolar region vs ascending ramus) was confirmed both before and after correcting for size.</p>
Text-fig. 2. Fossil remains of Cricetus cf. runtonensis NEWTON, 1909 from Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, Czech Republic), Middle Pleistocene. a–b) lower molar row (a – occlusal view, b – lingual view); c) m1 dext., occlusal view; d–e) left mandible fragment with incisor (d – lingual view, e – buccal view); f) calcaneus sin., anterior view. in Cricetus Cf. Runtonensis (Newton, 1909) (Cricetidae, Rodentia) From Za Hájovnou Cave (The Czech Republic)
Text-fig. 2. Fossil remains of Cricetus cf. runtonensis NEWTON, 1909 from Za Hájovnou Cave (Moravia, Czech Republic), Middle Pleistocene. a–b) lower molar row (a – occlusal view, b – lingual view); c) m1 dext., occlusal view; d–e) left mandible fragment with incisor (d – lingual view, e – buccal view); f) calcaneus sin., anterior view.
Fig. 91. A mandible fragment with a partial m2 and complete m3 in Species Taxonomy, Phylogeny, and Biogeography of the Brontotheriidae (Mammalia: Perissodactyla)
Fig. 91. A mandible fragment with a partial m2 and complete m3 referred to Pygmaetitan panxianensis (IVPP V6524). (A) Dorsal view, (B), left (labial) view, (C) medial (lingual) view.
Fig. 2. Leptictid insectivore mandibles. A. Leptictis dakotensis Leidy, 1868 in New large leptictid insectivore from the Late Paleogene of South Dakota, USA
Fig. 2. Leptictid insectivore mandibles. A. Leptictis dakotensis Leidy, 1868 (F:AM 108194) from the earliest Oligocene of North Dakota's White River Group, left lateral mandibular drawing (modified from Novacek 1986: fig. 1). B. Megaleptictis altidens gen. et sp. nov., holotype (KUVP 2568), from the latest Eocene or earliest Oligocene of South Dakota's White River Group. B1. Left dentary in lateral view; i2–m2 are well preserved, except for the fractured crown of p3; the base of i1 and posterior talonid of m3 are present; the posterior ramus is broken away, except for a portion of the condyloid region shown in its approximate position. Note the highercrowned teeth of M. altidens and the flat wear of the p4–m2 trigonids. In contrast to the hook−like process of L. dakotensis, the coronoid process of M. altidens is triangular with a straight coronary ridge. B2. Occlusal view of mandibles placed in articulation. B3. Right dentary in lateral view; complete p3–m2 and the fractured bases of i2–p2 and m3 are present.
Fig. 2 in A Late Miocene potential neobalaenine mandible from Argentina sheds light on the origins of the living pygmy right whale
Fig. 2. Left mandible of a fossil neobalaenine baleen whale, gen. et. sp. indet. (MPEF-PV2572) from Punta Ninfas, Chubut Province, Argentina; Puerto Madryn Formation (Late Miocene), showing the mandibular condyle as preserved in the field prior to excavation.
Fig. 1 in A Late Miocene potential neobalaenine mandible from Argentina sheds light on the origins of the living pygmy right whale
Fig. 1. Left mandible of a fossil neobalaenine baleen whale, gen. et sp. indet. (MPEF-PV2572) from Punta Ninfas Chubut Province, Argentina; Puerto Madryn Formation (Late Miocene). A. Lateral view. B. Medial view. C. Medial view of the posterior region of the mandible showing the morphology of the coronoid process. D. Dorsal view of the mandible showing the lateral curvature of the body. E. Anteromedial view of the mandible showing the medial torsion of the anteriormost portion of the body.
Fig. 3 in Mandible morphometrics, dental microwear pattern, and palaeobiology of the extinct Balearic Dormouse Hypnomys morpheus
Fig. 3. Shape differentiation of the mandible on the first two axes of the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) performed on Fourier coefficients of the mandibles. Outlines are reconstructed on the first two canonical axes, the light grey outline represents the maximum values of the axes, and the dark grey outline corresponds to extreme reconstruction.
Fig. 4 in Mandible morphometrics, dental microwear pattern, and palaeobiology of the extinct Balearic Dormouse Hypnomys morpheus
Fig. 4. Plot of the discriminant analysis of the shape coordinates (the first twelve PCS, i.e., 98% of the interspecific shape variance) versus geographic range.
Fig. 1 in Mandible morphometrics, dental microwear pattern, and palaeobiology of the extinct Balearic Dormouse Hypnomys morpheus
Fig. 1. Zygomasseteric construction in Balearic dormice. A. Skull of extant Eliomys quercinus ophiusae (MNHN1983−832) in lateral (A1) and anterior (A2) views. B. Skull of Hypnomys morpheus in lateral (B1) and anterior (B2) views. Arrows show the origin and the insertion of the lateral portions of the masseter. The skull of Hypnomys morpheus (B) corresponds to a reconstruction. Eliomys and Hypnomys are represented at the same scale. The map summarizes the evolutionary history of Balearic glirids—Hypnomys is a lineage derived from an Eliomys species isolated by the sea level rise that followed the Messinian salinity crisis, then Eliomys quercinus ophiusae followed the first human colonization (dashed arrow represents a hypothetical pathway of colonization).
Fig. 5 in Mandible morphometrics, dental microwear pattern, and palaeobiology of the extinct Balearic Dormouse Hypnomys morpheus
Fig. 5. Allometric relationship between the size (estimated from the square root of outline area) and the main shape signal (scores on the first principal components). The dashed line represents the linear regression between both variables for all extant glirids.
Fig. 6 in Mandible morphometrics, dental microwear pattern, and palaeobiology of the extinct Balearic Dormouse Hypnomys morpheus
Fig. 6. Digitized photographs of the protoconid of the second molars. A. Eliomys quercinus ophiusae (IMEDEA 7357), Formentera, Balearic Islands; extant specimen. B. Hypnomys morpheus (IMEDEA 63839), Cova Estreta, Pollença, Mallorca, Holocene. Note the higher number of fine scratches in Hypnomys.
Рис. 1–10. Δичинка Onthophagus japonicus Harold, 1875. 1 – гоΛовная капсуΛа; 2 – эпифаринкс; 3 – Λевая манΑибуΛа, виΑ сверху; 4 – правая манΑибуΛа, виΑ сверху; 5 – Λевая манΑибуΛа, виΑ снизу; 6 – правая манΑибуΛа, виΑ снизу; 7 – Λевая максиΛΛа, виΑ сверху; 8 – Λевая максиΛΛа, виΑ снизу; 9 – анаΛьный стернит; 10 – анаΛьная пΛощаΑка. Figs 1–10. Larva of Onthophagus japonicus Harold, 1875. 1 – head capsule; 2 – epipharynx; 3 – left mandible, dorsal view; 4 – right mandible, dorsal view; 5 – left mandible, ventral view; 6 – right mandible, ventral view; 7 – left maxilla, dorsal view; 8 – left maxilla, ventral view; 9 – anal sternit (venter of 10th abdominal segment); 10 – anal plate (caudal view of 10th abdominal segment). in Description of the larva of Onthophagus japonicus Harold, 1875 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from the Russian Far East with a key to the known larvae of the genus
Рис. 1–10. Δичинка Onthophagus japonicus Harold, 1875. 1 – гоΛовная капсуΛа; 2 – эпифаринкс; 3 – Λевая манΑибуΛа, виΑ сверху; 4 – правая манΑибуΛа, виΑ сверху; 5 – Λевая манΑибуΛа, виΑ снизу; 6 – правая манΑибуΛа, виΑ снизу; 7 – Λевая максиΛΛа, виΑ сверху; 8 – Λевая максиΛΛа, виΑ снизу; 9 – анаΛьный стернит; 10 – анаΛьная пΛощаΑка. Figs 1–10. Larva of Onthophagus japonicus Harold, 1875. 1 – head capsule; 2 – epipharynx; 3 – left mandible, dorsal view; 4 – right mandible, dorsal view; 5 – left mandible, ventral view; 6 – right mandible, ventral view; 7 – left maxilla, dorsal view; 8 – left maxilla, ventral view; 9 – anal sternit (venter of 10th abdominal segment); 10 – anal plate (caudal view of 10th abdominal segment).
FIGURE 16. Shiramine Morphotype B, right mandible SBEI 827. 1–2 in An assemblage of lizards from the Early Cretaceous of Japan
FIGURE 16. Shiramine Morphotype B, right mandible SBEI 827. 1–2, dentary in labial view; 3–4, dentary and associated splenial in lingual view; 5–11, postdentary bones in 5–6 dorsomedial view; 7, ventral view; 8, dorsal view; 9, medial view; and 10, posterior view of articular surface. For abbreviations, see Material and Methods.
FIGURE 2. Agerinia roselli from Les Saleres. IPS-2543, left mandible fragment with P3 and P4 in New dental material and redescription of Agerinia roselli (Primates, Adapiformes) from Les Saleres (early Eocene, NE Iberian Peninsula)
FIGURE 2. Agerinia roselli from Les Saleres. IPS-2543, left mandible fragment with P3 and P4 in occlusal (1), buccal (3), lingual (5), and mesial (7) views; enlarged images of mesial roots of the same specimen in occlusal (2), buccal (4), lingual (6), and mesial (8) views; white arrows indicate the position of the most mesial root; black arrows indicate the position of the root immediately mesial with respect to the P3. Scale bar represents 3 mm in both cases.
Figures 13–16. Female mandibles. 13 in New Palearctic bee species of Protosmia subgenus Nanosmia (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figures 13–16. Female mandibles. 13. Protosmia montana Müller. 14. P. schwarzi, new species. 15. P. trifida, new species. 16. P. hamulifera, new species. Scale bars represent 0.1 mm.
Fig. 3 in Mandibles of mastodonsaurid temnospondyls from the Upper Permian-Lower Triassic of Uruguay
Fig. 3. Mastodonsaurid mandible FC−DPV 1280 from the Permo−Triassic Buena Vista Formation near Colonia Orozco, Cerro Largo County, Uruguay. Photograph (A) and interpretive drawing (B) of the coronoid area with two rows of teeth on the posterior and middle coronoid. Cross hatching represents damaged areas of bone.
Fig. 2 in Mandibles of mastodonsaurid temnospondyls from the Upper Permian-Lower Triassic of Uruguay
Fig. 2. Mastodonsaurid mandible FC−DPV 1280, from the Permo−Triassic Buena Vista Formation near Colonia Orozco, Cerro Largo County, Uruguay. Photographs (A, C, E) and interpretive drawings (B, D, F) in labial (A, B), lingual (C, D), and dorsal (E, F) views. Cross hatching represents damaged areas of bone.
Fig. 5 in Mandibles of mastodonsaurid temnospondyls from the Upper Permian-Lower Triassic of Uruguay
Fig. 5. Mastodonsaurid mandible FC−DPV 1305 from the Permo−Triassic Buena Vista Formation near Colonia Orozco, Cerro Largo County, Uruguay. Photographs (A, C, E) and interpretive drawings (B, D, F) in labial (A, B), lingual (C, D), and dorsal (E, F) views. Cross hatching represents damaged areas of bone.
Fig. 1. A in Mandibles of mastodonsaurid temnospondyls from the Upper Permian-Lower Triassic of Uruguay
Fig. 1. A. Location of the outcrops near Colonia Orozco, Cerro Largo County, northeastern Uruguay, where the fossils described herein were collected. B. Generalized stratigraphic section of the Permo−Triassic Buena Vista Formation of Uruguay showing the position of the mastodonsaurids with respect to the other components of the Colonia Orozco fauna. The vertical scale on the left is in meters.
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