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61 results for “parasite rate”
Elucidating mechanisms of invasion success: effects of parasite removal on growth and survival rates of invasive and native frogs
<p>1. Identifying the mechanisms underlying biological invasions can inform the management of invasive species. The enemy release hypothesis (ERH) suggests that invasive species have a competitive advantage in their introduced range because they leave behind many of their predators and parasites from their native range, allowing them to shift resources from defenses to growth, reproduction, and dispersal. Many studies have demonstrated that invasive species have fewer parasites than their native counterparts, but few studies have tested whether the loss of these natural enemies appears to be a primary driver of the invasion process.</p> <p>2. To test the ERH, we conducted a mark-recapture study in which we used an anthelmintic drug to successfully reduce parasitic worms in invasive Cuban treefrogs (<em>Osteopilus septentrionalis</em>) and native treefrogs (<em>Hyla</em> spp.) at half of 12 wetlands, marking nearly 4,200 frogs. If the ERH is supported, we would expect that treating for parasitic worms would have a greater benefit to native than invasive hosts.</p> <p>3. Growth and survival rates of invasive and native treefrogs responded similarly to the anthelmintic treatment, suggesting that the Cuban treefrog's release from parasitic worms does not appear to significantly contribute to its invasiveness in established areas. Instead, it appears that the overall faster rates of growth and maturation, higher survival rates, and larger body sizes of Cuban treefrogs that we observed may contribute to their expansion and proliferation.</p> <p>4. <em>Synthesis and applications</em>. Although Cuban treefrogs have a lower diversity of parasitic worms in their invasive than native range, this does not appear to significantly contribute to their invasion success in areas where they have been established for more than 20 years. This suggests that any manipulation of parasites in invasive or native hosts would not be an effective method of controlling Cuban treefrogs or reducing their impacts. Further research into other hypotheses is needed to explain the Cuban treefrog's success and help guide management actions to reduce their spread and negative impacts. Our study demonstrates that enemy release may not be a primary driver of invasiveness, highlighting the need for more experimental tests of the enemy release hypothesis to examine its generality.</p>
Data from: Honey bee colonies headed by hyperpolyandrous queens have improved brood rearing efficiency and lower infestation rates of parasitic Varroa mites
A honey bee queen mates on wing with an average of 12 males and stores their sperm to produce progeny of mixed paternity. The degree of a queen's polyandry is positively associated with measures of her colony's fitness, and observed distributions of mating number are evolutionary optima balancing risks of mating flights against benefits to the colony. Effective mating numbers as high as 40 have been documented, begging the question of the upper bounds of this behavior that can be expected to confer colony benefit. In this study we used instrumental insemination to create three classes of queens with exaggerated range of polyandry– 15, 30, or 60 drones. Colonies headed by queens inseminated with 30 or 60 drones produced more brood per bee and had a lower proportion of samples positive for Varroa destructor mites than colonies whose queens were inseminated with 15 drones, suggesting benefits of polyandry at rates higher than those normally obtaining in nature. Our results are consistent with two hypotheses that posit conditions that reward such high expressions of polyandry: (1) a queen may mate with many males in order to promote beneficial non-additive genetic interactions among subfamilies, and (2) a queen may mate with many males in order to capture a large number of rare alleles that regulate resistance to pathogens and parasites in a breeding population. Our results are unique for identifying the highest levels of polyandry yet detected that confer colony-level benefit and for showing a benefit of polyandry in particular toward the parasitic mite V. destructor.
Data from: Parasite and host elemental content and parasite effects on host nutrient excretion and metabolic rate
Ecological stoichiometry uses the mass balance of elements to predict energy and elemental fluxes across different levels of ecological organization. A specific prediction of ecological stoichiometry is the growth rate hypothesis (GRH), which states that organisms with faster growth or reproductive rates will require higher phosphorus content for nucleic acid and protein synthesis. Although parasites are found ubiquitously throughout ecosystems, little is understood about how they affect nutrient imbalances in ecosystems. We (1) tested the GRH by determining the carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) content of parasitic trematodes and their intermediate host, the freshwater snail Elimia livescens, and (2) used this framework to determine the trematode effects on host nutrient excretion and metabolism. Snail and parasite tissues were analyzed for elemental content using a CHN analyzer and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) methods. Ammonium and SRP assays were used to estimate N and P excretion rates. A respirometer was used to calculate individual snail metabolism. Trematode tissues contained lower C:P and N:P (more P per unit C and N) than the snail tissues. Snail gonadal tissues more closely resembled the elemental content of parasite tissues, although P content was 13% higher in the gonad than the trematode tissues. Despite differences in elemental content, N and P excretion rates of snails were not affected by the presence of parasites. Parasitized snails maintained faster metabolic rates than nonparasitized snails. However, the species of parasite did not affect metabolic rate. Together, this elemental imbalance between parasite and host, and the altered metabolic rate of infected snails may lead to broader parasite effects in stream ecosystems.
Data from: Parasite and host elemental content and parasite effects on host nutrient excretion and metabolic rate
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Data from: Honey bee colonies headed by hyperpolyandrous queens have improved brood rearing efficiency and lower infestation rates of parasitic Varroa mites
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Elucidating mechanisms of invasion success: effects of parasite removal on growth and survival rates of invasive and native frogs
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Impacts of tropical rainforest disturbance on mammalian parasitism rates
<b>Description: </b><p>Records of parasite and parasite egg counts from small mammal faecal samples</p><p><b>Project: </b>This dataset was collected as part of the following SAFE research project: <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/projects/project_view/19"><b>Impacts of tropical rainforest disturbance on mammalian parasitism rates</b></a></p><p><b>XML metadata: </b>GEMINI compliant metadata for this dataset is available <a href="https://www.safeproject.net/datasets/xml_metadata?id=3973691">here</a></p><p><b>Files: </b>This dataset consists of 2 files: Template_Ladds.xlsx, ParasitePhotos.zip</p><p><b>Template_Ladds.xlsx</b></p><p>This file contains dataset metadata and 1 data tables:</p><ol><li><p><b>Small mammal parasite loads</b> (described in worksheet Data)</p><p>Description: Records of parasite identity and egg loads recorded from small mammal faecal samples</p><p>Number of fields: 17</p><p>Number of data rows: 276</p><p>Fields: </p><ul><li><b>Microscopy_date</b>: Date microscopy work was conducted (Field type: date)</li><li><b>Microscopist</b>: Name of microscopist (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Sample_date</b>: Date faecal sample was collected (Field type: date)</li><li><b>Sample_Number</b>: Unique reference code for specimen (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Point</b>: Trap location in SAFE gazeteer (Field type: location)</li><li><b>Grid</b>: Trapping grid in which trap was located (Field type: replicate)</li><li><b>Trap_num</b>: Unique trap code (Field type: replicate)</li><li><b>host</b>: Species of small mammal from which faecal sample was collected (Field type: taxa)</li><li><b>AnimalID</b>: PIT tag code for the small mammal (Field type: id)</li><li><b>Anyparasites</b>: Parasites detected? (Field type: categorical)</li><li><b>parasite</b>: Identity of parasite (Field type: taxa)</li><li><b>Parasitecount</b>: Number of parasites detected (Field type: numeric interaction)</li><li><b>Countingscale</b>: How much of the slide was sampled for counting? (Field type: categorical)</li><li><b>Picturetaken</b>: Picture taken of the parasite? (Field type: categorical)</li><li><b>Pictureref</b>: Was a photograph taken of the parasite? Images can be found in the zip file associated with this dataset. (Field type: comments)</li><li><b>Sample_Weight</b>: Weight of the faecal sample (Field type: numeric)</li><li><b>Amountused</b>: Confirmation that the entire faecal sample was used (Field type: comments)</li></ul></li></ol><p><b>ParasitePhotos.zip</b></p><p>Description: Photographs of parasites</p><p><b>Date range: </b>2015-04-16 to 2015-07-10</p><p><b>Latitudinal extent: </b>4.6430 to 4.7519</p><p><b>Longitudinal extent: </b>116.9650 to 117.5898</p><p><b>Taxonomic coverage: </b><br> All taxon names are validated against the GBIF backbone taxonomy. If a dataset uses a synonym, the accepted usage is shown followed by the dataset usage in brackets. Taxa that cannot be validated, including new species and other unknown taxa, morphospecies, functional groups and taxonomic levels not used in the GBIF backbone are shown in square brackets.</p><div> -  Animalia <br> -  -  Nematoda <br> -  -  -  [nematode1] <br> -  -  -  [nematode2] <br> -  -  -  [nematode3] <br> -  -  -  [nematode4] <br> -  -  -  [nematode5] <br> -  -  -  [nematode6] <br> -  -  -  [nematode7] <br> -  -  -  [nematode8] <br> -  -  -  Secernentea <br> -  -  -  -  Rhabditida <br> -  -  -  -  -  [oxyurid A] <br> -  -  -  -  -  Heteroxynematidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Aspiculuris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  [aspiculuris] <br> -  -  -  -  Spirurida <br> -  -  -  -  -  Spiruridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  [spirurid A] <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  [spirurid B] <br> -  -  -  -  Ascaridida <br> -  -  -  -  -  Oxyuridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Syphacia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  [syphacia1] <br> -  -  -  Adenophorea <br> -  -  -  -  Trichocephalida <br> -  -  -  -  -  Capillariidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Capillaria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  [capillaria1] <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  [capillaria2] <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  [capillaria3] <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  [extra long capillaria] <br> -  -  -  -  -  Trichinellidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Trichuris</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  [Trichuris] <br> -  -  Chordata <br> -  -  -  Mammalia <br> -  -  -  -  Rodentia <br> -  -  -  -  -  Muridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maxomys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maxomys rajah</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maxomys surifer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Maxomys baeodon</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rattus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rattus tiomanicus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Rattus exulans</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Niviventer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Niviventer cremoriventer</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundamys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundamys muelleri</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chrotomys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Chrotomys whiteheadi</i> (as homotypic_synonym: <i>Maxomys whiteheadi</i>)<br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leopoldamys</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Leopoldamys sabanus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  Sciuridae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Callosciurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Callosciurus adamsi</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundasciurus</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Sundasciurus lowii</i> <br> -  -  -  -  Scandentia <br> -  -  -  -  -  Tupaiidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tupaia</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tupaia longipes</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tupaia tana</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Tupaia gracilis</i> <br> -  -  Platyhelminthes <br> -  -  -  Cestoda <br> -  -  -  -  [cestode1] <br> -  -  -  -  [cestode2] <br> -  -  -  -  [cestode3] <br> -  -  -  -  [cestode4] <br> -  -  -  -  [cestode5] <br> -  Chromista <br> -  -  Myzozoa <br> -  -  -  Conoidasida <br> -  -  -  -  Eucoccidiorida <br> -  -  -  -  -  Eimeriidae <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  <i>Eimeria</i> <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  [Eimeria A] <br> -  -  -  -  -  -  -  [large eimeria] <br></div><p></p>
Brood parasitism, provisioning rates and breeding phenology of male and female magpie hosts
<p class="CuerpoA"><span>Parental care is a costly behaviour that raises the prospects of offspring survival. In species with biparental care these costs are shared by both parents, although there may be a conflict regarding the relative investment of each sex. Avian brood parasites leave all the costs of rearing offspring to their hosts. The magnitude of these costs and their consequences on the relative role of both sexes in parental care and future reproduction remain mostly unknown. Here, we investigate whether provisioning rate of nestlings by magpie hosts (<i>Pica pica</i>) differs between broods parasitized by the great spotted cuckoo (<i>Clamator glandarius</i>) and non-parasitized broods, and whether the relative contribution of each sex to provisioning is affected by parasitism. Furthermore, we explore the effect of parasitism on magpie's future reproduction. We found that provisioning rate was similar in parasitized and non-parasitized broods, and that the relative contribution of males and females was also similar, irrespectively of the parasitism status. However, rearing parasitic offspring seems to have a negative long-term effect on magpie's breeding phenology in the following breeding season. Our results suggest that, although brood parasitism by great spotted cuckoos does not seem to influence the relative contribution of both sexes to parental care, it may entail long-term extra costs in terms of breeding delay for magpies.</span></p>
Data from: Do parasites and antioxidant availability affect begging behaviour, growth rate and resistance to oxidative stress?
Early-life trade-offs faced by developing offspring can have long-term consequences for their future fitness. Young offspring use begging displays to solicit resources from their parents and have been selected to grow fast to maximize survival. However, growth and begging behaviour are generally traded-off against self-maintenance. Oxidative stress, a physiological mediator of life-history trade-offs, may play a major role in this trade-off by constraining, or being costly to, growth and begging behaviour. Yet, despite implications for the evolution of life-history strategies and parent-offspring conflicts, the interplay between growth, begging behaviour and resistance to oxidative stress remains to be investigated. We experimentally challenged wild great tit (Parus major) offspring by infesting nests with a common ectoparasite, the hen flea (Ceratophyllus gallinae), and simultaneously tested for compensating effects of increased vitamin E availability, a common dietary antioxidant. We further quantified the experimental treatment effects on offspring growth, begging intensity and oxidative stress. Flea-infested nestlings of both sexes showed reduced body mass during the first half of the nestling phase but this effect vanished short before fledging. Begging intensity and oxidative stress of both sexes were unaffected by both experimental treatments. Feeding rates were not affected by the experimental treatments but parents of flea-infested nests fed nestlings with a higher proportion of caterpillars, the main source of antioxidants. Additionally, female nestlings begged significantly less than males in control nests, while both sexes begged at similar rates in vitamin E supplemented nests. Our study shows that a parasite exposure does not necessarily affect oxidative stress levels or begging intensity, but suggests that parents can compensate for negative effects of parasitism by modifying food composition. Furthermore, our results indicate that the begging capacity of the less competitive sex is constrained by antioxidant availability.
Clearance rates of Mytilus edulis exposed to parasites and microplastic
<p>Fear is an integral part of predator-prey interactions with cascading effects on the structure and function of ecosystems. Fear of parasitism holds a similar ecological potential but our understanding of the underlying mechanisms in host-parasite interactions is limited by lack of empirical examples. Here, we experimentally test if blue mussels <em>Mytilus edulis </em>respond behaviourally to the mere presence of infective transmission stages of the trematode <em>Himasthla elongata</em> by ceasing filtration activity, thereby avoiding infection. Our results show that blue mussels reduced clearance rates by more than 30% in presence of parasites. The reduced filtration activity resulted in lower infection rates in experimental mussels. The identified parasite-specific avoidance behaviour can be expected to play a significant role in regulating the ecosystem engineering function of blue mussels in coastal habitats.</p>
Figure 4 in Parasitism rate of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) larvae in greenhouse by Tetrastichus howardi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) females at different densities
Figure 4. Sex ratio (number of females/(number of females + number of males)) of Tetrastichus howardi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with different numbers of females per pupa of Plutella xylostella.
Figure 1 in Parasitism rate of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) larvae in greenhouse by Tetrastichus howardi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) females at different densities
Figure 1. Parasitism percentage of fourth instar Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) caterpillars by Tetrastichus howardi (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) females at different densities in semi-field conditions.
Brood parasitism, provisioning rates and breeding phenology of male and female magpie hosts
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High blood parasite infection rate and low fitness suggest ecological traps for pied flycatchers breeding near forest water-bodies
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Data from: Parasitic plants have increased rates of molecular evolution across all three genomes
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Data from: Do parasites and antioxidant availability affect begging behaviour, growth rate and resistance to oxidative stress?
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Data from: The evolution of bacterial mutation rates under simultaneous selection by inter-specific and social parasitism
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Clearance rates of Mytilus edulis exposed to parasites and microplastic
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Survival rate and transcriptional response upon infection with the generalist parasite Beauveria bassiana in a world-wide sample of Drosophila melanogaster
GEO Series GSE67177. Drosophila melanogaster. 35 samples. Type: Expression profiling by high throughput sequencing.
Malaria in High-Resolution: Modelling and Mapping Plasmodium falciparum Parasite Rate using Very-High-Resolution Satellite Derived Indicators in Sub-Saharan African Cities
<p>Metadata, results and supplementary material of the following <a href="https://ij-healthgeographics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12942-020-00232-2#Sec28">article</a>.</p> <p>The Out of Bag error of the Kampala Land use product is 18,57%.</p> <p>The Out of Bag error of the Dar es Salaam land use product is 16%.</p> <p>More information on the LC products can be found in <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/3711903#.YGGo0tLiuzU">here</a> and <a href="https://zenodo.org/record/3711905#.YGGtUNLiuzU">here</a>.</p> <p>This research is funded by the Belgian Science Policy through the <a href="http://react.ulb.be/">REACT</a> project.</p> <p> </p>
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