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125 results for “old growth”
Data: Interactive effects of drought and edge exposure on old-growth forest understory species
<p><span>Context: Both climatic extremes and land-use change constitute severe threats to biodiversity, but their interactive effects remain poorly understood. In forest ecosystems, the effects of climatic extremes can be exacerbated at forest edges. </span></p> <p><span>Objectives: We explore the hypothesis that an extreme summer drought reduced the richness and coverage of old-growth forest species, particularly in forest patches with high edge exposure. </span></p> <p><span>Methods: Using a high-resolution spatially explicit precipitation dataset, we could detect variability in drought intensity during the summer drought of 2018. We selected 60 old-growth boreal forest patches in central Sweden that differed in their level of drought intensity and amount of edge exposure. The year after the drought, we surveyed red-listed and old-growth forest indicator species of vascular plants, lichens and bryophytes. We assessed if species richness, composition, and coverage were related to drought intensity, edge exposure, and their interaction.</span></p> <p><span>Results: Species richness was negatively related to drought intensity in forest patches with a high edge exposure, but not in patches with less edge exposure. Patterns differed among organism groups and were strongest for cyanolichens, epiphytes associated with high-pH bark, and species occurring on convex substrates such as trees and logs.</span></p> <p><span>Conclusions: Our results show that the effects of an extreme climatic event on forest species can vary strongly across a landscape. Edge exposed old-growth forest patches are more at risk under extreme climatic events than those in continuous forests. This suggest that maintaining buffer zones around forest patches with high conservation values should be an important conservation measure. </span></p>
Data from: Forest loss and treeless matrices cause the functional impoverishment of sapling communities in old-growth forest patches across tropical regions
<p>Landscape-level disturbances, such as forest loss, can profoundly alter the functional composition and diversity of biotic assemblages. In fact, the landscape-moderated functional trait selection (LMFTS) hypothesis states that landscape-level disturbances may act as environmental filters that select a set of species with disturbance-adapted attributes while causing the loss of species with disturbance-sensitive attributes, ultimately compromising ecosystem functioning. However, the impact of landscape patterns on the functional composition and diversity of tropical regenerating trees (saplings) is unknown.</p> <p>Using a multiscale approach to identify the best spatial scale (i.e. the scale of effect), we tested the effect of forest cover, matrix openness and forest patch density (fragmentation) on functional composition and functional diversity of tree saplings in old-growth forest patches (n = 59) in three Mexican rainforest regions with different degree of deforestation. For 368 species and ~23,000 individuals, we compiled information from global and national databases on six functional traits related to seed dispersal and plant establishment and calculated their community abundance-weighted mean (CWMs) and three complementary functional diversity indices.</p> <p>Forest loss and matrix openness reduced functional richness and evenness, but only in the two most deforested regions. Overall, fragmentation had contrasting effects on functional diversity and composition, but correlated negatively with some functional traits in the most deforested region. Importantly, in the regions with high-to-intermediate degree of deforestation, functional composition experienced major changes: maximum height, seed mass, fruit size and wood density decreased, and SLA increased, in forest patches surrounded by open matrices in highly deforested and fragmented landscapes. This caused a shift of community traits towards more disturbed-adapted attributes.</p> <p><em>Synthesis and applications</em>. In agreement with the LMFTS hypothesis, our results confirm that landscape modifications in regions undergoing high and long-lasting deforestation greatly impoverish the functional composition and diversity of sapling communities. The shift from communities composed mainly by conservative attributes towards communities with a higher prevalence of disturbance-adapted attributes disrupts the future community structure and jeopardizes critical ecosystem functions. Management practices focused on preventing deforestation, increasing forest cover, and promoting treed matrices are necessary to preserve the functionality of these species-rich but increasingly threatened rainforests.</p>
Highly-replicated soil, topography and vegetation sampling across an old-growth tropical rain forest landscape
<p class="MsoNormal">Here we present data from highly-replicated sampling of soil, topography, and vegetation across an old-growth tropical rainforest landscape at the La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica. Samples were taken at 100 x 50 m spacing using an existing surveyed grid system. The 573-ha sample area spanned a variety of soil, topographic and vegetation conditions, including flat terraces on old alluvial soil, ridge tops and steep slopes on residual soil, riparian habitats and fresh-water swamps. At each of 1170 grid points we established a circular 0.01 ha quadrat (radius = 5.64 m). We sampled soil at 30-50 cm depth with a soil augur and collected a sample for subsequent analysis. We measured slope angle with a clinometer and slope direction with a compass. We measured stem diameter to <u>+</u>1 mm with a synthetic fabric diameter tape for all stems <u>></u>10 cm diameter (N= 5236) at 1.3 m from the ground or to ~ 6 m height if there were basal irregularities. We classified stems to life form (tree, palm, liana), and identified all trees and palms to species or morphospecies (N=266; lianas were not identified to species). We collected vouchers from all trees that we could not positively identify in the field (N=920).</p> <p class="MsoNormal">As a whole the data set presents an integrated view of soil, topography and vegetation across a mesoscale old-growth tropical rain forest landscape. The data have been used to refine a reserve-wide soils map for La Selva, and for a variety of papers analyzing the interactions of soil, topography and species distributions at landscape scales (see the 10 papers listed in the Related Works section below).</p> <p class="MsoNormal">There are no restrictions at all on the use of these data, and we think they will be useful for teaching and analysis projects as well as further original research applications. The data also provide a detailed benchmark of the status of old-growth vegetation in 1993-95 for one of the most intensively studied tropical rain forest landscapes in the world. Because the data are accurately georeferenced and detailed metadata on all methods are provided, this study could be repeated at any time to assess the trajectory of vegetation changes at La Selva, particularly in relation to local disturbances and changing regional and global climates. </p>
Three-dimensional stratification pattern in an old-growth lowland forest: how does height in canopy and season influence temperate bat activity?
<p class="PaperLauftext">The study of animal-habitat interactions is of primary importance for the formulation of conservation recommendations. Flying, gliding and climbing animals have the ability to exploit their habitat in a three-dimensional way and the vertical canopy structure in forests plays an essential role for habitat suitability. Forest bats as flying mammals may seasonally shift their microhabitat use due to differing energy demands or changing prey availability, but the patterns are not well understood.</p> <p>We investigated three-dimensional and seasonal habitat use by insectivorous bats in a temperate lowland old-growth forest, the <i>Belovezhskaya Pushcha</i> in Belarus. We acoustically sampled broadleaved and mixed coniferous plots in the forest interior and in gaps in three heights during two reproductive periods (pregnancy/lactation versus post-lactation). In canopy gaps, vertical stratification in bat activity was less pronounced than in the forest interior. Vertical activity patterns differed among species. The upper canopy levels were important foraging habitats for the open-space forager guild and for some edge-space foragers like the Barbastelle bat <i>Barbastella barbastellus</i> and the soprano pipistrelle <i>Pipistrellus pygmaeus</i>. <i>Myotis</i> species had highest activity levels near the ground in forest gaps. Moreover, we found species-dependent seasonal microhabitat shifts. Generally, all species and species groups considered except <i>Myotis</i> species showed higher activity levels during post-lactation. <i>Myotis</i> species tended towards higher activity in the forest interior during post-lactation. <i>P. pygmaeus</i> switched from high activity levels in the upper canopy during pregnancy and lactation to high activity levels near the ground during post-lactation. We conclude that a full comprehension of forest bat habitat use is only possible when height in canopy and seasonal patterns are considered.</p>
Biogeochemial Soil Dataset for Old Growth and Disturbed Forest Sites at Mount Kilimanjaro
<p>This dataset presents biogeochemical data (pH, CNS, soil texture, bulk density, extractable metals, cation exchange capacity) from 21 profiles at Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania. The data is part of Schrumpf's dissertation ("Biogeochemical Investigations in Old Growth and Disturbed Forest Sites at Mount Kilimanjaro").</p> <p>Exact sampling locations (WSG84: long/lat) are reported for each profile. Analyses of soil material were carried out on air dried samples (30°C) of the fraction < 2 mm. Soil pH was determined using H20, and 1 M KCl at a soil solution ratio of 1 (m) : 2.5 (v) and a standard combined electrode with integrated temperature probe (WTW SenTix 41 pH 330). Total C and total N contents were analyzed on ball-milled samples using a total element analyzer (Elementar Vario EL). Exchangeable cations (K, Ca,Mg, Na, Al) were extracted by an unbuffered 0.5 M NH4Cl solution (Trüby & Aldinger 1989) and measured by atomic absorption (Varian SpectrAA 400). The ECEC was calculated as the sum of exchangeable base cations and exchangeable Al. At ten profiles in ten main study area between 2100 and 2330 m, Fe and Al in metal-humus complexes (Fep, Alp) were extracted by shaking 2g of soil in 0.1 M sodium pyrophosphate (pH 10) for 16h, followed by centrifugation, after addition of CaCl2. Fe, Al and Si in ferrihydrite, allophane, imogolite and metal humus complexes (Feo, Alo, Sio) were determined in all soils using a 0.2 M oxalate solution (pH 3) (Schwertmann 1964). The cold dithionite-citrate buffer (DCB) method (Holmgren 1967) was used to analyze the amounts of Fe and Al (Fed and Ald) in crystalline oxides and fractions from metal-humus complexes and amorphous constituents. Bulk density was determined on three undisturbed soil cores with a volume of 100 cm-3, which were taken from each soil horizon.</p>
Data from: Positive spatial and temporal density-dependence drive early reproductive economy-of-scale effects of masting in a European old-growth forest community
<p>Masting, the spatial synchronization of interannual variation in seed production, can enhance reproductive efficiency through positive density-dependent processes (DD) that result in economies of scale (EOS), such as decreased pollen limitation and predator satiation in years of high reproduction. While the general occurrence of such EOS effects has been documented for masting species, few studies simultaneously investigated how spatial and temporal variation in reproduction affects pollination and predation. Furthermore, it is unclear whether the same mechanisms apply to co-occurring species with different levels of conspecific density, pollen limitation, and seed defenses. Here, we use a long-term data set with high spatial resolution of seed production of European beech (<em>Fagus sylvatica</em>), Norway spruce (<em>Picea abies</em>), and silver fir (<em>Abies alba</em>) in a primeval montane forest to investigate the relationship between reproductive effort, pollination efficiency, and predispersal predation by insects. We found that, along the temporal axis, the proportion of sound (fertilized and unpredated) seeds correlated positively with annual seed production over the 14-year study period in all three species, most strongly in beech and only weakly in silver fir. Moreover, the results show that in beech, spatial seed density interacts with plot-wide annual seed rain to enhance DD effects on seed predation, suggesting additive effects of synchronous reproduction on fitness benefits.</p> <p>Synthesis: For both pollination and predispersal predation in beech and spruce, the strongest DD effects occur at low levels of reproduction and quickly reach asymptotes at higher levels, suggesting the presence of thresholds in different EOS mechanisms. As variability and synchrony in mast-seeding are expected to decline with climate change, EOS effects driven by DD may remain stable until the threshold is reached, at which sudden declines would result in devastating effects on the availability of viable seeds for germination and recruitment.</p>
Figure 4 in Application Of Lichen Functional Traits In Identification Of Temperate Old-Growth Broad-Leaved Forests
Figure 4. Rare lichen Thelotrema lepadinum. Photo: A. KrugÔikova.
Figure 1 in Application Of Lichen Functional Traits In Identification Of Temperate Old-Growth Broad-Leaved Forests
Figure 1. Studied forest stands (noted with dots).
Figure 3 in Application Of Lichen Functional Traits In Identification Of Temperate Old-Growth Broad-Leaved Forests
Figure 3. One of study sites. Photo: A. KrugÔikova.
Leaf litter decomposition in old-growth and selectively logged forest
<p><strong>Description: </strong></p> <p>In a multifactorial experiment we investigated the consequences of selective logging for decomposition and nutrient cycling in Southeast Asia by testing the effects of chemical composition of leaf litter and site factors on leaf litter mass loss. Litterbags were used to estimate decomposition over a period of 24 weeks, litterbags were collected 2, 4, 6, 8, 13, 24 weeks after the start of the experiment.</p> <p><strong>Project: </strong>This dataset was collected as part of the following SAFE research project: <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/projects/project_view/124"><strong>Biodiversity and land-use impacts on tropical ecosystem function (BALI): Quantifying biogeochemistry across forest disturbance gradients in Sabah</strong></a></p> <p><strong>Funding: </strong>These data were collected as part of research funded by:</p> <ul> <li>NERC (Standard grant, NE/K016253/1)</li> </ul> <p>This dataset is released under the CC-BY 4.0 licence, requiring that you cite the dataset in any outputs, but has the additional condition that you acknowledge the contribution of these funders in any outputs.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Permits: </strong>These data were collected under permit from the following authorities:</p> <ul> <li>Sabah Biodiversity Centre (Research licence JKM/MBS.1000-2/2(383))</li> </ul> <p> </p> <p><strong>XML metadata: </strong>GEMINI compliant metadata for this dataset is available <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/datasets/xml_metadata?id=3247639">here</a></p> <p><strong>Files: </strong>This consists of 1 file: Both_litter_decomposition_experiment.xlsx</p> <p><strong>Both_litter_decomposition_experiment.xlsx</strong></p> <p>This file contains dataset metadata and 3 data tables:</p> <ol> <li> <p><strong>chemical_composition_start</strong> (described in worksheet chemical_composition_start)</p> <p>Description: Chemical properties from the two leaf litter types before the experiment</p> <p>Number of fields: 19</p> <p>Number of data rows: 10</p> <p>Fields:</p> <ul> <li><strong>replicate</strong>: Replicate number (Field type: Replicate)</li> <li><strong>litter_type</strong>: Litter type (Field type: ID)</li> <li><strong>P_mg.g</strong>: Phosporus concentration in mg per g dry weight of leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>N_perc</strong>: Nitrogen concentration in % of leaf litter, analysed in University of Aberdeen (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>C_perc</strong>: Carbon concentration in % of leaf litter, analysed in University of Aberdeen (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>C.N</strong>: Carbon nitrogen ratio of leaf litter, analysed in University of Aberdeen (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>P_perc</strong>: Phosporus concentration in % of leaf litter, analysed in University of Aberdeen (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>C.P</strong>: Carbon phosporus ratio of leaf litter, analysed in University of Aberdeen (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>N.P</strong>: Nitrogen phosporus ratio of leaf litter, analysed in University of Aberdeen (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>Ca_mg.g</strong>: Calcium concentration in mg per g dry weight of leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>Mg_mg.g</strong>: Magnesium concentration in mg per g dry weight of leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>Al_mg.g</strong>: Aluminium concentration in mg per g dry weight of leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>K_mg.g</strong>: Potassium concentration in mg per g dry weight of leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>soluble_cell_content</strong>: Soluble cell content in percent (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>nonsoluble_cell_content</strong>: Non-soluble cell content in percent (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>hemicellulose_bound_proteins</strong>: Hemicellulose and bound proteins content in percent (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>cellulose_lignin_recalcitrants</strong>: Soluble cell content in percent (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>cellulose</strong>: Cellulose content in percent (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>lignin_recalcitrants</strong>: Lignin and recalcitrants content in percent (Field type: Numeric)</li> </ul> </li> <li> <p><strong>chemical_composition_end</strong> (described in worksheet chemical_composition_end)</p> <p>Description: Chemical properties from individual leaf litter bags at the end of the experiment</p> <p>Number of fields: 18</p> <p>Number of data rows: 64</p> <p>Fields:</p> <ul> <li><strong>code</strong>: Identifyer for each leaf litter bag, coding for location-plotname-subplot pair-leaf litter type-mesh size-replicate (Field type: ID)</li> <li><strong>location</strong>: Location of experimental plots (M: Maliau; S: SAFE) (Field type: ID)</li> <li><strong>location_name</strong>: Plot name (Field type: Location)</li> <li><strong>plot</strong>: Running number of experimental plots (Field type: ID)</li> <li><strong>pair</strong>: Each plot contains two experimental units (making up a pair) (Field type: ID)</li> <li><strong>replicate</strong>: Each pair contained two replicates of the same treatment (litter type x mesh size) (Field type: replicate)</li> <li><strong>litter_type</strong>: Litter type (Field type: Categorical)</li> <li><strong>mesh</strong>: Mesh size of the litter bags (Field type: Categorical)</li> <li><strong>P_mg.g</strong>: Phosporus concentration in mg per g dry weight of dry leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>K_mg.g</strong>: Potassium concentration in mg per g dry weight of dry leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>Ca_mg.g</strong>: Calcium concentration in mg per g dry weight of dry leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>Mg_mg.g</strong>: Magnesium concentration in mg per g dry weight of dry leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>Al_mg.g</strong>: Aluminium concentration in mg per g dry weight of dry leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>N_perc</strong>: Nitrogen concentration in % of dry leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>C_perc</strong>: Carbon concentration in % of dry leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>C.N</strong>: Carbon nitrogen ratio of dry leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>cellulose</strong>: Cellulose concentration in % of dry leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>lignin_recalcitrants</strong>: Lignin and recalcitrants concentration in % of dry leaf litter (Field type: Numeric)</li> </ul> </li> <li> <p><strong>litterbags_massloss</strong> (described in worksheet litterbags_massloss)</p> <p>Description: Mass loss of litter in litterbags over the experimental period of 24 weeks</p> <p>Number of fields: 17</p> <p>Number of data rows: 128</p> <p>Fields:</p> <ul> <li><strong>code</strong>: Identifyer for each leaf litter bag, coding for location-plotname-subplot pair-leaf litter type-mesh size-replicate (Field type: ID)</li> <li><strong>location</strong>: Location of experimental plots (Field type: ID)</li> <li><strong>plotname</strong>: Plot name (Field type: Location)</li> <li><strong>plot</strong>: Running number of experimental plots (Field type: ID)</li> <li><strong>pair</strong>: Each plot contains two experimental units (making up a pair) (Field type: ID)</li> <li><strong>replicate</strong>: Each pair contained two replicates of the same treatment (litter type x mesh size) (Field type: Replicate)</li> <li><strong>litter_type</strong>: Litter type (Field type: Categorical)</li> <li><strong>mesh</strong>: Mesh size of the litter bags (Field type: Categorical)</li> <li><strong>weight_t0</strong>: Initial weight at the beginning of the experiment, around 10 g per litter bag (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>weight_t1</strong>: Weight at time step 1 after 2 weeks (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>weight_t2</strong>: Weight at time step 1 after 4 weeks (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>weight_t3</strong>: Weight at time step 1 after 6 weeks (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>weight_t4</strong>: Weight at time step 1 after 8 weeks (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>weight_t5</strong>: Weight at time step 1 after 13 weeks (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>weight_t6</strong>: Weight at time step 1 after 24 weeks (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>t6_corrected</strong>: Weight at time step 1 after 24 weeks, corrected for contaminating material, mostly ingrown plant roots and fungal hyphae. This is the data to use. (Field type: Numeric)</li> <li><strong>mass_loss_%</strong>: Mass loss at the end of the experiment compared to the start of the experiment, in percent (Field type: Numeric)</li> </ul> </li> </ol> <p><strong>Date range: </strong>2014-05-01 to 2018-09-01</p> <p><strong>Latitudinal extent: </strong>4.5000 to 5.0700</p> <p><strong>Longitudinal extent: </strong>116.7500 to 117.8200</p>
Branch wood chemistry of tree species in old-growth and selectively logged forest
<b>Description: </b><p>Carbon and nitrogen concentration of branch wood, analysed with and without bark, for tree species in selectively logged forest at SAFE and in old-growth forest in Danum Valley and Maliau Basin. Sampled during the BALI project traits campaign. Analysed in the laboratory of Dr Norma Salinas, Lima, Peru.</p><p><b>Project: </b>This dataset was collected as part of the following SAFE research project: <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/projects/project_view/55"><b>Biodiversity and land-use impacts on tropical ecosystem function (BALI): Quantifying functional trait distributions across the disturbance gradient</b></a></p><p><b>Funding: </b>These data were collected as part of research funded by: </p><ul><li>NERC (Standard grant, NE/K016253/1)</li></ul><p>This dataset is released under the CC-BY 4.0 licence, requiring that you cite the dataset in any outputs, but has the additional condition that you acknowledge the contribution of these funders in any outputs.</p><p></p><p><b>Permits: </b>These data were collected under permit from the following authorities:</p><ul><li>Sabah Biodiversity Centre (Research licence JKM/MBS.1000-2.2(385))</li></ul><p></p><p><b>XML metadata: </b>GEMINI compliant metadata for this dataset is available <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/datasets/xml_metadata?id=3402748">here</a></p><p><b>Files: </b>This consists of 1 file: Both_wood_chemistry.xlsx</p><p><b>Both_wood_chemistry.xlsx</b></p><p>This file contains dataset metadata and 1 data tables:</p><ol><li><p><b>Wood_chemistry</b> (described in worksheet Wood_chemistry)</p><p>Description: Carbon and nitrogen concentration of branch wood, analysed with and without bark, for tree species in selectively logged forest at SAFE and in old-growth forest in Danum Valley and Maliau Basin. Wood samples were cut from branches, that sampled during the BALI project traits campaign. Analyses were conducted on samples with bark removed or not removed. Analysed in the laboratory of Dr Norma Salinas, Lima, Peru.</p><p>Number of fields: 15</p><p>Number of data rows: 1520</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>location</b>: Location within the SAFE landscape (Field type: location)</li><li><b>forest_type</b>: Forest type: OG: old-growth plots, Maliau and Danum; SL: selectively logged plots at SAFE (Field type: categorical)</li><li><b>forestplots_name</b>: Plot name coherent with forestplots database (Field type: id)</li><li><b>plot_name_trait_campaign</b>: Plot name used during the BALI trait campaign (Field type: id)</li><li><b>sample_code</b>: Sample code referencing: plot-'T'(ree) ID-branch type (Field type: id)</li><li><b>branch_type</b>: Binary classification of branch sampled depending on their position in the tree crown. BS: sun branch; BSH: shade branch (Field type: id)</li><li><b>tree_id</b>: Reference for tree tag label (Field type: id)</li><li><b>species</b>: Tree species (Field type: taxa)</li><li><b>sample_type</b>: Binary classification of branch wood sample, B: wood sample with bark; NB: wood sample without bark. Number refers to internal replicated sample collection (Field type: id)</li><li><b>complete_sample_code</b>: Sample code referencing: plot-'T'(ree) ID-branch type (Field type: id)</li><li><b>replicate</b>: Replicate number if samples analyses were replicated (in a subset of samples) (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Date</b>: Date of sample analyses, conducted in the laboratory of Dr Norma Salinas (Lima, Peru) (Field type: date)</li><li><b>Time</b>: Time of of sample analyses, conducted in the laboratory of Dr Norma Salinas (Lima, Peru) (Field type: time)</li><li><b>N_perc</b>: Nitrogen concentration of the branch wood sample (Field type: numeric trait)</li><li><b>C_perc</b>: Carbon concentration of the branch wood sample (Field type: numeric trait)</li></ul></li></ol><p><b>Date range: </b>2014-05-01 to 2018-09-01</p><p><b>Latitudinal extent: </b>4.5000 to 5.0700</p><p><b>Longitudinal extent: </b>116.7500 to 117.8200</p><p><b>Taxonomic coverage: </b><br> All taxon names are validated against the GBIF backbone taxonomy. If a dataset uses a synonym, the accepted usage is shown followed by the dataset usage in brackets. Taxa that cannot be validated, including new species and other unknown taxa, morphospecies, functional groups and taxonomic levels not used in the GBIF backbone are shown in square brackets.</p><div> -  Plantae <br> -  -  Tracheophyta <br> -  -  -  Magnoliopsida <br> -  -  -  -  Rosales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Moraceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Antiaris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Antiaris toxicaria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Artocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Artocarpus anisophyllus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Artocarpus glaucus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Artocarpus integer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Artocarpus odoratissimus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Artocarpus tamaran</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ficus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ficus hispida</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ficus septica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ficus uncinata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ficus variegata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cannabaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gironniera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gironniera nervosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trema</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trema orientalis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Rosaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prunus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prunus javanica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pygeum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pygeum beccarii</i> (as synonym: <i>Prunus beccarii</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  Urticaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dendrocnide</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dendrocnide elliptica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Lamiales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Oleaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chionanthus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chionanthus macrocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chionanthus pluriflorus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Lamiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Callicarpa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Callicarpa pentandra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Fabales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Fabaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sindora</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sindora</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cynometra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cynometra mirabilis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Fordia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Fordia brachybotrys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Fordia splendidissima</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Crudia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Crudia reticulata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Crudia tenuipes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dialium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dialium indum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dialium kunstleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Archidendron</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Archidendron clypearia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Polygalaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Xanthophyllum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Xanthophyllum flavescens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Magnoliales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Annonaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cyathocalyx</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Monoon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phaeanthus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phaeanthus splendens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stelechocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stelechocarpus cauliflorus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pseuduvaria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pseuduvaria borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Xylopia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Xylopia ferruginea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Xylopia stenopetala</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neo-uvaria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neo-uvaria acuminatissima</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Miliusa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Miliusa macropoda</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orophea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orophea myriantha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Polyalthia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Polyalthia obliqua</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maasia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maasia sumatrana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maasia sumatrana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Magnoliaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Magnolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Magnolia borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Magnolia liliifera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Magnolia tsiampacca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Myristicaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Knema</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Knema glauca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Knema latifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Knema laurina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Knema oblongata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Myristica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Myristica smythiesii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Horsfieldia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Horsfieldia crassifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Myrtales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Combretaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Terminalia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Terminalia citrina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Terminalia foetidissima</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Lythraceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Duabanga</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Duabanga moluccana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Myrtaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium caudatilimbum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium chloranthum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium elopurae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium grande</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium griffithii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium kunstleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium panzeri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium pustulatum</i> (as synonym: <i>Syzygium perpuncticulatum</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium racemosum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium rheophyticum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium caudatilimbum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium chloranthum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium elopurae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium grande</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium griffithii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium kunstleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium panzeri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium pustulatum</i> (as synonym: <i>Syzygium perpuncticulatum</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium racemosum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium rheophyticum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium caudatilimbum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium chloranthum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium elopurae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium grande</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium griffithii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium kunstleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium panzeri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium pustulatum</i> (as synonym: <i>Syzygium perpuncticulatum</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium racemosum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium rheophyticum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tristaniopsis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tristaniopsis whiteana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Asterales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Asteraceae <br> -  -  -  -  Laurales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Lauraceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Actinodaphne</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Beilschmiedia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Beilschmiedia micrantha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Beilschmiedia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Beilschmiedia micrantha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea accedens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea angulata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea caulocarpa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea garciae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea grandis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea cordata</i> (as synonym: <i>Litsea mappacea</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea rubiginosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Caryodaphnopsis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Caryodaphnopsis tonkinensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nothaphoebe</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nothaphoebe umbelliflora</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lindera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lindera lucida</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phoebe</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phoebe grandis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dehaasia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dehaasia caesia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dehaasia incrassata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cryptocarya</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cryptocarya nigra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cryptocarya nitens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eusideroxylon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eusideroxylon zwageri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Malvales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Dipterocarpaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea almon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea angustifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea argentifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea beccariana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea faguetiana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea fallax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea gibbosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea guiso</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea johorensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea laevis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea leprosula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea leptoderma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea macrophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea macroptera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea ovalis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea ovata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea parvifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea parvistipulata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea pauciflora</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea superba</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea symingtonii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea xanthophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea almon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea angustifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea argentifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea beccariana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea faguetiana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea fallax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea gibbosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea guiso</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea johorensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea laevis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea leprosula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea leptoderma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea macrophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea macroptera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea ovalis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea ovata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea parvifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea parvistipulata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea pauciflora</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea superba</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea symingtonii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea xanthophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dipterocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dipterocarpus caudiferus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hopea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hopea plagata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hopea sangal</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parashorea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parashorea malaanonan</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parashorea smythiesii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parashorea warburgii</i> (as synonym: <i>Parashorea tomentella</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dryobalanops</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dryobalanops lanceolata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Vatica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Vatica dulitensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Vatica odorata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Thymelaeaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aquilaria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aquilaria beccariana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Malvaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sterculia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sterculia rubiginosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sterculia stipulata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Heritiera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Heritiera elata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microcos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microcos crassifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pterygota</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pterygota alata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Durio</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Durio graveolens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Boschia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Boschia grandiflora</i> (as synonym: <i>Durio grandiflorus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pentace</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pentace borneensis</i> (as synonym: <i>Pentace laxiflora</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  Celastrales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Celastraceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lophopetalum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lophopetalum beccarianum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lophopetalum glabrum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lophopetalum javanicum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Ericales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Sapotaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Payena</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Payena acuminata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Palaquium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Palaquium dasyphyllum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Palaquium obovatum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Palaquium sericeum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Madhuca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Madhuca dubardii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Madhuca korthalsii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Primulaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ardisia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ardisia macrophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Symplocaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Symplocos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Symplocos fasciculata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Pentaphylacaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Adinandra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Adinandra dumosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Ebenaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros andamanica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros curranii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros daemona</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros dictyoneura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros macrophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros muricata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros toposia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros tuberculata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros pilosanthera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Lecythidaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Planchonia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Planchonia brevistipitata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Barringtonia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Barringtonia lanceolata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Barringtonia macrostachya</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Barringtonia sarcostachys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Theaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pyrenaria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pyrenaria tawauensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Fagales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Fagaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus blumeanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus echinifer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus gracilis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus leptogyne</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus sundaicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus blumeanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus echinifer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus gracilis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus leptogyne</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus sundaicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trigonobalanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trigonobalanus verticillata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Castanopsis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Castanopsis hypophoenicea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Quercus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Quercus argentata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Quercus lowii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Quercus merrillii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Santalales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Strombosiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Scorodocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Scorodocarpus borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Coulaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ochanostachys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ochanostachys amentacea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Malpighiales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Chrysobalanaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Atuna</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Atuna racemosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Licania</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Licania splendens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Phyllanthaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Antidesma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aporosa</i> (as synonym: <i>Aporusa</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus hirsutulus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus hylandii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus oblongifolius</i> (as synonym: <i>Cleistanthus myrianthus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus paxii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus pubens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus hirsutulus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus hylandii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus oblongifolius</i> (as synonym: <i>Cleistanthus myrianthus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus paxii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus pubens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Glochidion</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Glochidion borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phyllanthus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phyllanthus lutescens</i> (as synonym: <i>Glochidion lutescens</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phyllanthus ruber</i> (as synonym: <i>Glochidion rubrum</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Baccaurea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Baccaurea lanceolata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Baccaurea macrocarpa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Baccaurea tetrandra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Baccaurea pubera</i> (as synonym: <i>Baccaurea latifolia</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  Calophyllaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mesua</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mesua oblongifolia</i> (as synonym: <i>Kayea oblongifolia</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mesua borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mesua macrantha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Calophyllum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Calophyllum soulattri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Calophyllum woodii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Clusiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Garcinia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Garcinia benthamiana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Garcinia forbesii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Garcinia nervosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Garcinia parvifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Salicaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Flacourtia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Flacourtia rukam</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Homalium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Homalium foetidum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Putranjivaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Drypetes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Drypetes longifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Irvingiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Irvingia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Irvingia malayana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Achariaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hydnocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hydnocarpus woodii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hydnocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hydnocarpus woodii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ryparosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ryparosa acuminata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Euphorbiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Spathiostemon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaranga</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaranga conifera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaranga gigantea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaranga hypoleuca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaranga pearsonii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaranga winkleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Blumeodendron</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Blumeodendron kurzii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Blumeodendron tokbrai</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ptychopyxis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ptychopyxis arborea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mallotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mallotus leucodermis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mallotus miquelianus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mallotus mollissimus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mallotus wrayi</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hancea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hancea penangensis</i> (as synonym: <i>Mallotus penangensis</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neoscortechinia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neoscortechinia kingii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neoscortechinia philippinensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Centroplacaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Bhesa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Bhesa indica</i> (as synonym: <i>Bhesa paniculata</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  Cornales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Nyssaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mastixia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mastixia trichotoma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cornaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alangium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alangium javanicum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Gentianales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Rubiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neolamarckia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neolamarckia cadamba</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neonauclea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neonauclea gigantea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psydrax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psydrax dicoccos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nauclea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nauclea officinalis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nauclea subdita</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Urophyllum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Urophyllum polyneurum</i> (as synonym: <i>Pleiocarpidia polyneura</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ludekia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ludekia borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Apocynaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alstonia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alstonia angustiloba</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Oxalidales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Elaeocarpaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sloanea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sloanea javanica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Elaeocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Elaeocarpus floribundus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Elaeocarpus pedunculatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Elaeocarpus stipularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Sapindales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Burseraceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Canarium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Canarium decumanum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Canarium denticulatum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Canarium odontophyllum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Canarium pilosum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Santiria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Santiria laevigata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dacryodes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dacryodes rostrata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dacryodes rugosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Rutaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Melicope</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Melicope confusa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Anacardiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Melanochyla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Melanochyla bullata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Melanochyla tomentosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parishia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parishia insignis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gluta</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gluta aptera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gluta wallichii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mangifera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mangifera odorata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Meliaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton ceramicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton macranthus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton patens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton ceramicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton macranthus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton patens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dysoxylum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dysoxylum cyrtobotryum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dysoxylum densiflorum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia crassinervia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia leptantha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia macrocarpa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia odoratissima</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia oligophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia silvestris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia tomentosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aphanamixis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aphanamixis polystachya</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Reinwardtiodendron</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Reinwardtiodendron humile</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Walsura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Walsura pinnata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lansium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lansium domesticum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Sapindaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nephelium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nephelium cuspidatum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pometia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pometia pinnata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dimocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dimocarpus longan</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tristiropsis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tristiropsis acutangula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paranephelium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paranephelium macrophyllum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paranephelium xestophyllum</i> <br></div><p></p>
Data from: Old-growth forests buffer climate-sensitive bird populations from warming
Aim: Habitat loss and climate change constitute two of the greatest threats to biodiversity worldwide, and theory predicts that these factors may act synergistically to affect population trajectories. Recent evidence indicates that structurally complex old-growth forest can be cooler than other forest types during spring and summer months, thereby offering potential to buffer populations from negative effects of warming. Old growth may also have higher food and nest-site availability for certain species, which could have disproportionate fitness benefits as species approach their thermal limits. Location: Pacific Northwestern United States. Methods: We predicted that negative effects of climate change on 30-year population trends of old-growth-associated birds should be dampened in landscapes with high proportions of old-growth forest. We modelled population trends from Breeding Bird Survey data for 13 species as a function of temperature change and proportion old-growth forest. Results: We found a significant negative effect of summer warming on only two species. However, in both of these species, this relationship between warming and population decline was not only reduced but reversed, in old-growth-dominated landscapes. Across all 13 species, evidence for a buffering effect of old-growth forest increased with the degree to which species were negatively influenced by summer warming. Main conclusions: These findings suggest that old-growth forests may buffer the negative effects of climate change for those species that are most sensitive to temperature increases. Our study highlights a mechanism whereby management strategies to curb degradation and loss of old-growth forests—in addition to protecting habitat—could enhance biodiversity persistence in the face of climate warming.
Two decades of annual landscape-scale tree growth and dynamics in old-growth tropical rainforest in the CARBONO Project, La Selva Biological Station, 1997-2018
<p>Here we present the complete data series from a 21-yr study of the annual growth and dynamics of trees, palms and lianas in the old-growth tropical rainforest at the La Selva Biological Station in Costa Rica. These observations were part of the CARBONO Project, a multidisciplinary team study of forest carbon cycling. The project was designed to assess forest processes at the landscape scale by sampling with replication across the within-landscape edaphic heterogeneity typical of tropical forests. Through more than two decades, forest growth and dynamics were assessed annually. The annual time-step used in the CARBONO Project effectively captured forest responses to major disturbances and to interannual and climatic variation. Annual measurements also enhanced the accuracy and long-term consistency of the data. To our knowledge, the resulting records are unique for tropical forests, where the dominant approach to studying the dynamics of a given forest has been to use a single plot and multi-year inter-census intervals. To date these CARBONO Project data have revealed: multi-decadal forest stability in spite of the short-term changes in forest structure resulting from major natural disturbances (e.g., the 1997-1998 Strong El Niño, and the extreme windstorm of May 2018); the dynamics and importance of large trees; and the responses of a major component of ecosystem productivity, aboveground wood production, to interannual and long-term climatic and atmospheric change. These data have also contributed to many remote-sensing studies.</p> <p>The data set consists of annual observations through the period 1997–2018 of the floristics, survival, recruitment, and growth of all woody stems (diameter <u>></u> 10 cm) in a landscape-scale plot network. At completion of the study, the data spanned 6705 individuals and 21 years. The data set is complete and has been through extensive internal checks for quality assurance. Detailed data documentation and an emphasis on measurement repeatability were prioritized through the study. The metadata include an extensive README file describing the data files and the methods, a document detailing the data management and qa/qc, and the scanned original field data-sheets for the 22 annual censuses.</p> <p>We gratefully acknowledge the careful long-term field work and data entry and checking by paraforesters Leonel Campos Otoya and William Miranda Conejo. Logistical support and the long-term protection of the La Selva reserve were provided by the Organization for Tropical Studies. The Ministerio de Ambiente y Energía of Costa Rica granted permits to carry out this study through the years of the study (most recently: Resolución No. 037-2018-ACCVC-PI).</p>
Anatomical wood traits of tree species in old-growth and selectively logged forest
<b>Description: </b><p>Traits matrix of wood anatomical characteristics for tree species in selectively logged forest at SAFE and in old-growth forest in Danum Valley and Maliau Basin. Sampled during the BALI project traits campaign</p><p><b>Project: </b>This dataset was collected as part of the following SAFE research project: <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/projects/project_view/55"><b>Biodiversity and land-use impacts on tropical ecosystem function (BALI): Quantifying functional trait distributions across the disturbance gradient</b></a></p><p><b>Funding: </b>These data were collected as part of research funded by: </p><ul><li>NERC (Standard grant, NE/K016253/1)</li></ul><p>This dataset is released under the CC-BY 4.0 licence, requiring that you cite the dataset in any outputs, but has the additional condition that you acknowledge the contribution of these funders in any outputs.</p><p></p><p><b>Permits: </b>These data were collected under permit from the following authorities:</p><ul><li>Sabah Biodiversity Centre (Research licence JKM/MBS.1000-2.2(385))</li></ul><p></p><p><b>XML metadata: </b>GEMINI compliant metadata for this dataset is available <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/datasets/xml_metadata?id=5513918">here</a></p><p><b>Files: </b>This consists of 1 file: Both_wood_anatomical_traits_complete_dataset.xlsx</p><p><b>Both_wood_anatomical_traits_complete_dataset.xlsx</b></p><p>This file contains dataset metadata and 1 data tables:</p><ol><li><p><b>Wood_anatomical_traits</b> (described in worksheet Wood_anatomical_traits)</p><p>Description: Traits matrix of wood anatomical characteristics for tree species in selectively logged forest at SAFE and in old-growth forest in Danum Valley and Maliau Basin. Sampled during the BALI project traits campaign</p><p>Number of fields: 18</p><p>Number of data rows: 596</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>location</b>: Location (Field type: location)</li><li><b>forest_type</b>: Forest type: OG: old-growth plots, Maliau and Danum; SL: selectively logged plots at SAFE (Field type: categorical)</li><li><b>forestplots_name</b>: Plot name coherent with forestplots database (Field type: id)</li><li><b>plot_name_trait_campaign</b>: Plot name used during the BALI trait campaign (Field type: id)</li><li><b>sample_code</b>: Sample code referencing: plot-'T'(ree) ID-branch type (Field type: id)</li><li><b>branch_type</b>: Binary classification of branch sampled depending on their position in the tree crown. BS: sun branch; BSH: shade branch (Field type: id)</li><li><b>sampling_date</b>: Date of sampling (Field type: date)</li><li><b>tree_id</b>: Reference for tree tag label (Field type: id)</li><li><b>species</b>: Tree species (Field type: taxa)</li><li><b>Wedge.area.micron2</b>: Area of wedge from microtome slice used for analysis. (Field type: numeric trait)</li><li><b>No.vessel.wedge</b>: Count of vessels in the respective wedge area. (Field type: numeric trait)</li><li><b>Vessel.diameter.micron</b>: Mean vessel diameter. Vessel diameter is determined as the mean of the maximum and minimum (lumen) diameters. (Field type: numeric trait)</li><li><b>Median.vessel.diameter.micron</b>: The middle value of the vessel diameter data set. (Field type: numeric trait)</li><li><b>Hydraulically.weighted.diameter.micron</b>: Hydraulically weighted mean diameter. Calculated as (∑ diameter^5) / (∑ diameter^4). (Field type: numeric trait)</li><li><b>Vessel.area.micron2</b>: Mean vessel area. Vessel area is determined by the average cross-sectional area of all vessel lumens (excluding vessel walls) in the wedge-shaped transect of the branch wood cross-section. (Field type: numeric trait)</li><li><b>Median.vessel.area.micron2</b>: The middle value of the vessel area data set. (Field type: numeric trait)</li><li><b>Vessel.lumen.tot.area</b>: Total area of the vessel lumens in the wedge-shaped transect of the branch wood cross-section. (Field type: numeric trait)</li><li><b>vessel.lumen.f.wedge</b>: Vessel lumen fraction. From the vessel areas and transect areas, vessel lumen fraction is calculated as the fraction of transect area filled by vessel lumens. (Field type: numeric trait)</li></ul></li></ol><p><b>Date range: </b>2014-05-01 to 2018-09-01</p><p><b>Latitudinal extent: </b>4.5000 to 5.0700</p><p><b>Longitudinal extent: </b>116.7500 to 117.8200</p><p><b>Taxonomic coverage: </b><br> All taxon names are validated against the GBIF backbone taxonomy. If a dataset uses a synonym, the accepted usage is shown followed by the dataset usage in brackets. Taxa that cannot be validated, including new species and other unknown taxa, morphospecies, functional groups and taxonomic levels not used in the GBIF backbone are shown in square brackets.</p><div> -  Plantae <br> -  -  Tracheophyta <br> -  -  -  Magnoliopsida <br> -  -  -  -  Malpighiales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Chrysobalanaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Licania</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Licania splendens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Hypericaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cratoxylum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Irvingiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Irvingia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Irvingia malayana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Centroplacaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Bhesa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Bhesa indica</i> (as synonym: <i>Bhesa paniculata</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  Clusiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Garcinia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Garcinia benthamiana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Garcinia forbesii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Garcinia parvifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Salicaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Homalium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Homalium foetidum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Putranjivaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Drypetes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Drypetes longifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Achariaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hydnocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ryparosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ryparosa acuminata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Euphorbiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Spathiostemon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hancea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hancea penangensis</i> (as synonym: <i>Mallotus penangensis</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neoscortechinia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neoscortechinia kingii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neoscortechinia philippinensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mallotus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mallotus leucodermis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mallotus miquelianus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mallotus mollissimus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mallotus wrayi</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ptychopyxis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ptychopyxis arborea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaranga</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaranga conifera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaranga gigantea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaranga hypoleuca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaranga pearsonii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Macaranga winkleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Blumeodendron</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Blumeodendron kurzii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Blumeodendron tokbrai</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Phyllanthaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aporosa</i> (as synonym: <i>Aporusa</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus hirsutulus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus hylandii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cleistanthus oblongifolius</i> (as synonym: <i>Cleistanthus myrianthus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Glochidion</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phyllanthus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phyllanthus lutescens</i> (as synonym: <i>Glochidion lutescens</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phyllanthus ruber</i> (as synonym: <i>Glochidion rubrum</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Baccaurea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Baccaurea lanceolata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Baccaurea macrocarpa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Baccaurea tetrandra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Calophyllaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mesua</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mesua oblongifolia</i> (as synonym: <i>Kayea oblongifolia</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mesua macrantha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Calophyllum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Calophyllum soulattri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Malvales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Malvaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Heritiera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Heritiera elata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pterygota</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pterygota alata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pentace</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pentace borneensis</i> (as synonym: <i>Pentace laxiflora</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sterculia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sterculia stipulata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microcos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Microcos crassifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Scaphium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Scaphium macropodum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Boschia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Boschia grandiflora</i> (as synonym: <i>Durio grandiflorus</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Durio</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Durio graveolens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Dipterocarpaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea almon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea angustifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea argentifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea beccariana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea faguetiana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea falciferoides</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea fallax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea gibbosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea guiso</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea johorensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea leprosula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea leptoderma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea macrophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea macroptera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea ovalis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea ovata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea parviflora</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea parvifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea parvistipulata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea pauciflora</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea pinanga</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea superba</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea symingtonii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea xanthophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea almon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea angustifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea argentifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea beccariana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea faguetiana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea falciferoides</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea fallax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea gibbosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea guiso</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea johorensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea leprosula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea leptoderma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea macrophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea macroptera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea ovalis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea ovata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea parviflora</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea parvifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea parvistipulata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea pauciflora</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea pinanga</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea superba</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea symingtonii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Shorea xanthophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Vatica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Vatica dulitensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Vatica odorata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hopea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hopea plagata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Hopea sangal</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dipterocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dipterocarpus caudiferus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dryobalanops</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dryobalanops lanceolata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parashorea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parashorea malaanonan</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parashorea smythiesii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parashorea warburgii</i> (as synonym: <i>Parashorea tomentella</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  Thymelaeaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aquilaria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aquilaria beccariana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Celastrales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Celastraceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lophopetalum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lophopetalum beccarianum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lophopetalum javanicum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Santalales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Coulaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ochanostachys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ochanostachys amentacea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Fagales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Fagaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus blumeanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus conocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus echinifer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus gracilis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus leptogyne</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus sundaicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus blumeanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus conocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus echinifer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus gracilis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus leptogyne</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lithocarpus sundaicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Quercus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Quercus argentata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Quercus lowii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Quercus merrillii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trigonobalanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trigonobalanus verticillata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Castanopsis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Castanopsis hypophoenicea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Lamiales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Lamiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Callicarpa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Callicarpa pentandra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Oleaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chionanthus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chionanthus macrocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chionanthus pluriflorus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Rosales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Urticaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dendrocnide</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dendrocnide elliptica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Rosaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prunus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Prunus javanica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pygeum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pygeum beccarii</i> (as synonym: <i>Prunus beccarii</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  Moraceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ficus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ficus hispida</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ficus septica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ficus uncinata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ficus variegata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Antiaris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Antiaris toxicaria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Artocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Artocarpus anisophyllus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Artocarpus glaucus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Artocarpus integer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Artocarpus odoratissimus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Artocarpus tamaran</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cannabaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trema</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trema orientalis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Cornales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Nyssaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mastixia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mastixia trichotoma</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Cornaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alangium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alangium javanicum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Gentianales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Apocynaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alstonia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Alstonia angustiloba</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Rubiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neonauclea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neonauclea gigantea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ludekia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ludekia borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psydrax</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Psydrax dicoccos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Urophyllum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Urophyllum polyneurum</i> (as synonym: <i>Pleiocarpidia polyneura</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neolamarckia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neolamarckia cadamba</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nauclea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nauclea subdita</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Fabales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Fabaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sindora</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Crudia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Crudia reticulata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Fordia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Fordia brachybotrys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Fordia splendidissima</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dialium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dialium indum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dialium kunstleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Archidendron</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Archidendron clypearia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cynometra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cynometra mirabilis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Sapindales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Meliaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton ceramicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton macranthus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chisocheton patens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dysoxylum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dysoxylum cyrtobotryum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dysoxylum densiflorum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aphanamixis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aphanamixis polystachya</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lansium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lansium domesticum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia crassinervia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia leptantha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia macrocarpa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia odoratissima</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia oligophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia silvestris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aglaia tomentosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Sapindaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nephelium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paranephelium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paranephelium macrophyllum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Paranephelium xestophyllum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dimocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dimocarpus longan</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tristiropsis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tristiropsis acutangula</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pometia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pometia pinnata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Burseraceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Santiria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Santiria laevigata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Canarium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Canarium decumanum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Canarium denticulatum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Canarium odontophyllum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Canarium pilosum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dacryodes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dacryodes rostrata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dacryodes rugosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Rutaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Melicope</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Melicope confusa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Anacardiaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mangifera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Mangifera odorata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parishia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Parishia insignis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gluta</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gluta aptera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Gluta wallichii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Melanochyla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Melanochyla bullata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Melanochyla tomentosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Laurales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Lauraceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Actinodaphne</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Beilschmiedia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Beilschmiedia micrantha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phoebe</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phoebe grandis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea accedens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea angulata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea caulocarpa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea garciae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea grandis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea cordata</i> (as synonym: <i>Litsea mappacea</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Litsea rubiginosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lindera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Lindera lucida</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eusideroxylon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eusideroxylon zwageri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nothaphoebe</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Nothaphoebe umbelliflora</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cryptocarya</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cryptocarya nigra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cryptocarya nitens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Caryodaphnopsis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Caryodaphnopsis tonkinensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dehaasia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dehaasia caesia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Dehaasia incrassata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Magnoliales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Annonaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Cyathocalyx</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Monoon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Polyalthia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Polyalthia obliqua</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sageraea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sageraea elliptica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Miliusa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Miliusa macropoda</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stelechocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Stelechocarpus cauliflorus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Xylopia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Xylopia ferruginea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Xylopia stenopetala</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phaeanthus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Phaeanthus splendens</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maasia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maasia sumatrana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neo-uvaria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Neo-uvaria acuminatissima</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orophea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Orophea myriantha</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pseuduvaria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pseuduvaria borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Magnoliaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Magnolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Magnolia borneensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Magnolia liliifera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Magnolia tsiampacca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Myristicaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Knema</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Knema glauca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Knema latifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Knema laurina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Knema oblongata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Myristica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Myristica smythiesii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Horsfieldia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Horsfieldia crassifolia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Ericales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Primulaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ardisia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Ardisia macrophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Lecythidaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Planchonia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Planchonia brevistipitata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Barringtonia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Barringtonia lanceolata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Barringtonia macrostachya</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Barringtonia sarcostachys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Symplocaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Symplocos</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Symplocos fasciculata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Ebenaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros andamanica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros curranii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros daemona</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros dictyoneura</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros macrophylla</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros muricata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros tuberculata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Diospyros pilosanthera</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Theaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pyrenaria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Pyrenaria tawauensis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Pentaphylacaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Adinandra</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Adinandra dumosa</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Sapotaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Payena</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Payena acuminata</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Madhuca</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Madhuca dubardii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Madhuca korthalsii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Palaquium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Palaquium dasyphyllum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Palaquium sericeum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Oxalidales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Elaeocarpaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Elaeocarpus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Elaeocarpus floribundus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Elaeocarpus pedunculatus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Elaeocarpus stipularis</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sloanea</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sloanea javanica</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Myrtales <br> -  -  -  -  -  Melastomataceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Memecylon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Memecylon oleifolium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Combretaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Terminalia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Terminalia citrina</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Terminalia foetidissima</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Myrtaceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium chloranthum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium elopurae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium grande</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium griffithii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium kunstleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium lineatum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium panzeri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium pustulatum</i> (as synonym: <i>Syzygium perpuncticulatum</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium racemosum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium rheophyticum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium chloranthum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium elopurae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium grande</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium griffithii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium kunstleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium lineatum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium panzeri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium pustulatum</i> (as synonym: <i>Syzygium perpuncticulatum</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium racemosum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium rheophyticum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium chloranthum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium elopurae</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium grande</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium griffithii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium kunstleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium lineatum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium panzeri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium pustulatum</i> (as synonym: <i>Syzygium perpuncticulatum</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium racemosum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syzygium rheophyticum</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Lythraceae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Duabanga</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Duabanga moluccana</i> <br></div><p></p>
Data: Large old trees increase growth under shifting climatic constraints: Aligning tree longevity and individual growth dynamics in primary mountain spruce forests
<p>In a world of accelerating changes in environmental conditions driving tree growth, tradeoffs between tree growth rate and longevity could curtail the abundance of large, old trees (LOTs), with potentially dire consequences for biodiversity and carbon storage. However, the influence of tree-level tradeoffs on forest structure at landscape scales will also depend on disturbances, which shape tree size and age distribution, and on whether LOTs can benefit from improved growing conditions due to climate warming.</p> <p>We analyzed temporal and spatial variation in radial growth patterns from ~5000 Norway spruce (<em>Picea abies </em>(L.) H. Karst) live and dead trees from the Western Carpathian primary spruce forest stands. We applied mixed-linear modeling to quantify the importance of LOT growth histories and stand dynamics (i.e. competition and disturbance factors) on lifespan. Finally, we assessed regional synchronization in radial growth variability over the 20<sup>th</sup> century, and modelled the effects of stand dynamics and climate on LOTs recent growth trends.</p> <p>Tree age varied considerably among forest stands, implying an important role of disturbance as an age constraint. Slow juvenile growth and longer period of suppressed growth prolonged tree lifespan, while increasing disturbance severity and shorter time since last disturbance decreased it. The highest age was not achieved only by trees with continuous slow growth, but those with slow juvenile growth followed by subsequent growth releases. Growth trend analysis demonstrated an increase in absolute growth rates in response to climate warming, with late summer temperatures driving the recent growth trend. Contrary to our expectation that LOTs would eventually exhibit declining growth rates, the oldest LOTs (>400 years) continuously increase growth throughout their lives, indicating a high phenotypic plasticity of LOTs for increasing biomass, and a strong carbon sink role of primary spruce forests under rising temperatures, intensifying droughts, and increasing bark beetle outbreaks.</p>
Fijian sea krait behavior relates to fine‐scale environmental heterogeneity in old‐growth coastal forest: The importance of integrated land–sea management for protecting amphibious animals
<p><span>Here the data for "Fijian sea krait behaviour relates to fine-scale environmental heterogeneity in old growth forest: the importance of integrated land-sea management for protecting amphibious animals" by</span><span> Lowe, C., Keppel, G., Waqa, K., Peters, S., Fisher, R.N., Scanlon, A., Osborne-Naikatini, T, and Thomas-Moko, N </span><span> is provided. This article investigates the habitat of </span>Yellow Lipped Sea Kraits, <em>Laticauda</em> <em>colubrina</em>, in the terrestrial realm on Leluvia Island, a small, topographically flat atoll in Fiji with coastal forest. The investigation uses concurrent microclimate measurements and behaviour surveys, as well as vegetation surveys, and the data collected for these analyses are provided here. Microclimates were significantly related to canopy cover, leaf litter depth, and distance from the high-water mark (HWM). Sea kraits were almost exclusively observed in coastal forest within 30 m of the HWM. Sloughing of skins only occurred within crevices of mature or dying trees. Resting <em>L</em>. <em>colubrina</em> were significantly more likely to occur at locations with higher mean diurnal temperatures, lower leaf litter depths, and shorter distances from the HWM. On Leleuvia, behaviour of <em>L</em>. <em>colubrina</em> therefore relates to environmental heterogeneity created by old-growth coastal forests, particularly canopy cover and crevices in mature and dead tree trunks. The importance of healthy coastal habitats, both terrestrial and marine, for <em>L</em>. <em>colubrina</em> suggests it could be a good flagship species for advocating integrated land-sea management. Furthermore, our study highlights the importance of coastal forests and topographically flat atolls for biodiversity conservation. Effective conservation management of amphibious species that utilise land- and seascapes is therefore likely to require a holistic approach that incorporates connectivity among ecosystems and environmental heterogeneity at all relevant scales.</p>
Over 80 years without major disturbance, late successional Białowieża woodlands exhibit complex dynamism, with coherent compositional shifts towards true old‐growth conditions
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Fijian sea krait behavior relates to fine‐scale environmental heterogeneity in old‐growth coastal forest: The importance of integrated land–sea management for protecting amphibious animals
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Two decades of annual landscape-scale tree growth and dynamics in old-growth tropical rainforest in the CARBONO Project, La Selva Biological Station, 1997-2018
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Species-specific water-use characteristics of trees in old-growth and secondary tropical forests of Thailand
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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