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Fig. 7 in Silicified and phosphatized Tianzhushania, spheroidal microfossils of possible animal origin from the Neoproterozoic of South China

Fig. 7. Phosphatized globular fossils from Doushantuo phosphorites in the Weng'an area. A. MESIG 21070, Tianzhushania ornata (Xiao and Knoll, 2000) comb. nov. with enclosed smooth internal body. B–J. Parapandorina raphospissa Xue et al. 1995. B. MESIG 20296, two−cell stage. C. MESIG 21027, four−cell stage. D. MESIG 20304. E. MESIG 21031. F. MESIG 21033, eight−cell stage. G. MESIG 21037. H. MESIG 20252. I. MESIG 20258. J. MESIG 21129, possible later stages. K, L. Globular fossils with smooth envelope. K. MESIG 20211. L. MESIG 21122.

Fig. 3. A in Silicified and phosphatized Tianzhushania, spheroidal microfossils of possible animal origin from the Neoproterozoic of South China

Fig. 3. A. Tianzhushania sp. with possible two−cell stage cleavage from thin sections of chert in the Weng'an area, MESIG 10003 (44/89.6); A1, general view, showing the wall and internal structures; note that the internal body is cleaved into two; arrow shows position of A2; A2, enlarged view of A1, showing details of the structure of the envelope. B. Typical Tianzhushania spinosa Yin and Li, 1978, found in a chert nodule from eastern Yangtze Gorges, MESIG 10006 (40.1/94.2); B1, general view, for comparison with the specimen (Fig. 2A) found in the Weng'an area (arrow shows position of B2); B2, enlarged view of B1, showing details of the structure of the wall (arrow points to external membrane between two bundles of processes).

Fig. 6 in Silicified and phosphatized Tianzhushania, spheroidal microfossils of possible animal origin from the Neoproterozoic of South China

Fig. 6. Phosphatized Tianzhushania ornata (Xiao and Knoll, 2000) comb. nov. in Doushantuo phosphorites at Weng'an. A. MESIG 21042; A2, detail of A1, showing a part of outer covering surrounding the envelope with tubercles. B. MESIG 21045, specimen preserving part of outer covering. C. MESIG 21064; note the internal membrane. D. MESIG 20303, showing shrunken internal body with membrane and secondary overgrowth on internal body. E. MESIG 20190, polygons with fractal branching; note numerous dimples at top. F. MESIG 21076; F2, detail of F1, showing details of irregularly distributed dimples. G. MESIG 21078, polygonal envelope ornamentation; note that dimples also occur on arches. H. MESIG 21009; H2, detail of H1, showing deflated envelope and details of envelope ornamentation. I. MESIG 21026, deflated envelope with envelope ornamentation.

Fig. 26. A in Cambrian microfossils from glacial erratics of King George Island, Antarctica

Fig. 26. A. Steinkern of initial part of Stapicyathus cera Debrenne archaeocyath cup, ZPAL Ac.I/53U7, erratic Me33. B, C. Problematic?tommotiid sclerite. B. Fragment of sclerite wall, ZPAL V.VI/49U4, erratic Me66. C. Fragment of sclerite wall, ZPAL V.VI/49U3, erratic Me66; C1, general view; C2, detail showing lamellar structure at the edge (arrowed). D, E. Aetholicopalla adnata Conway Morris. D. Specimen with external wall exfoliated, ZPAL V.VI/38S6, erratic Me32. E. Specimen ZPAL V.VI/38S1, erratic Me66; E1, oblique view, showing inner wall and tubules; E2, detail of surface of inner wall.

Fig. 24. A in Cambrian microfossils from glacial erratics of King George Island, Antarctica

Fig. 24. A. Diagrammatic cross−section of the wall of Mongolitubulus squamifer Missarzhevsky. B. Energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) for the M. squamifer sclerite. C. Broken end of the specimen figured in Fig. 23D, showing layered wall structure including outer hyaline layer and fibrous inner layer.

Fig. 22. A in Cambrian microfossils from glacial erratics of King George Island, Antarctica

Fig. 22. A. Diagrammatic cross section of the sclerite Hadimopanella staurata sp. nov. B. Energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) for the H. staurata sclerite.

Fig. 9. A in Cambrian microfossils from glacial erratics of King George Island, Antarctica

Fig. 9. A. Energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) for Dailyatia ajax Bischoff sclerite. B–E. Diagrammatic reconstruction of the relationship between Dailyatia sclerite element and secretory epithelium during growth, based on the multilamellar wall structure and the polygonal pattern covering the entire sclerite, except for a nipple−like termination of the apex.

Fig. 10 in Cambrian microfossils from glacial erratics of King George Island, Antarctica

Fig. 10. Sclerite of Dailyatia sp., ZPAL V.VI/31S2, erratic Me33. A. Oblique right lateral (anterior) view of asymmetrical triangular sclerite, type C. B. Oblique apical view. C. Oblique left lateral view. D. Enlargement of ornamentation showing growth ribs.

Fig. 21 in Cambrian microfossils from glacial erratics of King George Island, Antarctica

Fig. 21. Sclerite of Hadimopanella staurata sp. nov., ZPAL V.VI/24S24, errratic boulder Me40. A. Oblique lateral view. B. Upper view. C, D. Enlargements of B showing arrangement of phosphate crystallites in the external layer.

Fig. 20 in Cambrian microfossils from glacial erratics of King George Island, Antarctica

Fig. 20. Holotype of Hadimopanella staurata sp. nov., ZPAL V.VI/24S3, errratic boulder Me66. A. Oblique lateral view, stereo−pair. B. Upper view. C. Enlargement showing (in a hole) arrangement of phosphate crystallites in the external sclerite layer.

Fig. 19 in Cambrian microfossils from glacial erratics of King George Island, Antarctica

Fig. 19. Representatives of Hadimopanella staurata sp. nov. sclerites showing variability in shape and ornamentation. A. ZPAL V.VI/24S24. B. ZPAL V.VI/24S26. C. ZPAL V.VI/24S33. D. ZPAL V.VI/19S9. E. ZPAL V.VI/24S33. F. ZPAL V.VI/24S30, in oblique lateral (F1) and upper (F2) views. G. ZPAL V.VI/24S3, holotype, in oblique lateral (G1) and upper (G2) views. H. ZPAL V.VI/35S24, in oblique lateral (H1) and upper (H2) views. I. ZPAL V.VI/14S9, in oblique lateral (I1) and upper (I2) views. J. ZPAL V.VI/17S8, in oblique lateral (J1) and upper (J2) views.

Fig. 1 in Cambrian microfossils from glacial erratics of King George Island, Antarctica

Fig. 1. Location map of King George Island (arrowed) in Antarctica (B) and the outcrops of Cambrian rocks (dark shaded) on the continent referred to in the text. The occurrence of glacio−marine formations (shaded) on the island (A) and the Early Miocene Cape Melville Formation and collection site (asterisk). Abbreviations: Mts., Mountains; Ra., Range; Gl., Glacier.

Fig. 17 in Cambrian microfossils from glacial erratics of King George Island, Antarctica

Fig. 17. Diagrammatic reconstruction of the Hadimopanella antarctica Wrona sclerite in oblique lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views; see also Wrona (1987). C. Energy dispersive spectrum (EDS) for the H. antarctica sclerite.

Fig. 2 in Cambrian microfossils from glacial erratics of King George Island, Antarctica

Fig. 2. Early Cambrian palaeogeograpic map (modified after Eldridge et al. 1997, Ushatinskaya 1996, and Brock et al. 2000), with the most important localities of small skeletal fossils showing distribution of selected genera. References for distribution data are in the text.

Fig. 13 in Cambrian microfossils from glacial erratics of King George Island, Antarctica

Fig. 13. Broken sclerite of Lapworthella fasciculata Conway Morris and Bengtson, ZPAL V.VI/30S1, erratic Me33. A. Ornamentation and growth ridges on the dorsal side, anterior view. B. Broken longitudinal section showing septa. C. The same sclerite, posterior view, showing fragment of flat area resembling duplicature. D. Enlargement of posterior side surface, showing growth ribs and interrib areas with longitudinal fluting.

FIGURE 4 in Methods for isolation and quantification of microfossil fish teeth and elasmobranch dermal denticles (ichthyoliths) from marine sediments

FIGURE 4. Examples of select taxonomically identifiable fossil ichthyoliths and modern counterparts. All modern ichthyoliths were isolated from specimens in the Scripps Marine Vertebrate Collection. The fossil Myctophidae and Triakidae specimens are from ODP Site 1262, and are 62 million years old. The Scaridae modern teeth are from Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History's Fish Collection and subfossil teeth are from coral reef sediment cores taken off of the coast of Bocas del Toro, Panama, and are approximately 1200 years old.

FIGURE 3. Paleocene-aged ichthyoliths from ODP Site 1262, stained with Alizarin Red S in Methods for isolation and quantification of microfossil fish teeth and elasmobranch dermal denticles (ichthyoliths) from marine sediments

FIGURE 3. Paleocene-aged ichthyoliths from ODP Site 1262, stained with Alizarin Red S. The scale bar is 500 μm, with teeth>106 μm in the upper row and teeth <106 μm in the lower. Note that in the coloring effect is present in all teeth, however, the degree of staining varies.

FIGURE 2. A flowchart showing the steps for sediment processing for efficient and effective ichthyolith isolation from a in Methods for isolation and quantification of microfossil fish teeth and elasmobranch dermal denticles (ichthyoliths) from marine sediments

FIGURE 2. A flowchart showing the steps for sediment processing for efficient and effective ichthyolith isolation from a variety of sediment types. Sediment types are in boxes, while processing steps are shown in ovals.

FIGURE 1 in Methods for isolation and quantification of microfossil fish teeth and elasmobranch dermal denticles (ichthyoliths) from marine sediments

FIGURE 1. An assortment of large (>106 μm fraction) denticles (elasmobranch scales; left) and fish teeth (right) from DSDP Site 596, a red clay core in the South Pacific. These ichthyoliths are approximately 52 million years old. Image was taken on the Hull Lab Imaging System, Yale University. Scale bar is 500 μm.