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173 results for “parasitoid biology”
Data from: Longevity of hymenopteran parasitoids in natural vs. agricultural habitats and implications for biological control
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Data from: You can run, but you will never escape: A new species of <em>Psyllaephagus</em> Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), parasitoid of the classical biological control agent <em>Boreioglycaspis melaleucae</em> (Moore) (Hemiptera: Aphalaridae) in Florida, USA
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Prior adaptation of parasitoids improves biological control of symbiont-protected pests
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Figure 4 in Description and biology of two new egg parasitoid species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) reared from eggs of Heliconiini butterflies (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Heliconiinae) in Panama
Figure 4. Trichogramma soberania sp. nov., holotype male (a) genitalia, ventral view; (b) genital, dorsal view; (c) antenna; (d) veins of fore wing.
Data from: Rapid evolution of symbiont-mediated resistance compromises biological control of aphids by parasitoids
There is growing interest in biological control as a sustainable and environmentally friendly way to control pest insects. Aphids are among the most detrimental agricultural pests worldwide, and parasitoid wasps are frequently employed for their control. The use of asexual parasitoids may improve the effectiveness of biological control because only females kill hosts and because asexual populations have a higher growth rate than sexuals. However, asexuals may have a reduced capacity to track evolutionary change in their host populations. We used a factorial experiment to compare the ability of sexual and asexual populations of the parasitoid Lysiphlebus fabarum to control caged populations of black bean aphids (Aphis fabae) of high and low clonal diversity. The aphids came from a natural population, and one third of the aphid clones harbored Hamiltonella defensa, a heritable bacterial endosymbiont that increases resistance to parasitoids. We followed aphid and parasitoid population dynamics for three months but found no evidence that the reproductive mode of parasitoids affected their effectiveness as biocontrol agents, independent of host clonal diversity. Parasitoids failed to control aphids in most cases, because their introduction resulted in strong selection for clones protected by H. defensa. The increasingly resistant aphid populations escaped control by parasitoids and we even observed parasitoid extinctions in many cages. The rapid evolution of symbiont-conferred resistance in turn imposed selection on parasitoids. In cages where asexual parasitoids persisted until the end of the experiment, they became dominated by a single genotype able to overcome the protection provided by H. defensa. Thus there was evidence for parasitoid counteradaptation, but it was generally too slow for parasitoids to regain control over aphid populations. It appears that when pest aphids possess defensive symbionts, the presence of parasitoid genotypes able to overcome symbiont-conferred resistance is more important for biocontrol success than their reproductive mode.
Data from: Adaptive evolution of a generalist parasitoid: implications for the effectiveness of biological control agents
The use of alternative hosts imposes divergent selection pressures on parasitoid populations. In response to selective pressures, these populations may follow different evolutionary trajectories. Divergent natural selection could promote local host adaptation in populations, translating into direct benefits for biological control thereby increasing their effectiveness on the target host. Alternatively, adaptive phenotypic plasticity could be favored over local adaptation in temporal and spatially heterogeneous environments. We investigated the existence of local host adaptation in Aphidius ervi, an important biological control agent, by examining different traits related to infectivity (preference) and virulence (a proxy of parasitoid fitness) on different aphid-host species. The results showed significant differences in parasitoid infectivity on their natal host compared with the non-natal hosts. However, parasitoids showed a similar high fitness on both natal and non-natal hosts, thus supporting a lack of host adaptation in these introduced parasitoid populations. Our results highlight the role of phenotypic plasticity in fitness-related traits of parasitoids enabling them to maximize fitness on alternative hosts. This could be used to increase the effectiveness of biological control. In addition, A. ervi females showed significant differences in infectivity and virulence across the tested host range, thus suggesting a possible host phylogeny effect for those traits.
Data from: Trade-offs in parasitism efficiency and brood size mediate parasitoid coexistence, with implications for biological control of the invasive emerald ash borer
1. Parasitoids often are selected for use as biological control agents because of their high host specificity, yet such host specificity can result in strong interspecific competition. Few studies have examined whether and how various extrinsic factors (such as parasitism efficiency, i.e. the ability to optimize host-finding attack rates) influence the outcome of competition between parasitoids, even though they could have profound effects on the implementation of classical biological control programmes. 2. To determine the potential influence of extrinsic competition and coexistence on host suppression efficacy, we compared parasitism by two larval parasitoids (Tetrastichus planipennisi and Spathius galinae) of the invasive emerald ash borer (EAB) Agrilus planipennis, under different host densities, parasitoid densities, host plant sizes and parasitoid–host ratios. 3. Spathius galinae had significantly higher parasitism efficiency (≈4 times), but significantly lower brood size (>6 times) than that of T. planipennisi. The attack rates of hosts increased significantly with parasitoid density, whereas host density did not significantly affect multiparasitism. The parasitism rate of T. planipennisi on small host logs was significantly higher than that on large logs, while host plant (log) size had no significant impact on S. galinae parasitism. 4. The multiparasitism rate was rather low regardless of host log size and parasitoid/host density, indicating that intrinsic competition between the two species of parasitoids might seldom occur in the field. The two species of parasitoids could therefore coexist in the same habitat, and any adverse effects on the suppression of EAB populations caused by competitive behaviour between the two species of parasitoids would likely be negligible. 5. Synthesis and applications. Our findings suggest that introducing multiple species of parasitic natural enemies could be feasible for management of invasive species, but it is important to examine multiple extrinsic factors simultaneously when evaluating interspecific competition between them. Among these different extrinsic factors, we found that coexistence between parasitoids can be mediated by trade-offs in their parasitism efficiency and brood sizes. Thus, the differences in life-history traits of natural enemies could be used to select among biological control agents being considered for releases.
FIGURE 16 in Systematics, distribution and biology of the Australian ' micro-flea' wasps, Baeus spp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): parasitoids of spider eggs
FIGURE 16. Distribution maps: A B. matthewi, B. moorei; B B. murphyi, B. mymyae; C B. ocellatus, B. prolatusspissus; D B. saliens, B. scrobiculus.
FIGURE 15 in Systematics, distribution and biology of the Australian ' micro-flea' wasps, Baeus spp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): parasitoids of spider eggs
FIGURE 15. Distribution maps: A B. arthuri, B. jenningsi, B. dux, B. glenysae; B B. hallarakeri, B. iqbali; C B. leai; D B. maryae.
FIGURE 8 in Systematics, distribution and biology of the Australian ' micro-flea' wasps, Baeus spp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): parasitoids of spider eggs
FIGURE 8. Female Baeus spp.: A & B, B. dux, cresent shaped carina arrowed: A, lateral habitus; B, dorsal mesosoma. C & D, B. glenysae: C, lateral habitus; D, dorsal habitus. E & F, B. hallarakeri: E, lateral habitus; F, dorsal habitus. Scale lines, A – F = 100 μm.
FIGURE 11 in Systematics, distribution and biology of the Australian ' micro-flea' wasps, Baeus spp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): parasitoids of spider eggs
FIGURE 11. Female Baeus spp.: A & B, B. matthewi: A, lateral habitus; B, dorsal habitus. C & D, B. moorei: C, lateral habitus; D, dorsal habitus. Scale lines, A – D = 200 μm.
FIGURE 14 in Systematics, distribution and biology of the Australian ' micro-flea' wasps, Baeus spp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): parasitoids of spider eggs
FIGURE 14. Female Baeus spp.: A & B, B. tropaeumusbrevis: A, lateral habitus; B, latero-dorsal habitus. C & D, B. tropaeumusdensus: C, lateral habitus; D, dorsal habitus. E & F, B. vulcanus: E, lateral habitus; F, dorsal mesosoma. Scale lines, A, C, & D = 200 μm; B, E, & F = 100 μm.
FIGURE 13 in Systematics, distribution and biology of the Australian ' micro-flea' wasps, Baeus spp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): parasitoids of spider eggs
FIGURE 13. Female Baeus spp.: A & B, B. scrobiculus: A, lateral habitus; B, latero-anterior head and mesosoma, latero-dorsal margin of propodeum (arrow) rounded. C & D, B. spirolimbus: C, dorsal habitus, propodeal spiracle (arrowed) on the lateral margin; D, latero-anterior head and mesosoma, fc = frontal carina; laterally projecting carina on latero-dorsal margin of propodeum (long arrow) clearly delineates the lateral part of the propodeum from the dorsal part, distinctive quarter-circle shaped recess present below lateral ridge (short arrow); cristulations of malar region (distorted arrow). Scale lines, A – C = 200 μm; D = 100 μm.
FIGURE 7 in Systematics, distribution and biology of the Australian ' micro-flea' wasps, Baeus spp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): parasitoids of spider eggs
FIGURE 7. Female Baeus spp.: lateral mesosoma. A, B. arthuri; B, B. hallarakeri; C, B. iqbali; D, B. leai, cresent shaped carina arrowed; E, B. scrobiculus, pronotal protuberance arrowed; F, B. tropaeumusdensus. Scale lines, A, C – F = 100 μm; B = 50 μm.
FIGURE 10 in Systematics, distribution and biology of the Australian ' micro-flea' wasps, Baeus spp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): parasitoids of spider eggs
FIGURE 10. Female Baeus spp.: A – C, B. maryae: A, lateral habitus; B, dorsal habitus; C latero-anterior head and mesosoma, laterally projecting carina on latero-dorsal margin of propodeum (arrowed) clearly delineates the lateral part of the propodeum from the dorsal part; D, dorsal mesosoma, propodeal spiracle (arrowed) distal from the lateral margin. Scale lines, A, C & D = 100 μm; B = 200 μm.
FIGURE 5 in Systematics, distribution and biology of the Australian ' micro-flea' wasps, Baeus spp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): parasitoids of spider eggs
FIGURE 5. Male Baeus spp. (wings removed): A, lateral habitus of B. arthuri. B, dorsal habitus of B. leai. Scale lines, A & B = 200 μm. ge = gena; lo = lateral ocelli; mn = metanotum; mp 1 & 2 = mesopleuron & metapleuron repectively; ms = mesoscutum; pn = pronotum; pr = propodeum; pr sp = propodeal spiracle; sc = mesoscutellum; tg1 = forewing tegula; T1, 2 & 3 = tergite 1, 2 & 3 respectively.
FIGURE 4 in Systematics, distribution and biology of the Australian ' micro-flea' wasps, Baeus spp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): parasitoids of spider eggs
FIGURE 4. Female Baeus spp.: A, lateral habitus of B. arthuri; B, dorsal habitus of B. murphyi. Scale lines, A & B = 100 μm. fc = frontal carina; fw = forewing remains; ge = gena; hw = hindwing remains; hyo = hyperoccipital carina; lo = lateral ocelli; lt = laterotergite; mo = medial ocellus; mp 1 & 2 = mesopleuron & metapleuron repectively; ms = mesoscutum; pn = pronotum; pr = propodeum; pr sp = propodeal spiracle; sc = mesoscutellum; tg 1 & 2 = forewing & hindwing tegula, resectively; T2, 3 & 4 = tergite 2, 3 & 4 respectively.
FIGURE 2 in Systematics, distribution and biology of the Australian ' micro-flea' wasps, Baeus spp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): parasitoids of spider eggs
FIGURE 2. Forewing and hindwing of Baeus male. Venation terminology follows Dangerfield et al. (2001): Sc+R, submarginal = subcosta + radius; R1, marginal = radius anterior branch; r, stigmal = radial cross vein; RS+M, basal = radial sector + media. Scale line = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Systematics, distribution and biology of the Australian ' micro-flea' wasps, Baeus spp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): parasitoids of spider eggs
FIGURE 1. Distribution patterns of Baeus species: Number of Baeus species found in particular biogeographic regions with number of endemic species in parenthesis. Biogeographic subregion nomenclature adopted from Heatwole (1987). See Table 3 also.
FIGURE 12 in Systematics, distribution and biology of the Australian ' micro-flea' wasps, Baeus spp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae): parasitoids of spider eggs
FIGURE 12. Female Baeus spp.: A, B. murphyi lateral habitus. B, B. mymyae lateral habitus. C, B. ocellatus latero-dorsal habitus. D, B. prolatusspissus latero-dorsal habitus. E & F, B. saliens: E, postero-lateral habitus; F, dorsal habitus. Scale lines, A – C, & F = 100 μm; D & E = 200 μm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.