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234 results for “northeast Pacific”
Data from: Defining isoscapes in the Northeast Pacific as an index of ocean productivity
<p><b>Aim: </b>We modeled isoscapes in the Northeast Pacific using satellite-based data with the main objective of testing if isoscapes defined by a few key parameters can be used as a proxy for secondary productivity.</p> <p><b>Location: </b>Northeast (NE) Pacific; 46 – 60⁰N and 125 – 165⁰W.</p> <p><b>Time period: </b>From 1998 to 2017 (ongoing).</p> <p><b>Major taxa studied: </b>Zooplankton with a focus on large herbivores.</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> Approximately 280 summer zooplankton samples were analyzed for Carbon (δ<sup>13</sup>C) and Nitrogen (δ<sup>15</sup>N) stable isotope (SI) ratios. Environmental conditions experienced by zooplankton organisms were extracted from satellite, in situ sensor and model databases. A generalized additive model approach was used to explain the spatial variability of δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>15</sup>N values and predict isoscapes.</p> <p><b>Results: </b>Sea surface temperature (SST), sea level anomaly (SLA) and chlorophyll-<i>a</i> concentration emerged as the significant SI predictors. Modelled isoscapes reproduced patterns observed in δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>15</sup>N value distribution, such as a decrease from the coast to offshore. The contribution of eddies in enhancing local production in the open ocean was also well captured by the models. In the central part of the NE Pacific higher SI values were correlated with higher large copepod biomass measured by the North Pacific Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey. However, in the area off the coast of British Columbia (BC) high δ<sup>15</sup>N variability appeared to be associated with episodic intrusions of coastal waters demonstrating that caution is needed when interpreting sharp changes in SI ratios.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions: </b>While the mechanisms driving SI ratio variability are complex, we demonstrated that a few parameters used as a proxy for some of these major mechanisms are able to successfully produce isoscape models. This approach was proven useful to provide a qualitative estimate of the secondary production, which can be particularly valuable in a region where few data are available.</p>
Data from: Disassembly of an epibenthic assemblage in a sustained severely hypoxic event in a northeast Pacific basin
As global ocean deoxygenation proceeds and the frequency of extreme low-oxygen (hypoxic) events increases, seafloor ecosystems will inevitably be affected. Our study examines how benthic community responses scale with the severity and spatial extent of hypoxia. Saanich Inlet is a natural model system for testing the effects of hypoxic conditions that determine the benthic megafaunal community structure during annual deoxygenation and reoxygenation. In 2016, an anomalously severe and widespread hypoxic event occurred in the fjord after a decade of oxygen decline at a rate of 0.07 mL L−1 y−1 as measured by a cabled seafloor observatory. We use a living ecological time-series generated from remotely operated vehicle surveys to assess how the benthic megafaunal community disassembled in response to this extreme hypoxic event. Three benthic surveys at similar times in 2013 and 2016 reveal large increases in the area of seafloor bathed in anoxic and hypoxic waters in the latter year. Both bottom oxygen and species depth distributions shoaled from 2013 to 2016, accompanied by a 56% overall decline in megafauna. The abundant habitat-forming pennatulacean octocoral, Halipteris willemoesi, decreased in abundance by 92.3% from fall 2013 to fall 2016, and pandalid shrimp disappeared from the community. Hypoxia-tolerant species experienced milder losses, and two new species occurred in 2016 – one a predator on the coral. Co-occurrence analyses revealed loss of significant community segregation from 2013 to 2016, and a re-mix of pairwise species co-occurrences in the latter year. The loss of oxygenated habitat compressed species into narrower depth ranges and led to disassembly probably through niche space constriction, while decimation of some populations eliminated key community associations. Community fragmentation and disruption of interactions is a possible outcome for many marine benthic ecosystems as marine hypoxia intensifies.
Data from: The dynamics of Kelp Forests in the Northeast Pacific Ocean and the relationship with environmental drivers
1.The dynamics of foundation species in ecosystems are key to the fate of many species. Kelp forests are foundation species in temperate ocean ecosystems and contribute to carbon storage, macronutrient dynamics, primary production, and biodiversity of myriad associated species. Downward trends in their abundance globally have been of concern. 2.We analyzed 26 years of aerial censuses (1989-2015) of 2 canopy kelp species in Washington State (USA) waters. We compared these modern censuses with censuses in 1911 and 1912 to determine the persistence of kelp cover over the past century. Using Auto-regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models, we compared kelp dynamics with likely environmental drivers, including local environmental variables and ocean indices for this region. 3.Kelp remains at historic levels in many areas, though some eastern populations in proximity to greater human populations are the exception to this pattern. Over the last 26 years, kelp abundance showed high spatial autocorrelation in western areas of Straits of Juan de Fuca, with more variable populations in the annual species and eastward toward Puget Sound. Both species covaried positively in their abundance throughout most of the study area, suggesting environmental factors rather than competition, drove their dynamics. The population dynamics of these kelp species showed that the abundance one year previous was an important predictor, and cyclic dynamics were not indicated using Auto-regressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) models. Kelp abundance correlated inversely with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the Oceanic Nino Index, and positively with the North Pacific Gyre Oscillation, indicating that large-scale processes associated with colder seawater temperatures were associated with greater relative abundance of kelp. 4.Synthesis. Kelp beds in the northern California Current Large Marine Ecosystem have mostly remained persistent over the past century and over many km, but some areas may have decreased in abundance. The sensitivity of these populations to indices of ocean climate, our demonstration that a historic 93-year SST record (Race Rocks, Canada) showed a 0.72°C increase, and the classification of some areas as high variability-low abundance, suggest that the viability of these foundational species remain a concern into the future.
Data from: Seascape drivers of Macrocystis pyrifera population genetic structure in the northeast Pacific
At small spatial and temporal scales, genetic differentiation is largely controlled by constraints on gene flow, while genetic diversity across a species' distribution is shaped on longer temporal and spatial scales. We assess the hypothesis that oceanographic transport and other seascape features explain different scales of genetic structure of giant kelp, Macrocystis pyrifera. We followed a hierarchical approach to perform a microsatellite-based analysis of genetic differentiation in Macrocystis across its distribution in the northeast Pacific. We used seascape genetic approaches to identify large-scale biogeographic population clusters and investigate whether they could be explained by oceanographic transport and other environmental drivers. We then modelled population genetic differentiation within clusters as a function of oceanographic transport and other environmental factors. Five geographic clusters were identified: Alaska/Canada, central California, continental Santa Barbara, California Channel Islands and mainland southern California/Baja California peninsula. The strongest break occurred between central and southern California, with mainland Santa Barbara sites forming a transition zone between the two. Breaks between clusters corresponded approximately to previously identified biogeographic breaks, but were not solely explained by oceanographic transport. An isolation-by-environment (IBE) pattern was observed where the northern and southern Channel Islands clustered together, but not with closer mainland sites, despite the greater distance between them. The strongest environmental association with this IBE pattern was observed with light extinction coefficient, which extends suitable habitat to deeper areas. Within clusters, we found support for previous results showing that oceanographic connectivity plays an important role in the population genetic structure of Macrocystis in the Northern hemisphere.
Data from: Ecophysiological limits to aerobic metabolism in hypoxia determine epibenthic distributions and energy sequestration in the northeast Pacific ocean
Expansion of oxygen deficient waters (hypoxia) in the northeast Pacific Ocean (NEP) will have marked impacts on marine life. The response of the resident communities will be a function of their ecophysiological constraints in low oxygen, although this remains untested in the NEP due to a lack of integrative studies. Here, we combine in situ surveys and lab-based respirometry experiments were conducted on three indicator species (spot prawn Pandalus platyceros, slender sole Lyopsetta exilis, squat lobster Munida quadrispina) of seasonally hypoxic systems in the NEP to test if metabolic constraints determine distributions and energy sequestration in a hypoxic setting. These experiments were integrated with a global review of critical oxygen levels ( math formula; lower threshold of aerobic metabolism) for crustaceans to determine if math formula-based hypoxia thresholds are different among ocean basins. Our results show that species-specific differences in math formula and standard metabolic rates (1) determine the lowest environmental oxygen ([O2]env) at which in situ populations occur, (2) result in disproportionate shifts in distributions among co-occurring species during summer hypoxia expansion events, and (3) characterize shifts in megafaunal community respiration rates due to marked spatio-temporal variability in [O2]env. Our results show that math formula-based hypoxia thresholds are significantly lower in the East Pacific Ocean relative to other major ocean basins, which suggests that the physiological response of local fauna to deoxygenation can be determined by the natural variability and oxygen exposure in a region. In order to establish realistic predictions on the biological consequences of marine deoxygenation, we suggest integrating metabolism-based traits to calculate hypoxia thresholds for marine ecosystems.
FIGURE 5 in First record of Plakortis Schulze (Porifera: Homosclerophorida) from the Northeast Pacific coast, with the description of Plakortis albicans sp. nov.
FIGURE 5. SEM images of skeletal structure of Plakortis albicans sp. nov. A) Tangential view of ectosomal alveolar skeleton; B) Detail of the ectosomal alveolar skeleton; C) Cross section of choanosome; D) Detail of an aquiferous space.
FIGURE 2 in First record of Plakortis Schulze (Porifera: Homosclerophorida) from the Northeast Pacific coast, with the description of Plakortis albicans sp. nov.
FIGURE 2. External morphology of Plakortis albicans sp. nov.. The arrows show the oscules A) Photograph of a large specimen taken at 5 m depth.; B) Photograph of a small specimen taken at 3 m depth where is clearly visible the characteristics drainage subectosomic canals.
FIGURE 1 in First record of Plakortis Schulze (Porifera: Homosclerophorida) from the Northeast Pacific coast, with the description of Plakortis albicans sp. nov.
FIGURE 1. Location of the collection sites of PLAKORTIS ALBICANS sp. nov. in Mazatlán Bay (Pacific Ocean, Mexico).
FIGURE 8 in A new genus and species of Brychiopontiidae Humes, 1974 (Crustacea: Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) associated with an abyssal holothurian in the Northeast Pacific nodule province *
FIGURE 8. Neobrychiopontius galeronae gen. nov., sp. nov., holotype female. A, leg 4, anterior;B, leg 5.
FIGURE 6 in A new genus and species of Brychiopontiidae Humes, 1974 (Crustacea: Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) associated with an abyssal holothurian in the Northeast Pacific nodule province *
FIGURE 6. Neobrychiopontius galeronae gen. nov., sp. nov., holotype female. A, maxilliped, anterior; B, leg 1, posterior.
FIGURE 7 in A new genus and species of Brychiopontiidae Humes, 1974 (Crustacea: Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) associated with an abyssal holothurian in the Northeast Pacific nodule province *
FIGURE 7. Neobrychiopontius galeronae gen. nov., sp. nov., holotype female. A, leg 2, anterior; B, leg 3, anterior.
FIGURE 5 in A new genus and species of Brychiopontiidae Humes, 1974 (Crustacea: Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) associated with an abyssal holothurian in the Northeast Pacific nodule province *
FIGURE 5. Neobrychiopontius galeronae gen. nov., sp. nov., holotype female. A, exopod of antenna; B, second segment of antennal endopod, arrows to small setae; C, mandible, arrow to second segment of palp; D, maxillule; E, maxilla, arrow to small seta; F, distal part of second segment of maxilla.
FIGURE 3 in A new genus and species of Brychiopontiidae Humes, 1974 (Crustacea: Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) associated with an abyssal holothurian in the Northeast Pacific nodule province *
FIGURE 3. Neobrychiopontius galeronae gen. nov., sp. nov., holotype female. A, habitus, dorsal; B, urosome, ventral, arrow to small seta; C, left leg 6 and area with gonopores, genital doublesomite, dorsal, arrow to small seta; D, distal part of furca bearing 6 setae, arrow to location of missing setae; E, rostral area and oral cone, ventral. F, distal part of oral cone formed by labrum and labium, ventral.
FIGURE 2 in A new genus and species of Brychiopontiidae Humes, 1974 (Crustacea: Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) associated with an abyssal holothurian in the Northeast Pacific nodule province *
FIGURE 2. Oneirophanta cfr. setigera, the host of Neobrychiopontius galeronae gen. et sp. nov. Copyright Ifremer.
FIGURE 1 in A new genus and species of Brychiopontiidae Humes, 1974 (Crustacea: Copepoda: Siphonostomatoida) associated with an abyssal holothurian in the Northeast Pacific nodule province *
FIGURE 1. In situ photograph of the sample taken for this study showing the spade corer with a specimen of the holothurian Oneirophanta cfr. setigera. Depth 4978 m. Copyright Ifremer.
FIGURE 8. Virtual 3D in Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy
FIGURE 8. Virtual 3D isosurface rendering using VGStudio MAX of selected spicules within their skeletal context (A, B) and isolated from it (C, D), 3D-reconstructed from synchrotron radiation-based x-ray micro computed tomography images of the holotype. Virtual isolation (B) and comparative side-to side renderings of megasters (C) and megascleres (D). Micrasters are visualized as small dots, e.g. in the peripheral region in A.
FIGURE 7 in Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy
FIGURE 7. Phylogenetic consensus trees of COI sequences shown as a direct comparison between A. maximum likelihood (ML) and B. the 50% majority rule consensus phylogram of the Bayesian approach. Numbers indicate bootstrap values (A) and posterior probabilities (B). Some species are represented by different sampling locations as indicated by indices: 1, Limski canal, Croatia; 2, Elba, Italy; 3, Rathlin Island, Northern Ireland; 4, Rovinj, Croatia.
FIGURE 6 in Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy
FIGURE 6. Morphometric correlations between megasters and megascleres in T. leysae sp. nov. A. Diameter of megasters vs. R/C ratio (ray length to radius of the massive spicule center), including linear fitted graphs. Choanosomal megasters (filled circles, Ch, n=85) are significantly smaller (independent t-test; p<0.001) than cortical megasters (filled triangles, Co, n=227). The same applies to R/C values, which are significantly lower for choanosomal megasters (independent t-test; p<0.001), indicating more solid megasters with shorter rays and/or relatively more solid centers. Both differences are also represented by the linear fitted graphs. B. Length of megascleres plotted vs. width. Main and auxiliary megascleres represent two significantly different size classes, in terms of both length and width (independent ttests, p<0.001).
FIGURE 5 in Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy
FIGURE 5. Spicule types of T. leysae sp. nov. (A–D; SEM micrographs) in comparison to T. californiana (E–F; drawings modified from Sarà & Corriero 1993, re-evaluated by own light microscopy of spicule preparations from the specimen BMNH 29.8.22.15.). A. Main and auxiliary megascleres. B. The highly variable cortical megasters. C. Choanodermal megasters. D. Micrasters. E. Megasters. F. Micrasters.
FIGURE 1 in Description and molecular phylogeny of Tethya leysae sp. nov. (Porifera, Demospongiae, Hadromerida) from the Canadian Northeast Pacific with remarks on the use of microtomography in sponge taxonomy
FIGURE 1. Type locality of T. leysae sp. nov. in the Northeast Pacific, around Ohiat Islet, Barkley Sound, near Bamfield, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, North America.
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