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350 results for “parental care”
Figure 3 in Post-fledging parental care in the pale-breasted thrush, Turdus leucomelas (Passeriformes: Turdidae)
Figure 3. Food provisioning rate (events per fledgling per hour) in the Pale-breasted Thrush Turdus leucomelas. A) effect of brood size and mode of parental care division (uniparental/biparental), and B) by females and males in family groups with biparental food provisioning. Points in B represent the values comprised in the boxplots, in which the box delimit interquartile ranges, the vertical lines indicate minimum and maximum and the horizontal line denotes medians.
Figure 6 in Post-fledging parental care in the pale-breasted thrush, Turdus leucomelas (Passeriformes: Turdidae)
Figure 6. Relative frequency of food items delivered to Turdus leucomelas fledglings in relation to their age (days after fledging). Sample sizes are indicated above bars. "Other" refers to food items like dog food and pieces of bread.
Data for: Experimental variation of perceived predation risk does not influence coordination of parental care in the long-tailed tit
<p>To maximise fitness, parents should optimise their investment in each breeding attempt. When there are multiple carers, the fitness of each individual may also depend on the relative timing of their investment, with coordination of care hypothesised to maximise its efficiency and reduce predation risk. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that carers coordinate provisioning as an antipredator measure that reduces the time that a brood's location is advertised to predators ('predation hypothesis'). We presented predatory and non-predatory model birds to provisioning long-tailed tit <em>Aegithalos</em> <em>caudatus</em> parents and helpers, predicting that coordination would increase, and carer activity near the nest would decrease following predator presentation, relative to controls. First, carers reduced provisioning rates and took longer to resume provisioning following the predator presentation. Second, contrary to predictions, we found no significant change in any metric of coordination following predator presentations, relative to controls. Moreover, following predator presentation carers spent more time near the nest, resulting in greater near-nest activity compared to controls. In conclusion, although provisioning long-tailed tits are sensitive to perceived predation risk, our findings do not support the prediction of the predation hypothesis that carers adjust coordination behaviour in response to that threat.</p>
Energetic trade-offs in migration decision-making, reproductive effort, and subsequent parental care in a long-distance migratory bird
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Data for: Selection on the joint action of pairs leads to divergent adaptation and coadaptation of care-giving parents during pre-hatching care
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Data from: An evolutionary loss of parental care in stickleback is associated with differences in the activity, but not the number, of neuropeptidergic neurons in the preoptic area
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The importance of evolutionary timelines when explaining the evolution of parental care strategies
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Data for: Experimental variation of perceived predation risk does not influence coordination of parental care in the long-tailed tit
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Data from: Agonistic song rate positively correlates with male breeding success and avian malaria infection in Acrocephalus paludicola (Aquatic Warbler), a promiscuous songbird with female-only parental care
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A Double-Edged Sword: Parental care increases risk of offspring infection by a maternally-vectored parasite
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Effects of parental care on skin microbial community composition in poison frogs
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Data from: Snowmelt and laying date shape the parental care strategy of a high-Arctic shorebird
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Data and code from: Parental care liberates juvenile growth: A common-garden test of the evolutionary benefits of care
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Effects of season length and uniparental care efficiency on the evolution of parental care
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Divergence in reproductive behaviors is associated with the evolutionary loss of parental care
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Climate and mating systems as drivers of global diversity of parental care in frogs
<p><b>Aim</b></p> <p>Amphibians exhibit unusually diverse reproductive modes, including a wide array of parental care strategies. The evolutionary drivers of this diversity, however, remain unclear. Here we investigate three major factors which may predict interspecific variation in parental care strategies: climate, intrasexual selection and social environment. We hypothesise that some care forms evolved to cope with harsh conditions such as dry or unpredictable habitats. We contrast this prediction with the hypothesis that parental roles have coevolved with the social environment and mating systems. </p> <p><b>Location</b></p> <p>Global.</p> <p><b>Major taxa studied</b></p> <p>Frogs and toads (Anura, Amphibia).</p> <p><b>Time period</b></p> <p>Extant taxa that represent approximately 220 million years of evolutionary history</p> <p><b>Methods</b></p> <p>Using geographic and behavioural data for 971 species of frogs and toads that represent 45 anuran families, we quantify the global distribution of four forms of parenting separately for males and females: nest building, nest and/or tadpole attendance, carrying and nourishment. We use phylogenetic comparative analyses to investigate whether climate, social environment and mating systems predict interspecific variation in parental care.</p> <p><b>Results</b></p> <p>Our results show that climatic effects contribute to parental care diversity: under cool and humid climates males provide offspring attendance, while endotrophy, whereby the female provides all nutrients for the offspring until metamorphosis, occurs under predictable temperatures. In addition, we found other associations between mating systems and parental care forms: uniparental clutch attendance by males is present in species with territorial defence, while cooperative nest building co-occurs with sperm competition. The type of parental care is not associated with adult sex ratios.</p> <p><b>Main conclusions</b></p> <p>No specific form of care is associated with hostile environments; actually, some care forms occur under beneficial conditions, while others are used independently from the climate. Instead, parenting diversity has closely coevolved with mating systems in frogs.</p>
Figure 2. A in Life history traits of parental care in Crenicichla lepidota (Cichliformes, Geophagini) in the upper Paraguay River basin, Brazil
Figure 2. A couple of Crenicichla lepidota defence your offspring of a non-specific predators. (A) Both Crenicichla lepidota exhibit lateral threat display towards Serrasalmus maculatus; (B) Hyphessobrycon eques (indicated by arrow) approaches offspring(indicated by arrow bottom right) while parents are warding off another Crenicichla lepidota out of shot. (C) Male Crenicichla lepidota (indicated by arrow right) notices threat and charges Hyphessobrycon eques (indicated by arrow left). (D) Cichlasoma dimerus approaches offspring and adult of Crenicichla lepidota.
Figure 1. A in Life history traits of parental care in Crenicichla lepidota (Cichliformes, Geophagini) in the upper Paraguay River basin, Brazil
Figure 1. A couple of Crenicichla lepidota defence your offspring of a conspecific predator. (A) Pair of Crenicichla lepidota with offspring (indicated by arrow) over algae bed. (B) Conspecific aggressor (indicated by arrow) approaches, parents exhibit threat display. (C) Aggressor makes strike, parents continue threat display. (D) Aggressor strikes and is concealed in algae bed. Female (indicated by arrow) moves to prevent attack but fails.
Data from: Patterns of parental care in Neotropical glassfrogs: fieldwork alters hypotheses of sex-role evolution
Many animals provide parental care to offspring. Parental sex-roles vary extensively across taxa, and such patterns are considered well documented. However, information on amphibians is lacking relative to other vertebrate groups. We combine natural history observations with functional and historical analyses to examine the evolution of egg care in glassfrogs (Centrolenidae). Parental care was considered rare and predominately provided by males. Our field observations of 40 species revealed that care occurs throughout the family, and the caregiving sex changes across lineages. We discovered that a brief period of maternal care is widespread and occurs in species previously thought to lack care. Using a combination of female-removal experiments, prey-choice tests with egg-eating katydids, and parental disturbance-tolerance assays, we confirm the adaptive benefits of short-term maternal care in wild Cochranella granulosa and Teratohyla pulverata. To examine historical transitions between caregiving sexes, we assembled a molecular phylogeny and estimated ancestral care states using our data and the literature. We assessed patterns indicative of sex-specific constraints by testing whether transitions between the sexes are associated with changes in care levels. Our analyses support that male-only care evolved 2-3 times from female-only care, and this change is associated with substantial increases in care levels-a pattern supporting the hypothesis that male-only care evolved via constraints on maternal expenditure. Many groups of amphibians remain poorly studied, with emerging evidence indicating that care patterns are more diverse than currently appreciated. Natural history remains fundamental to uncovering this diversity and generating testable hypotheses of sex-role evolution.
Fig. 5 in Comparative Biology Of Cave-Dwelling Spitting Spiders (Araneae: Scytodidae): Parental Care, Cooperative Prey-Capture, Cannibalism, Natal Dispersal And Reproductive Behaviour
Fig. 5. Scytodes fusca female leaving her egg-sac aside to forage on the house fly.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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International Brain Laboratory public data
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OpenNeuro
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