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Fig. 6 in Extraordinary morphological changes in valve morphology during the ontogeny of several species of the Australian ostracod genus Bennelongia (Crustacea, Ostracoda)

Fig. 6. Details of external views of carapaces of Bennelongia cf. nimala nov. sp. juveniles from Muggon Lake. Top left. anterior margin of A-2 carapace in left lateral view, showing the arrangement of the radial pores and their setae. Top right. enlargement of the cone of A-3 valve, showing the fine seta near its top. Bottom left. ventral view of the two valves, showing the radial pores and setae as well as the very fine and narrow external flange in both valves, but more pronounced in the RV seen on the left here. Note also that claws of some limbs are protruding from the closed valves. Bottom right. enlargement of cone and associated lip and protruding seta of an A-3 specimen. Note the presence of fine particulate material stuck to the valve.

Fig. 5 in Extraordinary morphological changes in valve morphology during the ontogeny of several species of the Australian ostracod genus Bennelongia (Crustacea, Ostracoda)

Fig. 5. Details of external lateral views of carapaces of Bennelongia cf. nimala nov. sp. juveniles from Muggon Lake. Top left. A-1 showing the dome and many of the cones with outer lips. Note the large pseudo-pores that are elongated over what appears to be a second protuberance. Top right. A-2 showing the cones with the outer lips at their apex. Many of the pores yield a seta. Bottom. RV of A-2 in dorsal view, showing the assemblage of cones with outer lips and the dome, on top of which a seta occurs. Note the hinge at the bottom.

Fig. 7 in Extraordinary morphological changes in valve morphology during the ontogeny of several species of the Australian ostracod genus Bennelongia (Crustacea, Ostracoda)

Fig. 7. External views of carapaces of Bennelongia cf. nimala nov. sp. juveniles from Muggon Lake, showing left valves in order to compare the ornamentation between an A-1 specimen (top) and A-2 specimen (bottom). The arrows indicate a clear depression postero-dorsally to each dome, that are linked by a white line.

Fig. 4 in Extraordinary morphological changes in valve morphology during the ontogeny of several species of the Australian ostracod genus Bennelongia (Crustacea, Ostracoda)

Fig. 4. Lateral external views of carapaces of A-1 juveniles of Bennelongia cf. nimala nov. sp. from Muggon Lake. Top in left lateral view and bottom in right lateral view.

Fig. 2 in Extraordinary morphological changes in valve morphology during the ontogeny of several species of the Australian ostracod genus Bennelongia (Crustacea, Ostracoda)

Fig. 2. External lateral views of Bennelongia cf. nimala nov. sp. from Muggon Lake. Top. adult carapace in right lateral view. Note the pronounced asymmetry of the valves, especially in the anterior region. Middle. LV of A-1 and A-2 specimens. Bottom. LV of A-3 specimen and RV of A-4 specimen. Domes are arrowed.

Fig. 1 in Extraordinary morphological changes in valve morphology during the ontogeny of several species of the Australian ostracod genus Bennelongia (Crustacea, Ostracoda)

Fig. 1. SEM photographs showing detailed internal views of the anterior portion of the right valves to highlight key features. Top: Adult Right valve (=RV) of Bennelongia gwelupensis Martens et al., 2012 from Lake Gwelup, that clearly displays the lapel, characteristic of right valves of Bennelongia adults, which is seen as an extension of the old valve margin. The selvage in this species is very well pronounced. Bottom: Last instar (=A-1, standing for adult-1 stage) of Bennelongia gwelupensis Martens et al., 2012 from Katanning Road pool. Note the prominent inner list that is rarely seen in A-1 specimens in species of Cyprididae, except in Bennelongia species, and the well calcified selvage replacing the valve margin.

Fig. 3 in Extraordinary morphological changes in valve morphology during the ontogeny of several species of the Australian ostracod genus Bennelongia (Crustacea, Ostracoda)

Fig. 3. External dorsal views of juvenile carapaces (A-1 to A-4) of Bennelongia cf. nimala nov. sp. from Muggon Lake. Domes are arrowed.

FIGURE 7 in Scale ontogeny in the cardinalfish family Apogonidae

FIGURE 7. SEM images of scales of (a) Rhabdamia nigrimentum SAIAB 69337, 37.1 mm, mid-body scale, and (b) Taeniamia pallida, SAIAB 96247, 57.2 mm, mid-body scale. LM images of scales of (c) Apistus carinatus SAIAB 87086, 61.8 mm SL, scale between pelvic-fin bases. (d) Cheilodactylus pixii, uncatalogued, 115 mm, scale next to upper pectoral-fin base. fo = focus.

FIGURE 6 in Scale ontogeny in the cardinalfish family Apogonidae

FIGURE 6. SEM images of scales from different parts of the fish body showing variability in scale shape and size of the posterior field. Scales of the platycephalid Cociella heemstrai SAIAB 1508, 85 mm SL: (a) Body scale 2 rows above lateral line below 2 nd dorsal-fin spine; and (b) Scale immediately above 1 st anal-fin ray. Scales of the epigonid Florenciella lugubris SAIAB 14088, 97.5 mm SL: (c) scale immediately below lateral line. (d) scale above 3 rd anal-fin ray. fo = scale focus.

FIGURE 5 in Scale ontogeny in the cardinalfish family Apogonidae

FIGURE 5. SEM images of scales sampled from selected scorpaenid species. (a, b) Parascorpaena mossambica SAIAB 35158, 12.8 mm and 14.6 mm, respectively. (c) Pterois mombassae SAIAB 68969, 14.9 mm and SAIAB 14532, 71.5 mm. (d) Scorpaenopsis venosa SAIAB 40271, 17.9 mm. (e) Dendrochirus brachypterus SAIAB 87001, 35.8 mm. (f) D. brachypterus SAIAB 4163, 77 mm. (g) Scorpaenodes guamensis SAIAB 98510, 14.0 mm and 43.5 mm. fo = scale focus.

FIGURE 2 in Scale ontogeny in the cardinalfish family Apogonidae

FIGURE 2. SEM images of juvenile spinoid scales of species representing selected apogonid genera: (a) Ostorhinchus doederleini AMS I. 30881 - 019, 11.0 mm. (b) Cheilodipterus intermedius AMS I. 33273 - 010, 12 mm. (c) Unidentified apogonid AMS I. 41401 - 010, 14.8 mm. (d) Fowleria sp. AMS I. 42791 - 033, 14.8 mm. (e) Taeniamia pallida SAIAB 96212, 18.4 mm. (f) Ostorhinchus cookii 15.5 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Scale ontogeny in the cardinalfish family Apogonidae

FIGURE 4. SEM images of scales of selected species of the Pempheridae, Kurtidae and Gobiidae. (a) Pemperis sp. SAIAB 9521, 46.6 mm SL. (b) Pempheris flavicycla SAIAB 77805, 119 mm SL. (c) Cycloid scale of Kurtus gulliveri SAIAB 70522, 148 mm. Peripheral ctenoid scales of: (d) Bathygobius cocosensis SAIAB 56733, 38.5 mm. (e) Gnatholepis anjerensis SAIAB 2576, 83.5 mm. (f) Caffrogobius saldanha PEM 20130111, 14.5 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Scale ontogeny in the cardinalfish family Apogonidae

FIGURE 3. Ontogeny of transforming ctenoid scales in Taeniamia pallida. (a) Cycloid stage (SAIAB 96212, 18.4 mm). (b) & (c) Spinoid and early ctenoid stage showing baseline of spines and first row of ctenii with no truncation (SAIAB 96212, 20 & 25.5 mm, respectively). (d) adult scale with spines and first row of ctenii truncated (SAIAB 96247, 57.2 mm).

FIGURE 1 in Scale ontogeny in the cardinalfish family Apogonidae

FIGURE 1. SEM images of adult transforming ctenoid scales of species representing selected apogonid genera: (a) Siphamia cephalotes CSIRO B 3505, 35.5 mm. (b) Apogon coccineus SAIAB 3325, 27.9 mm. (c) Pristiapogon kallopterus SAIAB 9989, 73.5 mm. (d) Jaydia novaeguineae SAIAB 96303, 88.9 mm. (e) Cheilodipterus novemstriatus SAIAB 69182, 32.9 mm. (f) Foa sp. SAIAB 18422, 52.0 mm. (g) Fowleria variegata SAIAB 87543, 38.8 mm. (h) Phaeoptyx conklini SAIAB 60098, 43.5 mm. (i) Holapogon maximus SAIAB 55280, 154.0 mm.

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Data from: Ontogeny of color development in two green-brown polymorphic grasshopper species

Many insects, including several orthopterans, undergo dramatic changes in body coloration during ontogeny. This variation is particularly intriguing in gomphocerine grasshoppers, where the green and brown morphs appear to be genetically determined (Schielzeth & Dieker, 2020; Winter, Varma, & Schielzeth, 2021). A better understanding of how these color morphs develop during ontogeny can provide valuable insights into the evolution and ecology of such a widespread color polymorphism. Here, we focus on the color development of two green-brown polymorphic species, the club-legged grasshopper Gomphocerus sibiricus and the steppe grasshopper Chorthippus dorsatus. By following the color development of individuals from hatching to adulthood, we found that color morph differences begin to develop during the second nymphal stage, are clearly defined by the third nymphal stage, and remain stable throughout the life of an individual. Interestingly, we also observed that shed skins of late nymphal stages are identifiable by color morphs based on their yellowish coloration, rather than the green that marks green body parts. Furthermore, by assessing how these colors are perceived by different visual systems, we found that certain potential predators can chromatically discriminate between morphs, while others may not. These results suggest that the putative genes controlling color morph are active during the early stages of ontogeny, and that green color is likely composed of two components, one present in the cuticle and one not. In addition, the effectiveness of camouflage appears to vary depending on the specific predator involved.

Fig. 31 in Postnatal Ontogeny Of The Skull In Th E Ex Tant North Am Eric An Turtle Sternotherus Odoratus (Crypto Dir A: Kinosterni Dae) G A B E S. B E V Er

Fig. 31. Photographs and line drawings of the basicranial region of M-2984 (A) and M-2967 (B) showing the morphology of the parabasisphenoid-basiocccipital suture. The suture in M-2984 is relatively straight and exhibits a remnant of the fenestra basicranialis (fb). The suture in M-2967 is rostrally curved and marked by two caudolateral processes of the parabasisphenoid. The fenestra basicranialis is obliterated. A rostrally convex ridge marking the insertion of the M. rectus capitis is present and has a rostral position on the parabasisphenoid in both specimens.

Fig. 25 in Postnatal Ontogeny Of The Skull In Th E Ex Tant North Am Eric An Turtle Sternotherus Odoratus (Crypto Dir A: Kinosterni Dae) G A B E S. B E V Er

Fig. 25. Photographs and line drawings of the pterygoid in dorsolateral view showing the ossified dorsal wall that separates the canalis cavernosus (foreground) and the internal carotid canal, which terminates rostrally with the foramen caroticum laterale (fcl). This wall is penetrated by the foramen pro ramo nervi vidiani, which transmits the vidian nerve from the canalis cavernosus to the internal carotid canal. The ossification of the wall around this foramen is variable in the SMRS as seen in M-2992 (A, left), (B, right), and M-2991 (C, right). The prootic, which is not articulated in these photographs, lies above the pterygoid and participates in the foramen caroticum laterale and foramen pro ramo nervi vidiani.

Fig. 22 in Postnatal Ontogeny Of The Skull In Th E Ex Tant North Am Eric An Turtle Sternotherus Odoratus (Crypto Dir A: Kinosterni Dae) G A B E S. B E V Er

Fig. 22. Photographs and line drawings of the basicranial region of M-2984 (A) and M-2966 (B) in caudoventral view. In M-2984, the chorda tympani nerve passes through a groove in the quadrate rather than through a fully enclosed foramen (canalis chorda tympani quadrati) as seen in M-2966. The path of the chorda tympani external to this opening is preserved in M-2984 and denoted here by an arrow.

Fig. 27 in Postnatal Ontogeny Of The Skull In Th E Ex Tant North Am Eric An Turtle Sternotherus Odoratus (Crypto Dir A: Kinosterni Dae) G A B E S. B E V Er

Fig. 27. Photographs and line drawings of the left opisthotic in rostral (M-2964, A) and medial (M- 2992, B) views. The arrow marks the path of the glossopharyngeal nerve along the caudal wall of the cavum labyrinthicum (cl), which is formed by the processus interfenestralis of the opisthotic (pi). Note the differences in the ossification of the medial wall of the fenestra perilymphatica in the two specimens.

Fig. 19 in Postnatal Ontogeny Of The Skull In Th E Ex Tant North Am Eric An Turtle Sternotherus Odoratus (Crypto Dir A: Kinosterni Dae) G A B E S. B E V Er

Fig. 19. Photographs and line drawings of the palatal surface of M-2985 (A) and M-2999 (B) showing the contacts of the palatine, maxilla, and foramen palatinum posterius. The most common condition in the SMRS is for the maxilla to form the lateral margin of this foramen (A). The palatines sometimes meet lateral to the foramen palatinum posterius on the ventral surface of the palate.