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84 results for “melanin”
Evolution of a conspicuous melanin-based ornament in gulls Laridae
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Data from: Melanin-based coloration of sneaker male Atlantic salmon is linked to viability and emergence timing of their offspring
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Data from: Condition-dependent expression of carotenoid- and melanin-based plumage colour of northern flicker nestlings revealed by manipulation of brood size
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Data from: Feather melanin and micro-structure variation in dark-eyed junco (Junco hyemalis) across an elevational gradient in the Selkirk Mountains
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Data from: Melanin in a changing world: brown trout coloration reflects alternative reproductive strategies in variable environments
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Data from: Melanin-based sexual dichromatism in the Western Palearctic avifauna implies darker males and lighter females
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Data from: Oxidative stress is related to both melanin- and carotenoid-based ornaments in the common yellowthroat
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Data from: Melanin-specific life-history strategies
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Data from: Whole-organism 3D quantitative characterization of zebrafish melanin by silver deposition micro-CT
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Data from: Larval UV exposure impairs adult immune function through a trade-off with larval investment in cuticular melanin
Despite the strong impact of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on invertebrates, it is unknown whether it affects immune function across metamorphosis. More generally, the mechanisms on how larval stressors bridge metamorphosis and shape adult fitness in animals with a complex life cycle remain poorly understood. We studied whether cuticular melanin content is upregulated under UV exposure in the larval stage of the damselfly Coenagrion puella and whether this is traded off across metamorphosis against a key component of the invertebrate immune response, the melanotic encapsulation response, in the adult stage. Larvae exposed to UV increased the melanin content in their exoskeleton and metamorphosed later and at a smaller mass than animals reared without UV. Across metamorphosis, this was associated with a reduced melanotic encapsulation response, thereby constituting the first proof for a UV driven impaired immune response in an invertebrate. The demonstrated costs of UV exposure in terms of age and mass at metamorphosis and reduced adult immune response likely translate into reduced adult fitness. Path analysis indicated that the immunosuppressive property of larval UV exposure was not mediated by age and mass at metamorphosis, but instead that the adult immune response was traded off against larval cuticular melanin investment. Melanin-based trade-off across metamorphosis provide a new pathway by which effects of larval stressors are carried over to the adult stage and thereby advances our understanding of the still largely enigmatic mechanisms of carryover effects of larval stressors across metamorphosis. Given the mechanistic base, this carryover effect of larval UV exposure on adult immune function is expected to be general and may constitute a widespread and important cost of UV exposure in invertebrates.
Data from: Predation risk determines pigmentation phenotype in nuthatches by melanin-related gene expression effects
Pigments determine the appearance of organisms. However, pigment production can be associated to physiological constraints as in the case of pheomelanin, the sulphurated form of melanin whose synthesis in melanocytes consumes cysteine and consequently reduces the availability of glutathione (GSH) to exert antioxidant protection. Pheomelanogenesis may thus increase the susceptibility to suffer chronic oxidative stress. I investigated the possibility that environmental lability in the expression of genes regulating pheomelanogenesis protects from oxidative stress, a situation in which GSH is most required. By broadcasting adult alarm calls, I manipulated the perception of predation risk, a natural source of oxidative stress, in free-living Eurasian nuthatch Sitta europaea nestlings developing pheomelanin-pigmented flank feathers. The manipulation affected the consumption of GSH that resulted from the expression of two genes (Slc7a11 and Slc45a2) influencing cysteine/GSH availability in cells, as these genes were downregulated in the feather melanocytes of the nestlings with lowest intracellular antioxidant capacity (i.e., lowest GSH levels). Systemic oxidative damage increased with Slc7a11 expression in feather melanocytes, suggesting that the observed downregulation was physiologically advantageous. The nestlings exposed to an increased perception of predation risk developed flank feathers of reduced color intensity. These results indicate that perceived predation risk can determine the pigmentation phenotype by (probably epigenetic) effects on gene expression that protect from physiological constraints imposed by pheomelanin production.
Data from: A melanin-based trait is more strongly related to body size in the tropics than in temperate regions in the globally distributed barn owl family
Life history traits differ between organisms living in the tropics, northern and southern hemispheres, and sexual selection is thought to be stronger close to the equator than in temperate regions. Although birds are often supposed to be more brightly coloured in the tropics, the current evidence of geographic variation in the intensity of sexual selection and sex-specific natural selection is equivocal. Whether sex-specific traits signal aspects of individual quality better in the tropics than in the temperate regions of the northern and southern hemispheres therefore remains an open question. We examined predictions of this hypothesis in the Tytonidae family (barn owls and their relatives) because females, on average, display larger black spots on the tip of their ventral body feathers than males, and this trait is associated with aspects of individual quality. We measured the size of melanic spots and the wing length of 7893 Tytonidae skins collected worldwide and preserved in natural history museums. The covariation between spot size and wing length was stronger in females than in males, in large- than small-spotted Tyto taxa and close to the equator than in temperate regions. This suggests that selection for spot size, which can be used by owls as an additional cue to assess individual body size and other aspects of phenotypic quality, is stronger in females than in males, particularly near the equator.
Importance of melanin-based colouration and environment in shaping intracellular glutathione levels in nestling and adult tawny owls (Strix aluco)
<p>Resources allocated in reproduction are traded off against those invested in self-maintenance such as antioxidant response. Glutathione (GSH) is an intracellular antioxidant defence that scavenges reactive oxygen species, the deleterious byproducts of oxygen consumption. Given the role of intracellular GSH in pheomelanogenesis, a trade-off in GSH allocation between resistance to oxidative stress and melanin production may take place. To investigate how intracellular GSH is regulated in differently coloured individuals at the time of reproduction (in adults) and of intense melanogenesis (in nestlings), we measured the total pool of GSH produced ( t GSH), consumed (oxGSH) and available (redGSH) in adult tawny owls and their offspring which were cross-fostered between randomly chosen nests. Our goal was to describe potential correlations between resistance in oxidative stress and colour morphs in natural conditions. Nestling GSH levels were correlated with GSH levels in their genetic and foster parents suggesting that producing GSH is genetically and environmentally determined (although the effect of the foster nest seemed stronger). This species shows continuous variation in phe - omelanin reddish colouration, which is associated with life-history strategies. Based on the hypothesis of GSH dependence of pheomelanism, we expected a greater amount of oxGSH in dark compared to light pheomelanic nestlings, which was not the case. In contrast, light melanic breeding adults had higher levels of t GSH and redGSH than dark breeders probably because of a higher investment in antioxidant capacity. The link between pheomelanism and GSH may therefore be due to the fact that differently colored individuals have different life-history strategies rather than because the production of pheomelanin pigments requires GSH.</p>
Data from: Evolution of wing length and melanin-based coloration in insular populations of a cosmopolitan raptor
<p><b>Aim.</b> Insular populations face different conditions than those living on continents, thus resulting in the evolution of typical insular phenotypes, like smaller body sizes or reduced colourations. However, the generality of the so-called "island rule" has been questioned, and intraspecific analyses on the effects of insularity on cosmopolitan species are lacking. Here, we tested the predictions of the island rule in the cosmopolitan common barn owl group.</p> <p><b>Location.</b> World.</p> <p><b>Taxon.</b> Barn owl species complex.</p> <p><b>Methods.</b> We compared wing and bill length, as well as melanin-based plumage traits, between thousands of insular and continental barn owls living in the Afro-Palearctic region (<i>T. alba</i>), in the Americas (<i>T. furcata</i>), and in Australasia (<i>T. javanica</i>). We also tested whether the difference between insular and continental populations in these phenotypic traits varies among islands/archipelagos of different size and isolation.</p> <p><b>Results.</b> In all the regions, we found differences between insular and continental owls in all the traits but bill length, with insular populations convergently evolving shorter wings and paler colourations. In addition, the difference in wing size between insular and continental populations is particularly marked on small and remote island systems, while melanin-based traits are less expressed especially on large islands.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions.</b> We thus provide unprecedented evidence that insular conditions drive predictable phenotypic variations, even at the intraspecific level in different biogeographic regions, possibly promoting speciation events. In addition, our results also indicate that selective advantages of a given colouration can arise as the by‐product of positive selection on individuals displaying phenotypic traits which can favour island colonization and are genetically linked to melanisation.</p>
Fig. 6 in Angiostrongylus cantonensis induces energy imbalance and dyskinesia in mice by reducing the expression of melanin-concentrating hormone
Fig. 6 MCH improves survival, body weight, and adipose tissue weight in mice. A Survival curve (n = 6). B Mouse body weight change curve (n ≥ 4). C Weight increment in mice (n ≥ 4). D Macroscopic images of adipose tissue. E, F, G Statistical chart of adipose tissue weight proportion to body weight (n ≥ 4). Data are presented as mean ± SD. Compared with the AC group, statistical significance is indicated as *P <0.05, **P <0.01, ***P <0.001, ****P <0.0001. AC Angiostrongylus cantonensis, MCH melanin-concentrating hormone, BAT brown adipose tissue, iWAT inguinal white adipose tissue, gWAT gonadal white adipose tissue
Fig. 2 in Angiostrongylus cantonensis induces energy imbalance and dyskinesia in mice by reducing the expression of melanin-concentrating hormone
Fig. 2 AC Infection causes energy metabolism imbalance in mice. A Mouse body weight change curve. B Weight increment statistics at different infection stages. C, G Oxygen consumption curve and statistics in mice within 48 h. D, H Carbon dioxide production curve and statistics in mice within 48 h. E, I Food consumed curve and statistics in mice within 48 h. F, J Water consumed curve and statistics in mice within 48 h. Data are presented as mean ± SD, n ≥ 5. Compared with the control group, statistical significance is denoted as *P <0.05, **P <0.01, ***P <0.001, ****P <0.0001. AC Angiostrongylus cantonensis, dpi days post infection
Datasets for characterization of melanin nanoparticles loaded with RhB
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Melanin from Sepia officinalis
<a href="https://spectroscopyhub.com/measurements/7986e41d-7b89-42cf-8be3-f143dcb2cbdd">Melanin from Sepia officinalis</a>
Melanin-based ornament darkness positively correlates with across-season nutritional condition
Sexually dimorphic ornamental traits are widely regarded as indicators of nutritional condition. However, variation of nutritional condition outside the reproductive and the ornament production seasons has rarely been considered, although it affects the generality of information content, especially for ornaments that may be used across the year. We measured several indicators of migratory and moult condition in male and female blackcaps (Sylvia atricapilla) during their autumn migration, and quantified their crown reflectance. We detected robust correlations between migratory and moult condition indices, and the correlation structure was similar in the two sexes. Furthermore, the across-season measure of body condition was positively related to the darkness of the black crown in males, while being unrelated to reflectance traits of the reddish crown in females. Our results reinforce the possibility that some melanin-based ornaments may be year-round indicators of individual quality via their dependence on nutritional condition.
Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Elderly and it's Relation With Sleep Disorders and Melanin Concentrating Hormone
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT07392840. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 0. Publications: 0.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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