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169 results for “mass extinction”
FIGURE 13 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals
FIGURE 13. Eutherian morphotype EuB (UWBM specimen 97114, from locality C1115; left) in anterior (1) and posterior (2) stereopair views, and in distal (3), lateral (4), and medial (5) views.
FIGURE 7 in Mammalian distal humerus fossils from eastern Montana, USA with implications for the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction and the adaptive radiation of placentals
FIGURE 7. Multituberculate morphotype MuD (UCMP specimen 195990, from locality V5620; left), in ventral (1) and dorsal (2) stereopair views, and in medial (3), lateral (4), and distal (5) views.
Data from: Mass extinctions alter extinction and origination dynamics with respect to body size
<p>Whether mass extinctions and their associated recoveries represent an intensification of background extinction and origination dynamics versus a separate macroevolutionary regime remains a central debate in evolutionary biology. Previous focus has been on extinction, but origination dynamics may be equally or more important for long-term evolutionary outcomes. The evolution of animal body size is an ideal process to test for differences in macroevolutionary regimes, as body size is easily determined, comparable across distantly related taxa, and scales with organismal traits. Here, we test for shifts in selectivity between background intervals and the "Big Five" mass extinction events using capture-mark-recapture models. Our body-size data cover 10,203 fossil marine animal genera spanning 10 Linnaean classes with occurrences ranging from Early Ordovician to Late Pleistocene (485–1 Mya). Most classes exhibit differences in both origination and extinction selectivity between background intervals and mass extinctions, with the direction of selectivity varying among classes and overall exhibiting stronger selectivity during origination after mass extinction than extinction during mass extinction. Thus, not only do mass extinction events shift the marine biosphere into a new macroevolutionary regime, the dynamics of recovery from mass extinction also appear to play an underappreciated role in shaping the biosphere in their aftermath.</p>
Timing and provenance of volcanic fluxes around the Permian-Triassic Boundary Mass Extinction in South China: U-Pb zircon geochronology, volcanic ash geochemistry and mercury isotopes
<p>The enclosed dataset contains all of the raw data supporting the results presented in the paper titled: <strong>"Timing and provenance of volcanic fluxes around the Permian-Triassic Boundary Mass Extinction in South China: U-Pb zircon geochronology, volcanic ash geochemistry and mercury isotopes". </strong></p> <p>The Excel data file contains four data sheets as follows: </p> <p>1. Table S1: This sheet contains the U-Pb output table from ETRedux. The data sheet contains all the U and Pb isotopic data generated for the current study.</p> <p>2. Table S2: This excel sheet contains the geochemical compositions of analyzed volcanic ash beds as well as LOI-normalized major element compositions of these ashes.</p> <p>3. Table S3: This excel sheet contains the other geochemical and isotope data for all analyzed samples. This includes Hg concentration and isotope compositions, TOC data, as well as major and trace element concentrations and ratios.</p> <p>4. a final table containing the analyzed Hg isotope compositions for the utilized standard reference materials - ETH Fluka, UM-Almaden, NIST 1632D and MESS-3.</p>
Reduced strength and increased variability of extinction selectivity during mass extinctions
<p>Two of the traits most often observed to correlate with extinction risk in marine animals are geographic range and body size. However, the relative effects of these two traits on extinction risk has not been investigated systematically for either background times or during mass extinctions. To close this knowledge gap, we measure and compare extinction selectivity of geographic range and body size of genera within five classes of benthic marine animals across the Phanerozoic using capture-mark-recapture models. During background intervals, narrow geographic range is strongly associated with greater extinction probability, whereas smaller body size is more weakly associated with greater extinction probability. During mass extinctions, the association between geographic range and extinction probability is reduced in every class and fully eliminated in some, whereas the association between body size and extinction probability varies in strength and direction across classes. While geographic range is universally the stronger predictor of survival during background intervals, variation among classes during mass extinction suggests a fundamental shift in extinction processes during these global catastrophes.</p>
Fig. 3 in Diversity dynamics of Early-Middle Jurassic brachiopods of Caucasus, and the Pliensbachian-Toarcian mass extinction
Fig. 3. Total species diversity changes, origination and extinction rates of NW Caucasus brachiopods in Early–Middle Jurassic.
Data from: Heterogeneous palaeo-ecogeography of brachiopods during the Late Ordovician mass extinction in South China
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Reduced strength and increased variability of extinction selectivity during mass extinctions
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Data from: For a while, crocodile: crocodylomorph resilience to mass extinctions
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Supplementary material: Does functional redundancy determine the ecological severity of a mass extinction event?
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Data for: Is there synchronicity between brachiopod diversity changes and palaeobiogeographical shifts across the Late Ordovician mass extinction?
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Data associated with: Global ecomorphological restructuring of dominant marine reptiles prior to the K/Pg mass extinction
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Data from: Mass extinctions alter extinction and origination dynamics with respect to body size
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Data from: Ostracods from the end-Permian mass extinction in the Aras Valley section (Northwest Iran)
<p>The Aras Valley section (NW Iran) exposes a sedimentary succession that allows to study ostracod diversity patterns during/across the end-Permian mass extinction because of its ubiquitous fossil record. For the present study, 59 samples were investigated for their ostracod abundances, which ranged from 4 to 31500 specimens per 500 g. In 45 sample horizons, the ostracods were identified to the species-level. In total, 3,425 specimens were determined and 62 species were identified, of which one genus and ten species are described for the first time: <i>Fabalicypris</i> <i>veronicae </i>Gliwa, sp. nov., <i>Orthobairdia capuliformis</i> Gliwa, sp. nov., <i>Araxobairdia formosa</i> Gliwa, gen. et sp. nov., <i>Bairdiacypris kathleenae</i> Gliwa, sp. nov., <i>Eumiraculum mettei</i> Gliwa, sp. nov., <i>Liuzhinia julfensis </i>Gliwa, sp. nov., <i>Carinaknightina hofmanni</i> Gliwa, sp. nov., <i>Cavellina fosteri</i> Gliwa, sp. nov., <i>Cavellina hairapetiani</i> Gliwa, sp. nov. and <i>Hungaroleberis striatus</i> Forel, sp. nov. The assemblages show, at the end-Permian mass extinction event, a complete turnover from a low-diversity <i>Fabalicypris</i>-dominated pre-extinction community to a more diverse <i>Bairdiacypris</i>-dominated post-extinction community. The turnover coincides with the significant temperature increase that was previously recorded from NW Iranian sections. The low diversity in the horizon immediately below the extinction horizon indicates that environmental changes, such as thermal stress, may have had an impact on the ostracod assemblages prior to the extinction event. In comparison with other diverse ostracod assemblages from the Palaeotethyan realm, the ostracods of the Aras Valley section are not associated with microbialites.</p>
Data from: The origin of the legumes is a complex paleopolyploid phylogenomic tangle closely associated with the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction event
The consequences of the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) boundary (KPB) mass extinction for the evolution of plant diversity remain poorly understood, even though evolutionary turnover of plant lineages at the KPB is central to understanding assembly of the Cenozoic biota. The apparent concentration of whole genome duplication (WGD) events around the KPB may have played a role in survival and subsequent diversification of plant lineages. To gain new insights into the origins of Cenozoic biodiversity, we examine the origin and early evolution of the globally diverse legume family (Leguminosae or Fabaceae). Legumes are ecologically (co-)dominant across many vegetation types, and the fossil record suggests that they rose to such prominence after the KPB in parallel with several well-studied animal clades including Placentalia and Neoaves. Furthermore, multiple WGD events are hypothesized to have occurred early in legume evolution. Using a recently inferred phylogenomic framework, we investigate the placement of WGDs during early legume evolution using gene tree reconciliation methods, gene count data and phylogenetic supernetwork reconstruction. Using 20 fossil calibrations we estimate a revised timeline of legume evolution based on 36 nuclear genes selected as informative and evolving in an approximately clock-like fashion. To establish the timing of WGDs we also date duplication nodes in gene trees. Results suggest either a pan-legume WGD event on the stem lineage of the family, or an allopolyploid event involving (some of) the earliest lineages within the crown group, with additional nested WGDs subtending subfamilies Papilionoideae and Detarioideae. Gene tree reconciliation methods that do not account for allopolyploidy may be misleading in inferring an earlier WGD event at the time of divergence of the two parental lineages of the polyploid, suggesting that the allopolyploid scenario is more likely. We show that the crown age of the legumes dates to the Maastrichtian or early Paleocene and that, apart from the Detarioideae WGD, paleopolyploidy occurred close to the KPB. We conclude that the early evolution of the legumes followed a complex history, in which multiple auto- and/or allopolyploidy events coincided with rapid diversification and in association with the mass extinction event at the KPB, ultimately underpinning the evolutionary success of the Leguminosae in the Cenozoic.
Data from: The latitudinal diversity gradient of tetrapods across the Permo-Triassic mass extinction and recovery interval
<p>The decline in species richness from the equator to the poles is referred to as the latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG). Higher equatorial diversity has been recognised for over 200 years, but the consistency of this pattern in deep time remains uncertain. Examination of spatial biodiversity patterns in the past across different global climate regimes and continental configurations can reveal how LDGs have varied over Earth history and potentially differentiate between suggested causal mechanisms. The Late Permian–Middle Triassic represents an ideal time interval for study, because it is characterised by large-scale volcanic episodes, extreme greenhouse temperatures, and the most severe mass extinction event in Earth history. We examined terrestrial and marine tetrapod spatial biodiversity patterns using a database of global tetrapod occurrences. Terrestrial tetrapods exhibit a bimodal richness distribution throughout the Late Permian–Middle Triassic, with peaks in the northern low latitudes and southern mid latitudes around 20-40°N and 60°S, respectively. Marine reptile fossils are known almost exclusively from the Northern Hemisphere in the Early and Middle Triassic, with highest diversity around 20°N. Reconstructed terrestrial LDGs contrast strongly with the generally unimodal gradients of today, potentially reflecting high global temperatures and prevailing Pangaean super-monsoonal climate system during the Permo-Triassic.</p>
A Hirnantian holdover from the late Ordovician mass extinction: phylogeny and biogeography of a new Anthracocrinid crinoid from Estonia
Relatively few Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) crinoids are known, and none have been previously described from the palaeocontinent of Baltica. This has impaired our ability to understand patterns of extinction and biogeographic dispersal surrounding the Late Ordovician mass extinction, which triggered a major turnover in crinoid faunas. Here, we describe <i>Tallinnicrinus toomae</i> gen. et sp. nov., an anthracocrinid diplobathrid from the Hirnantian of northern Estonia. <i>Tallinnicrinus</i> is the youngest member of the Anthracocrinidae and the first representative of the family to occur in Baltica. Morphologically, <i>Tallinnicrinus</i> is unusual in that the radial and basal plates are in a single circlet of ten plates, similar to the anthracocrinid <i>Rheocrinus</i> Haugh, 1979 from the Katian of Laurentia. Phylogenetic analysis further confirms a close relationship between <i>Tallinnicrinus</i> and Laurentian anthracocrinids, suggesting biogeographic dispersal of the lineage from Laurentia to Baltica during the late Katian or early Hirnantian. The occurrence of this new taxon establishes that the family Anthracocrinidae survived the first pulse of the Late Ordovician mass extinction. However, the lineage remained a "dead clade walking" as it failed to diversify in the wake of the end-Katian extinction and ultimately went extinct itself by the end of the Ordovician.
Data from: Stratigraphic signatures of mass extinctions: ecological and sedimentary determinants
Stratigraphic patterns of last occurrences of fossil taxa (LOs) potentially fingerprint mass extinctions and delineate rates and geometries of those events. Although empirical studies of mass extinctions recognize that random sampling causes LOs to occur earlier than the time of extinction (Signor–Lipps effect), sequence-stratigraphic controls on the position of LOs are rarely considered. By tracing stratigraphic ranges of extant mollusc species preserved in the Holocene succession of the Po coastal plain (Italy), we demonstrated that, if mass extinction took place today, complex but entirely false extinction patterns would be recorded regionally due to shifts in local community composition and non-random variation in the abundance of skeletal remains, both controlled by relative sea-level changes. Consequently, rather than following an apparent gradual pattern expected from the Signor–Lipps effect, LOs concentrated within intervals of stratigraphic condensation and strong facies shifts mimicking sudden extinction pulses. Methods assuming uniform recovery potential of fossils falsely supported stepwise extinction patterns among studied species and systematically underestimated their stratigraphic ranges. Such effects of stratigraphic architecture, co-produced by ecological, sedimentary and taphonomic processes, can easily confound interpretations of the timing, duration, and selectivity of mass extinction events. Our results highlight the necessity of accounting for palaeoenvironmental and sequence-stratigraphic context when inferring extinction dynamics from the fossil record.
Data from: Machine learning identifies ecological selectivity patterns across the end-Permian mass extinction
<p>The end-Permian mass extinction occurred alongside a large swathe of environmental changes that are often invoked as extinction mechanisms, even when a direct link is lacking. One way to elucidate the cause(s) of a mass extinction is to investigate extinction selectivity as it can reveal critical information on organismic traits as key determinants of extinction and survival. Here we show that machine learning algorithms, specifically gradient boosted decision trees, can be used to identify determinants of extinction as well as predict extinction risk. To understand which factors led to the end-Permian mass extinction during an extreme global warming event, we quantified the ecological selectivity of marine extinctions in the well-studied South China region. We find that extinction selectivity varies between different groups of organisms and that a synergy of multiple environmental stressors best explains the overall end-Permian extinction selectivity pattern. Extinction risk was greater for genera that had a low species richness, had narrow bathymetric ranges limited to deep-water habitats, had a stationary mode of life, possessed a siliceous skeleton or, less critically, had calcitic skeletons. These selective losses directly link the extinction to the environmental effects of rapid injections of carbon dioxide into the ocean-atmosphere system, specifically the combined effects of expanded oxygen minimum zones, rapid warming, and potentially ocean acidification.</p>
The last representatives of the Superfamily Wellerelloidea (Brachiopoda, Rhynchonellida) in the westernmost Tethys (Iberian paleomargins) prior to their demise in the Early Toarcian Mass Extinction Event
<p><span>The last clade-level extinction episode affecting the Phylum Brachiopoda has been long-established in the Early Toarcian Mass Extinction Event (ETMEE) around the Pliensbachian-Toarcian transition, when several rhynchonellide groups became extinct and others underwent a notable renewal in the western Tethys. Among them, Wellerelloidea is a long-range superfamily severely affected by this environmental crisis, embodying the subfamily Cirpinae as the last wellerelloids worldwide, prior to their global extinction in the Pb-To transition. The profuse record of Lower Jurassic cirpines in the peri-Iberian paleomargins provides an opportunity to clarify the taxonomy of wellerelloid species in the pre-extinction interval. A new species (<em>Cirpa lucentina</em>) is erected and the revision of the Cirpinae taxa around the ETMEE is carried out. Morphometric analysis and the study of internal structures of the shells support the splitting between the genera <em>Cirpa</em> and <em>Salgirella</em>, adding new supplementary diagnostic criteria. The biogeographic distribution of this clade in the western Tethys and its evolutionary history in the Early Jurassic reveal </span><span>a <em>pervasive</em> colonization pattern of both epicontinental and epioceanic habitats. T</span><span>he Mediterranean origin of the last representatives of this group is ascertained, but while diversification of <em>Salgirella</em> took place in epioceanic habitats, speciation of <em>Cirpa</em> is unrelated to biochorema boundaries, even colonizing epicontinental seas until their extinction prior to the hyperwarming event that occurred in the basal Serpentinum Zone. A rhynchonellide morphogroup epitomized by cirpines was resilient to this event in the epicontinental seas. This morphogroup is also recorded after the extinction interval by means of the genus <em>Pseudogibbirhynchia</em>, thus postulating potential pre- and post-extinction phyletic relationships.</span></p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.