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70 results for “morphological plasticity”
FIGURE 3. Tennysonia stellata Busk, 1867, scanning electron micrographs showing skeletal morphology. A–C, SAM A28766 in Phylogenetic position and systematics of the bryozoan Tennysonia: further evidence for convergence and plasticity in skeletal morphology among cyclostome bryozoans
FIGURE 3. Tennysonia stellata Busk, 1867, scanning electron micrographs showing skeletal morphology. A–C, SAM A28766, RIY Bank, Port Elizabeth. A, transverse series of autozooidal apertures separated by smaller kenozooidal apertures on left frontolateral branch surface with exterior wall of branch dorsal surface visible in lower left; B, detail of apertures showing spines; C, spine developed at triple junction between three interzooidal walls which have an ultrastructural fabric of transverse fibres (right). D, E, SAM A28765, RIY Bank, Port Elizabeth. D, transition from free-walled (left) to fixed-walled organization (right); E, enlargement showing sheet-like exterior wall (arrowed) covering kenozooidal apertures. F, NHMUK 2003.10.27.7, Groot Bank, Plettenberg Bay, rows of autozooidal apertures separated by exterior wall calcification in fixed-walled branch. G, H, NHMUK 2003.10.27.13, Groot Bank, Plettenberg Bay. G, development of exterior wall calcification, at varying levels relative to vertical interzooidal walls, over kenozooids and most of the autozooids (apart from 5 apertures which remain open); H, lobes of exterior wall calcification extending between autozooidal series. I–L. NHMUK 34.10.20.4, Port Elizabeth. I, apertures closed by exterior wall calcification, one occluded autozooid having a small central dimple; note apertural spines standing up above level of exterior walls (top right); J, gonozooid with broken brood chamber roof; K, lobate brood chamber roof (left) with denser pseudopores than exterior walls covering kenozooids (lower right); L, detail of pseudopores from brood chamber roof, some partly closed by spines. Scale bars: A, D, G, H: 500 µm; B, E: 100 µm; C, L: 20 µm; F, I, K: 200 µm; J: 1 mm.
FIGURE 2. Tennysonia stellata Busk, 1867 in Phylogenetic position and systematics of the bryozoan Tennysonia: further evidence for convergence and plasticity in skeletal morphology among cyclostome bryozoans
FIGURE 2. Tennysonia stellata Busk, 1867, scanning electron micrographs of distal branches showing variations in skeletal organization. A, branch comprising entirely free-walled zooids, SAM A28766, RIY Banks, Port Elizabeth; B, branch with freewalled organization distally but becoming fixed-walled at level of arrow by development of calcified exterior over the kenozooidal apertures, SAM A28765, RIY Bank, Port Elizabeth; C, branch comprising entirely fixed-walled zooids, NHMUK 2003.10.27.7, Groot Bank, Plettenberg Bay. Scale bars: A, B: 1 mm; C: 500 µm.
FIGURE 5 in Phylogenetic position and systematics of the bryozoan Tennysonia: further evidence for convergence and plasticity in skeletal morphology among cyclostome bryozoans
FIGURE 5. Combined ssrDNA and lsrDNA molecular tree showing the phylogenetic position of Tennysonia stellata (narrow- and broad-branched morphs) within the cyclostome bryozoans. Traditional, morphologically based suborders are given on the right.
Morphological canalization, integration, and plasticity in response to population density in Abutilon theophrasti : Influences of soil conditions and growth stages
<p>Phenotypic integration and developmental canalization have been hypothesized to constrain the degree of phenotypic plasticity, but little evidence exists, probably due to the lack in studies on the relationships among the three processes, especially for plants under different environments. We conducted a field experiment by subjecting plants of <i>Abutilon theophrasti</i> to three densities, under infertile and fertile soil conditions, and analyzing correlations among canalization, integration, and plasticity in a variety of measured morphological traits after 50 and 70 d, to investigate the relationships among the three variables in response to density and how these responses vary with soil conditions and growth stages. Results showed trait canalization decreased, phenotypic integration and the degree of plasticity (absolute plasticity) in traits increased with density. Phenotypic integration often positively correlated with absolute plasticity; whereas correlations between trait canalization and plasticity were insignificant in most cases, with a few positive ones between canalization and absolute plasticity at low and medium densities. As plants grew, these correlations intensified in infertile soil and attenuated in fertile soil. Our findings suggested the complexity of the relationship between canalization and plasticity: decreased canalization is more likely to facilitate active plastic responses under more favorable conditions; whereas increased level of integration should mainly be an outcome of plastic responses. Soil conditions and growth stage may affect responses of these correlations to density via modifying plant size, competition strength and plastic responses in traits. We also predicted that decreased canalization can be advantageous or disadvantageous, and the lack of response to stress may demonstrate a stronger ability of adaptation than passive response, thus should be adaptive plasticity as active response.</p>
Data from: Morphological change and phenotypic plasticity in native and non–native pumpkinseed sunfish in response to sustained water velocities
Phenotypic plasticity can contribute to the proliferation and invasion success of nonindigenous species by promoting phenotypic changes that increase fitness, facilitate range expansion and improve survival. In this study, differences in phenotypic plasticity were investigated using young-of-year pumpkinseed sunfish from colonies established with lentic and lotic populations originating in Canada (native) and Spain (non-native). Individuals were subjected to static and flowing water treatments for 80 days. Inter- and intra-population differences were tested using ancova and discriminant function analysis, and differences in phenotypic plasticity were tested through a manova of discriminant function scores. Differences between Iberian and North American populations were observed in dorsal fin length, pectoral fin position and caudal peduncle length. Phenotypic plasticity had less influence on morphology than genetic factors, regardless of population origin. Contrary to predictions, Iberian pumpkinseed exhibited lower levels of phenotypic plasticity than native populations, suggesting that canalization may have occurred in the non-native populations during the processes of introduction and range expansion.
Data from: Functional consequences of morphologically plastic jaws in juvenile purple sea urchins
Morphological plasticity is a critical mechanism that animals use to cope with variation in resource availability. During periods of food scarcity, sea urchins demonstrate an increase in jaw length relative to test diameter. This trait is thought to be reversible and adaptive by yielding an increase in feeding efficiency. We directly test the hypotheses that (1) there are reversible shifts in jaw length to test diameter ratios with food abundance in individual urchins, and (2) these shifts alter feeding efficiency. Purple sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, were placed in either high or low food treatments for 3 months, after which treatments were switched for 2 additional months. Measurements of jaw length to test diameter ratios were significantly higher in low compared to high food urchins, but this was due to test growth in the high food treatments. Ratios of low food urchins did not change following a switch to high food conditions, indicating that this trait is not reversible. Relatively longer jaws were also not correlated with increased feeding efficiency. We argue that jaw length plasticity is not adaptive and is simply a consequence of exposure to high food availability, as both jaw and test growth halt when food is scarce.
Dynamic morphological plasticity in response to emergence timing in Abutilon theophrasti (Malvaceae)
<p>Selections on emergence time might be conflicting, suggesting the existence of the optimal emergence time for plants. However, we know little about this and how morphological plasticity contributes to the strategies of plants in response to emergence timing. To better understand this issue in a dynamic perspective, we conducted a field experiment by subjecting plants of <em>Abutilon theophrasti</em> to four emergence treatments (ET1~ET4) and measuring a number of mass and morphological traits on them at different growth stages (I~IV). At day 50, 70 and/or final harvest, among all ET treatments, plants germinated in late spring (ET2) performed the best in total mass, spring germinants (ET1) and ET2 performed better in stem allocation, stem and root diameters than later germinants (ET3 and ET4); summer germinants (ET3) had the highest reproductive mass and allocation, while late-summer germinants (ET4) had the greatest leaf mass allocation, with greater or canalized leaf number and root length traits than others. Plants that emerged in late spring can maximize their growth potential, while those with either advanced or delayed emergence are still capable of adaptation via allocation and morphological plasticity. Early germinants (ET1 and ET2) preferred stem growth to leaf and reproductive growth, due to sufficient time for reproduction in growth season. With limited time for growth, plants emerged late may prefer to quicken leaf growth (indicated by increased leaf mass allocation and leaf number) at the cost of stem or root growth for complete life cycle, reflecting both positive and negative effects of delayed emergence.</p>
Data from: A test of the "flexible stem" model of evolution: ancestral plasticity, genetic accommodation, and morphological divergence in the threespine stickleback radiation
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Data from: Anthropogenic host plant expansion leads a nettle-feeding butterfly out of the forest: consequences for larval survival and developmental plasticity in adult morphology
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Data from: Functional consequences of morphologically plastic jaws in juvenile purple sea urchins
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Data from: Does thermal plasticity align with local adaptation? – An interspecific comparison of wing morphology in sepsid flies
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Data from: Plasticity and heritability of morphological variation within and between parapatric stickleback demes
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Data from: Phenotypic plasticity in the mandibular morphology of Japanese macaques: captive–wild comparison
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Data from: Consequences of life history switch point plasticity for juvenile morphology and locomotion in the Túngara frog
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Data from: Plastic hatching timing by red-eyed treefrog embryos interacts with larval predator identity and sublethal predation to affect prey morphology but not performance
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Data from: Morphological change and phenotypic plasticity in native and non–native pumpkinseed sunfish in response to sustained water velocities
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Morphological canalization, integration, and plasticity in response to population density in Abutilon theophrasti: Influences of soil conditions and growth stages
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Data from: Evidence of phenotypic plasticity of penis morphology and delayed reproductive maturation in response to male competition in waterfowl
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Dynamic morphological plasticity in response to emergence timing in Abutilon theophrasti (Malvaceae)
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Data from: Vegetation as self-adaptive coastal protection: reduction of current velocity and morphologic plasticity of a brackish marsh pioneer
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