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176 results for “morphological diversification”
4500 years of morphological diversification in Western Europe wild boars (Sus scrofa) and the consequences of the Neolithic transition
<p>Evolutionary biologists have recently solicited archaeologists to help document and understand the morphological evolution of animals in response to human activities and, more globally, to help reconstruct the history and significance of the anthropogenic impact on worldwide ecosystems. Artificial selection associated with domestication is the best-known example of a major anthropogenic morphological evolution preserved in the archaeological record. However, the impact of the domestication process and dispersal on the morphological evolution of animals has been far less explored. To fill this gap, we focused on 5,000 years of Neolithic transition in Western Europe – a major anthropogenic ecological disturbance involving landscape modification and the translocation of domestic mammals. Using geometric morphometrics on key phenotypic markers preserved in the archaeological record associated with isotopic studies, we explored how and according to which cultural drivers the Neolithic niche construction has influenced the morphological evolution of wild boars (<em>Sus</em> <em>scrofa</em>). The decoupling of size and shape components from bone morphological variation has facilitated the identification of several processes of phenotypic diversification of <em>Sus</em> <em>scrofa</em> in response to human behaviour during the Neolithic transition in Western Europe.</p>
Songbirds of the Americas show uniform morphological evolution despite heterogeneous diversification
<p>Studying the relationship between diversification and functional trait evolution among broadly co-occurring clades can shed light on interactions between ecology and evolutionary history. However, evidence from many studies is compromised because of their focus at overly broad geographic or narrow phylogenetic scales. We addressed these limitations by studying 46 independent, biogeographically-delimited clades of songbirds that dispersed from the Eastern Hemisphere into the Americas and assessed 1) whether diversification has varied through time and/or among clades within this assemblage, 2) the extent of heterogeneity in clade-specific morphological trait disparity, and 3) whether morphological disparity among these clades is consistent with a uniform diversification model. We found equivalent support for constant rates of birth-death and density-dependent speciation processes, with notable outliers having significantly fewer or more species than expected given their age. We also found substantial variation in morphological disparity among these clades, but that variation was broadly consistent with uniform evolutionary rates, despite the existence of diversification outliers. These findings indicate relatively continuous, ongoing morphological diversification within all clades, arguing against conceptual models of adaptive radiation. Additionally, they suggest surprisingly consistent diversification among the majority of these clades, despite tremendous variance in colonization history, habitat valences, and trophic specializations that exist among continental clades of organisms.</p>
Songbirds of the Americas show uniform morphological evolution despite heterogeneous diversification
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Data from: Running in circles in phylomorphospace: host environment constrains morphological diversification in parasitic wasps
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Data from: Evolutionary innovation accelerates morphological diversification in pufferfishes and their relatives
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Re-emergence and diversification of a specialised antennal lobe morphology in ithomiine butterflies
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4500 years of morphological diversification in Western Europe wild boars (Sus scrofa) and the consequences of the Neolithic transition
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Adaptive radiation of pelagiarian fishes at the K/Pg boundary led to rapid diversification of mandible morphology
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Data from: Dispersal is associated with morphological innovation, but not increased diversification, in Cyphostemma (Vitaceae)
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Nested whole-genome duplications coincide with diversification and high morphological disparity in Brassicaceae
<p>Angiosperms have become the dominant terrestrial plant group by diversifying for ~145 million years into a broad range of environments. During the course of evolution, numerous morphological innovations arose, often preceded by whole genome duplications (WGD). The mustard family (Brassicaceae), a successful angiosperm clade with ~4000 species, has been diversifying into many evolutionary lineages for more than 30 million years. Here we develop a species inventory, analyze morphological variation, and present a maternal, plastome-based genus-level phylogeny. We show that increased morphological disparity, despite an apparent absence of clade-specific morphological innovations, is found in tribes with WGDs or diversification rate shifts. Both are important processes in Brassicaceae, resulting in an overall high net diversification rate. Character states show frequent and independent gain and loss, and form varying combinations. Therefore, Brassicaceae pave the way to concepts of phylogenetic genome-wide association studies to analyze the evolution of morphological form and function.</p>
Data from: Genetic structure in Orkney island mice: isolation promotes morphological diversification
<p>Following human occupation, the house mouse has colonized numerous islands, exposing the species to a wide variety of environments. Such a colonization process, involving successive founder events and bottlenecks, may either promote random evolution or facilitate adaptation, making the relative importance of adaptive and stochastic processes in insular evolution difficult to assess.</p> <p>Here, we jointly analyse genetic and morphometric variation in the house mice (<i>Mus musculus domesticus</i>) from the Orkney archipelago. Genetic analyses, based on mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites, revealed considerable genetic structure within the archipelago, suggestive of a high degree of isolation and long-lasting stability of the insular populations. Morphometric analyses, based on a quantification of the shape of the first upper molar, revealed considerable differentiation compared to Western European populations, and significant geographic structure in Orkney, largely congruent with the pattern of genetic divergence. Morphological diversification in Orkney followed a Brownian motion model of evolution, suggesting a primary role for random drift over adaptation to local environments. Substantial structuring of human populations in Orkney has recently been demonstrated, mirroring the situation found here in house mice. This synanthropic species may thus constitute a bio-proxy of human structure and practices even at a very local scale.</p>
Data from: Convergent evolution across the Australian continent: ecotype diversification drives morphological convergence in two distantly related clades of Australian frogs
Animals from different clades but subject to similar environments often evolve similar body shapes and physiological adaptations due to convergent evolution, but this has been rarely tested at the transcontinental level and across entire classes of animal. Australia's biome diversity, isolation and aridification history provide excellent opportunities for comparative analyses on broad-scale macroevolutionary patterns. We collected morphological and environmental data on eighty-four (98%) Australian hylid frog species and categorized them into ecotypes. Using a phylogenetic framework, we tested the hypothesis that frogs from the same ecotype display similar body shape patterns: (i) across all the Australian hylids, and (ii) through comparison with a similar previous study on 127 (97%) Australian myobatrachid species. Body size and shape variation did not follow a strong phylogenetic pattern and was not tightly correlated with environment, but there was a stronger association between morphotype and ecotype. Both arboreal and aquatic frogs had long limbs, whereas limbs of fossorial species were shorter. Other terrestrial species were convergent on the more typical frog body shape. We quantified the strength of morphological convergence at two levels: (i) between fossorial myobatrachid and hylid frogs, and (ii) in each ecomorph within the hylids. We found strong convergence within ecotypes, especially in fossorial species. Ecotypes were also reflected in physiological adaptations: both arboreal and cocooned fossorial frogs tend to have higher rates of evaporative water loss. Our results illustrate how adaptation to different ecological niches plays a crucial role in morphological evolution, boosting phenotypic diversity within a clade. Despite phylogenetic conservatism, morphological adaptation to repeatedly emerging new environments can erase the signature of ancestral morphotypes, resulting in phenotypic diversification and convergence both within and between diverse clades.
Data from: The challenge of species delimitation at the extremes: diversification without morphological change in Philippine sun skinks
Species represent one of the fundamental units of the evolutionary process, and an accurate understanding of species diversity is essential to studies across a wide range of biological subdisciplines. However, delimiting species remains challenging in evolutionary radiations where morphological diversification is rapid and accompanied by little genetic differentiation or when genetic lineage divergence is not accompanied by morphological change. We investigate the utility of a variety of recently developed approaches to examine genetic and morphological diversity, and delimit species in a morphologically conserved group of Southeast Asian lizards. We find that species diversity is vastly underestimated in this unique evolutionary radiation, and find an extreme case where extensive genetic divergence among lineages has been accompanied by little to no differentiation in external morphology. Although we note that different conclusions can be drawn when species are delimited using molecular phylogenetics, coalescent-based methods, or morphological data, it is clear that the use of a pluralistic approach leads to a more comprehensive appraisal of biodiversity, and greater appreciation for processes of diversification in this biologically important geographic region. Similarly, our approach demonstrates how recently developed methodologies can be utilized to obtain robust estimates of species limits in "non-adaptive" or "cryptic" evolutionary radiations.
Data from: Genetic, morphological and acoustic evidence reveals lack of diversification in the colonization process in an island bird
Songbirds with recently (i.e. early Holocene) founded populations are suitable models for studying incipient differentiation in oceanic islands. On such systems each colonization event represents a different evolutionary episode that can be studied by addressing sets of diverging phenotypic and genetic traits. We investigate the process of early differentiation in the spectacled warbler (Sylvia conspicillata) in 14 populations separated by sea barriers from three Atlantic archipelagos and from continental regions spanning from tropical to temperate latitudes. Our approach involved the study of sexual acoustic signals, morphology and genetic data. Mitochondrial DNA did not provide clear population structure. However, microsatellites analyses consistently identified two genetic groups, albeit without correspondence to subspecies classification and little correspondence to geography. Coalescent analyses showed significant evidence for gene flow between the two genetic groups. Discriminant analyses could not correctly assign morphological or acoustic traits to source populations. Therefore, although theory predicting that in isolated populations genetic, morphological or acoustic traits can lead to radiation, we have strikingly failed to document differentiation on these attributes in a resident passerine throughout three oceanic archipelagos.
Data from: Morphological and genetic discrepancies in populations of Oreocarya paradoxa and O. revealii: the impact of edaphic selection on recent diversification in the Colorado Plateau
PREMISE OF THE STUDY: Investigations of recently derived and edaphically (soil) defined plant systems have provided insight into important mechanisms of ecological divergence. We investigated the impact of edaphic adaptation on recent divergence between two Colorado Plateau endemics: the gypsum facultative Oreocarya revealii (Boraginaceae) and its more generalist sister species O. paradoxa. We assessed morphological stability, genetic identity, and soil chemistry to determine whether O. revealii is a distinct lineage edaphically adapted from O. paradoxa, as has been described in the literature. METHODS: We genotyped 21 populations throughout the ranges of both species using 11 microsatellite markers and three plastid regions (trnL-F, trnT-L, trnQ-rps16) for haplotype analysis. We compared these data with soil chemistry (Ca and S concentrations, indicating gypsum levels), location, and morphological identity of populations. KEY RESULTS: Soil chemistry failed to explain genetic or morphological identity in either taxon. Haplotype analysis suggests ancestral variation in the more geographically restricted O. revealii, along with regional geographic isolation. A discontinuity was identified between the morphological and genetic identity in several populations, suggesting incomplete lineage sorting and the nonfixation of identifying morphological traits. CONCLUSIONS: Oreocarya revealii is unlikely to have arisen via edaphic selection, because soil chemistry of population sites, morphology of individuals, and genetic identity are not strongly correlated. The nonfixation of identifying traits is likely a result of recent divergence in this system, and the potentiality of such discrepancies should be considered when investigating recently diversified gypsum-associated groups.
FIGURE 5 in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species
FIGURE 5. Color pattern variation in B. bramei. A. Specimen from the type locality; note the rust colored patches over the shoulders. The presence of these patches is typical of B. bramei. B. MVZ 267142, from Tobias Creek, Tulare Co., California. C–F. Four specimens from Cannell Creek, Kern and Tulare counties, California, showing range of coloration found in this population. The bold red coloring is not known from other populations. Refer to the web version of this article for color figure.
FIGURE 6 in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species
FIGURE 6. Habitats occupied by B. bramei in the Kern River Canyon. A. Type locality, Packsaddle Canyon, 1135 m elev., Tulare Co., California (photo taken 5 March 2011). On the east side of the Kern River, salamanders are often associated with metamorphic rock in seepage areas as shown here. B–D. On the west side of the Kern River, B. bramei has been found in a diversity of habitats including the following: B. under isolated cover objects in oak grassland S of Kernville, Kern Co., California (photo taken 21 March 2008); C. in pine litter along Tobias Creek, Tulare Co., California (photo taken 22 March 2007) and D. under rocks and in leaf litter N of South Falls Creek, Tulare Co., California (photo taken 28 January 2010; numerous individuals were found on this date). Refer to the web version of this article for color figure.
FIGURE 4 in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species
FIGURE 4. Holotype of B. bramei (MVZ 217944). A. Digital x-ray of skull and forelimbs. Digital x-rays were processed using the levels and curves functions in Adobe Photoshop. B. Photo of holotype in life.
FIGURE 2 in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species
FIGURE 2. Overview of relationships in the subgenus Batrachoseps, based on cob dataset analyzed by Jockusch and Wake (2002). The four major clades are named (attenuatus, Sierran, pacificus and nigriventris groups) and terminals are labeled in all groups except the nigriventris group. Shaded boxes indicate the four geographic units of B. relictus, as recognized by Brame and Murray (1968). Terminal taxa that do not contain populations previously placed in B. relictus are collapsed. Note that topotypic B. relictus are not included in this tree. The clade labeled 'Greenhorns' has been retained in B. relictus until the present, but is described here as B. altasierrae sp. nov.
FIGURE 8. Allozyme analyses. A in Morphological and molecular diversification of slender salamanders (Caudata: Plethodontidae: Batrachoseps) in the southern Sierra Nevada of California with descriptions of two new species
FIGURE 8. Allozyme analyses. A. Minimum evolution tree showing the relationships of 14 populations based on Nei's (1978) D (Table 4) for 27 variable loci included in allozyme study 1. The topology of the neighbor-joining tree is identical. B. Multidimensional scaling of Nei's (1978) D (Table 5) for eight populations from the nigriventris group based on allozyme study 2. Note the intermediate position of the Cannell Creek (CAN) population between B. bramei from Fairview (FAI) and B. simatus from Erskine Creek (ERS). See Table 5 for abbreviations. Sampling localities are listed in Table 3.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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